Four hu

The four hu (Chinese: 四呼; pinyin: sì hū) are a traditional way of classifying syllable finals of Mandarin dialects, including Standard Chinese, based on different glides before the central vowel of the final. They are[1][2]

The terms kāikǒu and hékǒu come from the Song dynasty rime tables describing Middle Chinese.[3] The Qing phonologist Pan Lei divided each of these categories in two based on the absence or presence of palatalization, and named the two new categories.[4]

This traditional classification is reflected in the bopomofo notation for the finals, but less directly in the pinyin:[5]

Four hu table
Kāikǒu Qíchǐ Hékǒu Cuōkǒu
IPABopomofoPinyin IPABopomofoPinyin IPABopomofoPinyin IPABopomofoPinyin
ɿ,ʅㄭ-iiㄧiuㄨuyㄩü
äㄚaiäㄧㄚiauäㄨㄚua
uoㄛo[lower-alpha 1]ioㄧㄛ[lower-alpha 2]uoㄨㄛuo
ɤʌㄜe
ɛㄝêiɛㄧㄝie yɛㄩㄝüe
aeㄞaiiaeㄧㄞ[lower-alpha 2]uaeㄨㄞuai
eiㄟei ueɪㄨㄟui
ɑoㄠaoiɑoㄧㄠiao
oʊㄡouioʊㄧㄡiu
anㄢaniɛnㄧㄢianuanㄨㄢuanyanㄩㄢüan
ənㄣeninㄧㄣinuənㄨㄣuənyɪnㄩㄣün
ɑŋㄤangiɑŋㄧㄤianguɑŋㄨㄤuang
ʌŋㄥengiŋㄧㄥingʊŋㄨㄥongyʊŋㄩㄥiong
əɻㄦer

Notes

  1. ↑ variant spelling of ㄨㄛ uo used after b, p, m and f.
  2. 1 2 rarely used.

References

  1. ↑ Norman, Jerry (1988). Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3.
  2. ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984). Middle Chinese: a study in historical phonology. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8.
  3. ↑ Norman (1988), p. 32.
  4. ↑ Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1999). "Traditional Chinese phonology" (PDF). Asia Major. Third series 12 (2): 101–137. JSTOR 41645549. pp 128–129.
  5. ↑ IPA from Norman (1988), p. 141.
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