List of foramina of the human body

Human anatomy

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See also Table of epithelia of human organs Anatomical terminology Index of anatomy articles Outline of anatomy

This page lists foramina that occur in the human body.

Skull

Image of base of the skull with several of the foramina labeled.

The human skull has numerous holes (foramina) through which cranial nerves, arteries, veins and other structures pass.

Bone	Cranial fossa	Foramina	Vessels	Nerves
frontal	-	supraorbital foramen	supraorbital artery, supraorbital vein	supraorbital nerve
frontal	anterior cranial fossa	foramen cecum	emissary veins to superior sagittal sinus from the upper part of the nose^[1]
ethmoid	anterior cranial fossa (osama)	foramina of cribriform plate	-	olfactory nerve bundles (I)
ethmoid	anterior cranial fossa	anterior ethmoidal foramen	anterior ethmoidal artery anterior ethmoidal vein	anterior ethmoidal nerve
ethmoid	anterior cranial fossa	posterior ethmoidal foramen	posterior ethmoidal artery posterior ethmoidal vein	posterior ethmoidal nerve
sphenoid	-	optic canal	ophthalmic artery	optic nerve (II)
sphenoid	middle cranial fossa	superior orbital fissure	superior ophthalmic vein	oculomotor nerve (III) trochlear nerve (IV) lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic nerve (V₁) abducent nerve (VI)
sphenoid	middle cranial fossa	foramen rotundum	-	maxillary nerve (V₂)
maxilla	-	incisive foramen/incisive canal	terminal branch of palatine descendens artery	Terminal part of^[1] nasopalatine nerve (V2)
palatine	-	greater palatine foramen	greater palatine artery greater palatine vein	greater palatine nerve
palatine	-	foramen sphenopalatinum	sphenopalatina artery sphenopalatina vein	nasopalatine nerve rami nasales posteriores superiores (V2)
palatine and maxilla	-	lesser palatine foramina	lesser palatine artery lesser palatine vein	lesser palatine nerve, greater palatine nerve^[1]
sphenoid and maxilla	-	inferior orbital fissure	inferior ophthalmic veins infraorbital artery infraorbital vein, tributary of pterygoid plexus	zygomatic nerve and infraorbital nerve of maxillary nerve (V₂) orbital branches of pterygopalatine ganglion
maxilla	-	infraorbital foramen	infraorbital artery infraorbital vein, tributary of pterygoid plexus	infraorbital nerve
sphenoid	middle cranial fossa	foramen ovale	accessory meningeal artery, emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus	mandibular nerve (V₃) lesser petrosal nerve (occasionally)^[1]
sphenoid	middle cranial fossa	foramen spinosum	middle meningeal artery	meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve (V₃)
sphenoid	middle cranial fossa	foramen lacerum	artery of pterygoid canal, Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery, Occipital artery emissary vein	nerve of pterygoid canal through its anterior wall.
temporal	posterior cranial fossa	internal acoustic meatus	labyrinthine artery	facial nerve (VII), vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
temporal	posterior cranial fossa	jugular foramen	internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal sinus, sigmoid sinus, Occipital artery	glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), vagus nerve (X), accessory nerve (XI)
occipital	posterior cranial fossa	hypoglossal canal	-	hypoglossal nerve (XII)
occipital	posterior cranial fossa	foramen magnum	anterior and posterior spinal arteries, vertebral arteries	lowest part of medulla oblongata, three meninges, ascending spinal fibers of accessory nerve (XI)^[1]
temporal	posterior cranial fossa	stylomastoid foramen	stylomastoid artery	facial nerve (VII)

Base of the skull. Upper surface
Base of the skull. Inferior surface, attachment of muscles marked in red

Spine

Main article: Intervertebral foramina

Within the vertebral column (spine) of vertebrates, including the human spine, each bone has an opening at both its top and bottom to allow nerves, arteries, veins, etc. to pass through.

Other

Apical foramen, the hole at the tip of the root of a tooth
Foramen ovale (heart), a hole between the venous and arterial sides of the fetal heart
Foramen transversarium, one of a pair of openings in each cervical vertebra, in which the vertebral artery travels
Greater sciatic foramen, a major foramen of the pelvis
Interventricular foramen, channels connecting ventricles in the brain
Lesser sciatic foramen, an opening between the pelvis and the posterior thigh
Obturator foramen, the hole created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis
Vertebral foramen, the foramen formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch.

References

1 2 3 4 5 Chaurasia, BD (2013). BD Chaurasia's Human Anatomy Volume 3. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors PVT Ltd. p. 56-57. ISBN 9788123923321.

Foramina of the skull (and canals, fissures, meatus, and hiatus)

Anterior cranial fossa

to Orbit:	ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior

to Nasal cavity:	olfactory foramina (CN-I) foramen cecum

Middle cranial fossa

to Orbit:	optic canal (CN-II) superior orbital fissure (CN-III,IV,V1,VI)

to Pterygopalatine fossa:	foramen rotundum (CN-V2) pterygoid canal

to Infratemporal fossa:	foramen ovale (CN-V3) foramen spinosum/carotid canal

other:	foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen

Posterior cranial fossa

internal auditory meatus/facial canal/stylomastoid foramen (CN-VII,VIII)
jugular foramen (CN-IX,X,XI)
foramen magnum (CN-XI)
hypoglossal canal (CN-XII)
condylar canal
mastoid foramen

Orbit

to Nasal cavity:	nasolacrimal canal

to face:	supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen -facial -temporal

to Pterygopalatine fossa:	inferior orbital fissure

other:	Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac

Pterygopalatine fossa

to Nasal cavity:	sphenopalatine foramen

to Oral cavity:	greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina

to Infratemporal fossa:	pterygomaxillary fissure

to Nasopharynx:	palatovaginal canal

to oral cavity:	incisive canals incisive foramen

to nasal cavity:	Foramen vomerinum Meatus vomerinus Fissura vomerina Hiatus vomerinus

Other

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