LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman

This article is about the locomotive. For the train service, see Flying Scotsman (train). For other uses, see Flying Scotsman (disambiguation).

Flying Scotsman

Flying Scotsman in 2003.
Despite the LNER livery, the prominent German-style smoke deflectors and double chimney are BR-era features.
Type and origin
Power type Steam
Designer Sir Nigel Gresley
Builder Doncaster railway works
Build date 1923
Specifications
Configuration 4-6-2
Gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Driver diameter 80 in (2,032 mm) diameter
Length 70 ft (21.34 m)
Height 13 ft (3.96 m)
Loco weight 96.25 long tons (97.79 t; 107.80 short tons)
Cylinders 3
Performance figures
Maximum speed 100 mph (160 km/h)
Tractive effort 29,385 lbf (13,329 kgf; 130.71 kN)
Career
Operators London and North Eastern Railway
Class A3
Numbers 1472, renumbered 4472, renumbered 502, renumbered 103, renumbered 60103
Official name Flying Scotsman
Retired January 1963
Restored 1968, 2016
Current owner National Railway Museum

The LNER Class A3 Pacific steam locomotive No. 4472 Flying Scotsman (originally No. 1472) was built in 1923 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) at Doncaster Works to a design of H.N. Gresley. It was employed on long-distance express trains on the LNER and its successors, British Railways Eastern and North-Eastern Regions, notably on the 10am London to Edinburgh Flying Scotsman train service after which it was named.

The locomotive set two world records for steam traction, becoming the first steam locomotive to be officially authenticated at reaching 100 miles per hour (160.9 km/h) on 30 November 1934,[1] and then setting a record for the longest non-stop run by a steam locomotive when it ran 422 miles (679 km) on 8 August 1989 while in Australia.[2]

Retired from regular service in 1963 after covering 2,076,000 miles (3,341,000 km),[1][3][4] Flying Scotsman gained considerable fame in preservation under the ownership of, successively, Alan Pegler, William McAlpine, Tony Marchington, and finally the National Railway Museum (NRM). As well as hauling enthusiast specials in the United Kingdom, the locomotive toured extensively in the United States and Canada (from 1969 to 1973)[5] and Australia (from 1988 to 1989).[6] Flying Scotsman has been described as the world's most famous steam locomotive.[7][8]

History

The locomotive was completed in 1923, construction having been started under the auspices of the Great Northern Railway (GNR). It was built as an A1, initially carrying the GNR number 1472, because the LNER had not yet decided on a system-wide numbering scheme.[9]

Flying Scotsman was something of a flagship locomotive for the LNER. It represented the company at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley in 1924 and 1925. Before this event, in February 1924 it acquired its name and the new number of 4472.[10] From then on it was commonly used for promotional purposes.

With suitably modified valve gear, this locomotive was one of five Gresley Pacifics selected to haul the prestigious non-stop Flying Scotsman train service from London to Edinburgh, hauling the inaugural train on 1 May 1928. For this the locomotives ran with a new version of the large eight-wheel tender which held 9 long tons of coal. This and the usual facility for water replenishment from the water trough system enabled them to travel the 392 miles (631 km) from London to Edinburgh in eight hours non-stop. The tender included a corridor connection and tunnel through the water tank giving access to the locomotive cab from the train so that the driver and fireman could be changed without stopping the train.

The following year the locomotive appeared in the film The Flying Scotsman. On 30 November 1934, driven by Bill Sparshatt and running a light test train, 4472 became the first steam locomotive to be officially recorded at 100 mph (160.9 km/h) and earned a place in the land speed record for railed vehicles; the publicity-conscious LNER made much of the fact.[1][11]

To facilitate crew relief on the non-stop run between London and Edinburgh, the locomotive ran with a corridor tender between April 1928 and October 1936, after which it reverted to the original type; in July 1938 it was paired with a streamlined non-corridor tender, and ran with this type until withdrawal.[12] On 22 August 1928 an improved version of this Pacific type, classified A3, appeared; older A1 locomotives were later rebuilt to conform. On 25 April 1945, A1-class locomotives not yet rebuilt were reclassified A10 to make way for newer Thompson and Peppercorn Pacifics. Flying Scotsman emerged from Doncaster works on 4 January 1947 as an A3, having received a boiler with the long "banjo" dome of the type it carries today. By this time it had been renumbered twice: under Edward Thompson's comprehensive renumbering scheme for the LNER, it became No. 502 in January 1946; in May the same year, under an amendment to that plan, it become No. 103.[9] Following nationalisation of the railways on 1 January 1948, almost all of the LNER locomotive numbers were increased by 60000; No. 103 became 60103 in December 1948.[12]

Between 5 June 1950 and 4 July 1954, and between 26 December 1954 and 1 September 1957, under British Railways ownership, it was allocated to Leicester Central shed on the Great Central, running Nottingham Victoria to London Marylebone services via Leicester Central.

All A3 Pacifics were subsequently fitted with a double Kylchap chimney to improve performance and economy. This caused soft exhaust and smoke drift that tended to obscure the driver's forward vision; the remedy was found in the German-type smoke deflectors fitted from 1960, which somewhat changed the locomotives' appearance.[13]

Preservation

In 1962, British Railways announced that they would scrap Flying Scotsman.[14] Number 60103 ended service with its last scheduled run on 14 January 1963.[15] Proposed to be saved by a group called "Save Our Scotsman", they were unable to raise the required £3,000, the scrap value of the locomotive.

Alan Pegler

Flying Scotsman wearing its British Railways livery and numbering, equipped with double chimney and smoke deflectors
Flying Scotsman ready for US tour c1969
Flying Scotsman at San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf, March 1972

Alan Pegler, who first saw the locomotive at the British Empire Exhibition in 1924,[16] in 1961 received £70,000 for his share holding when Northern Rubber was sold to Pegler's Valves, a company started by his grandfather.[17] When Flying Scotsman was due to be scrapped Pegler stepped in and bought it outright, with the political support of Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[18] He spent large amounts of money over the next few years having the locomotive restored at Doncaster Works as closely as possible to its LNER condition: the smoke deflectors were removed; the double chimney was replaced by a single chimney; and the tender was replaced by one of the corridor type with which the locomotive had run between 1928 and 1936. It was also repainted in LNER livery. Pegler then persuaded the British Railways Board to let him run enthusiasts' specials; it was at the time the only steam locomotive running on mainline British Railways.[18] It worked a number of rail tours, including a non-stop London–Edinburgh run in 1968, the year steam traction officially ended on BR. In the meantime, watering facilities for steam locomotives were disappearing, so in September 1966 Pegler purchased a second corridor tender which was adapted as an auxiliary water tank; retaining its through gangway, this was coupled behind the normal tender.[19]

Pegler had a contract permitting him to run his locomotive on BR until 1972. Following overhaul in the winter of 1968–69 Harold Wilson's government agreed to support Pegler running the locomotive in the United States and Canada to support British exports. To comply with local railway regulations it was fitted with: a cowcatcher, bell, buckeye couplings, American-style whistle,[20] air brakes, and high-intensity headlamp. Starting in Boston, Massachusetts,[17] the tour ran into immediate problems, with some states increasing costs by requiring diesel-headed-haulage through them, seeing the locomotive as a fire-hazard. However, the train ran from Boston to New York, Washington and Dallas in 1969; from Texas to Wisconsin and finishing in Montreal in 1970; and from Toronto to San Francisco in 1971 — a total of 15,400 miles (24,800 km).[16]

Government financial support for the tour was withdrawn by Prime Minister Edward Heath's Conservative government in 1970, but Pegler decided to return for the 1970 season. By the end of that season's tour, the money had run out and Pegler was £132,000 in debt, with the locomotive in storage at the US Army Sharpe Depot to keep it away from unpaid creditors.[16] Pegler worked his passage home from San Francisco to England on a P&O cruise ship in 1971, giving lectures about trains and travel; he was declared bankrupt in the High Court in 1972.[16][17][18][21]

William McAlpine

Flying Scotsman at Carnforth in 1982 with original single chimney and without the later German-style smoke deflectors
Flying Scotsman at Seymour railway station, Victoria in 1989, equipped with electric lighting and air brakes for operation on Australian railways[22]

Fears then arose for the engine's future, the speculation being that it might remain in the US or even be broken up. After Alan Bloom made a personal phone call to him in January 1973, William McAlpine stepped in and bought the locomotive for £25,000 direct from the finance company in San Francisco docks. After its return to the UK via the Panama Canal in February 1973, McAlpine paid for the locomotive's restoration at Derby Works. Trial runs took place on the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway in summer 1973, after which it was transferred to Steamtown (Carnforth), from where it steamed on various tours.[23]

In 1988 the organisers of the Aus Steam 88 event were interested in having LNER A4 No 4468 Mallard visit Australia for Australia's bicentennial celebrations that year. Unfortunately due to 4468's 50th anniversary of its world record breaking run it was unavailable and 4472 was recommended as its worthy replacement. In October 1988 Flying Scotsman arrived in Australia[24] to take part in the country's bicentenary celebrations as a central attraction in the Aus Steam '88 festival. During the course of the next year it travelled more than 45,000 kilometres (28,000 mi) over Australian rails, concluding with a return transcontinental run from Sydney to Perth via Alice Springs in which it became the first steam locomotive to travel on the recently built standard gauge Central Australia Railway.[25] Other highlights included Flying Scotsman double-heading with NSWGR Pacific locomotive 3801, a triple-parallel run alongside broad gauge Victorian Railways R class locomotives, and parallel runs alongside South Australian Railways locomotives 520 and 621. Its visit to Perth saw a reunion with GWR 4073 Class Pendennis Castle, which had been exhibited alongside Flying Scotsman at the 1924 British Empire Exhibition.[26] On 8 August 1989 Flying Scotsman set another record en route to Alice Springs from Melbourne, travelling 679 kilometres (422 mi) from Parkes to Broken Hill non-stop, the longest such run by a steam locomotive ever recorded.[7] The same journey also saw Flying Scotsman set its own haulage record when it took a 735-ton train over the 490-mile (790 km) leg between Tarcoola and Alice Springs.[27]

Flying Scotsman returned to Britain in 1990 and continued working on the mainline until its mainline certificate expired in 1993. 4472 then toured preserved railways. To raise funds for its upcoming overhaul it was returned to BR condition with the refitting of the German style smoke deflectors and double chimney, and repainting in BR Brunswick green. By 1995 it was in pieces at Southall Railway Centre in West London, owned by a consortium that included McAlpine as well as music guru and railway enthusiast Pete Waterman.

Tony Marchington

Facing an uncertain future owing to the cost of restoration and refurbishment necessary to meet the stringent engineering standards required for main line operation, salvation came in 1996 when Dr Tony Marchington, already well known in the vintage movement, bought the locomotive, and had it restored over three years to running condition at a cost of £1 million,[28] a restoration which is still recognised as the most extensive in the locomotive's history. Marchington's time with the Flying Scotsman was documented in a documentary, the Channel 4 programme A Steamy Affair: The Story of Flying Scotsman.[29]

With Flying Scotsman's regular use both on the VSOE Pullman and with other events on the main line, in 2002, Marchington proposed a business plan, which included the construction of a "Flying Scotsman Village" in Edinburgh, to create revenue from associated branding. After floating on OFEX as Flying Scotsman plc in the same year,[29] in 2003 Edinburgh City Council turned down the village plans, and in September 2003 Marchington was declared bankrupt.[30] At the company's AGM in October 2003, CEO Peter Butler announced losses of £474,619, and with a £1.5 million overdraft at Barclays Bank and stated that the company only had enough cash to trade until April 2004. The company's shares were suspended from OFEX on 3 November 2003 after it had failed to declare interim results.[30]

National Railway Museum

Flying Scotsman at Leamington Spa, Warwickshire UK. October 2005
In the Museum's workshops in 2012 for restoration

With the locomotive effectively placed up for sale, after a national campaign it was bought in April 2004 by the National Railway Museum in York,[31] and it is now part of the museum's National Collection. After 12 months of interim running repairs, it ran for a while to raise funds for its 10-year restoration.

Overhaul 2006–2016 and public services

In January 2006, Flying Scotsman entered the Museum's workshops for a major overhaul to return it to Gresley's original specification and to renew its boiler certificate; originally planned to be completed by mid 2010 if sufficient funds were raised,[32][33][34] but late discovery of additional problems meant it would not be completed on time.[35][36][37] In October 2012, the Museum published a report examining the reasons for the delay and additional cost.[38] The locomotive was moved in October 2013 to Bury for work to return it to running condition in 2015.[39] On 29 April 2015, Flying Scotsman's boiler left the National Railway Museum to be reunited with the rest of the locomotive at Riley & Sons E (Ltd) in Bury.[40]

The bay in which the locomotive was being refurbished was on view to visitors to the NRM but the engine was rapidly dismantled to such an extent that the running plate was the only component recognisable to the casual observer. Early in 2009 it emerged that the overhaul would see the loco reunited with the last remaining genuine A3 boiler (acquired at the same time as the locomotive as a spare). The A4 boiler that the loco had used since the early 1980s was sold to Jeremy Hosking for potential use on his locomotive, LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern.[41]

The overhaul was completed in January 2016 and testing began on the East Lancashire Railway on 8 January 2016. Flying Scotsman was originally going to haul its inaugural mainline train called the Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express from Manchester Victoria to Carlisle on 23 January, but it was not ready due to faulty brakes.[42] The first mainline run, pulling the Winter Cumbrian Mountain Express from Carnforth to Carlisle, took place on 6 February. An inaugural journey from London's King's Cross to York in traditional green livery, followed by public services beginning on 25 February, were scheduled.[43]

Debate over restoration

In 2011, the National Railway Museum announced that Flying Scotsman will be painted in LNER war time black livery when it undergoes steam tests and commissioning runs, with the letters "N E" on the sides of its tender, number "103" on one side of the cab and "502" on the other – the numbers it was given under the LNER's renumbering system. The locomotive remained in black for the NRM's Flying Scotsman Preview event on 28–30 May 2011. During the museum's Railfest event on 2–10 June 2012, Flying Scotsman was kept in front of Mallard in a siding in its black livery.[44] A report on the restoration was published, in redacted form, on 7 March 2013.[45] On 23 January 2015, the NRM announced that the smoke deflectors and double chimney will be retained, including a return to its BR green livery, to keep it as historically accurate as possible as No. 60103.[46]

In popular culture

Because of the LNER's emphasis on using the locomotive for publicity purposes, and then its eventful preservation history, including two international forays, it is one of the UK's most recognised locomotives. One of its first film appearances was in the 1929 film The Flying Scotsman, which featured an entire sequence set aboard the locomotive.[47]

In 1986, Flying Scotsman appeared in a British Rail TV advert.

Flying Scotsman was featured in The Railway Series books by the Rev. W. Awdry. The locomotive visited the fictional Island of Sodor in the book Enterprising Engines to visit its only remaining brother: Gordon. At this time it had two tenders, and this was a key feature of the plot of one of the stories, "Tenders for Henry". When the story was filmed for the television series Thomas & Friends, renamed as "Tender Engines" only Flying Scotsman's two tenders were seen outside a shed.[48] He originally was intended to have a larger role in this episode, but because of budgetary constraints, the modelling crew could not afford to build the entire engine.[49]

Flying Scotsman appeared in the 2000 film 102 Dalmatians preparing to haul the Orient Express.

The locomotive was the first choice for the Top Gear Race to the North, but due to an overhaul was unable to attend, so the position went to LNER Peppercorn Class A1 60163 Tornado instead.[50]

A model of the Flying Scotsman appeared in Episode 6 and "The Great Train Race" episodes of James May's Toy Stories. It was James May's personal childhood model and was chosen by him to complete a world record for the longest model railway.[51] The train was meant to travel 7 miles from Barnstaple to Bideford, in North Devon and it failed early in the trip in Episode 6[51] but managed to complete it in "The Great Train Race" which took place on 16 April 2011.[52]

One of the specially produced £5 coins for the 2012 Summer Olympics featured an engraving of the Flying Scotsman on the back.[4]

Flying Scotsman is included as a locomotive in the PC simulation game Microsoft Train Simulator.[53]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "British Railway Heritage - 4472 The Flying Scotsman". theheritagetrail.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  2. ↑ Malpass, Dare & Jenkins (1992). A Vintage Year for Steam. Melbourne: Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 112, 121.
  3. ↑ "Hornby Direct Hormby Railroad R3086 Flying Scotsman". Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  4. 1 2 "The Flying Scotsman". The Royal Mint. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  5. ↑ The 1969 tour attracted great publicity. Bassett-Lowke, the famed model makers, issued a Limited Edition volume (5000 copies) in celebration. "Bassett-Lowke Railways: A Commemorative Edition" (1969).
  6. ↑ Dudley, John (1990). Flying Scotsman on tour, Australia. Chapmans. ISBN 978-1-85592-504-5.
  7. 1 2 Malpass, Dare & Jenkins (1992). A Vintage Year for Steam. Melbourne: Australian Railway Historical Society. p. 97.
  8. ↑ David Clifford (1997). The World's Most Famous Steam Locomotive - Flying Scotsman. Swanage: Finial Publishing. ISBN 1-900467-02-X.
  9. 1 2 Boddy, M.G.; Neve, E.; Yeadon, W.B. (August 1986) [1973]. Fry, E.V., ed. Part 2A: Tender Engines – Classes A1 to A10. Locomotives of the L.N.E.R. Kenilworth: RCTS. p. 9, inside back cover. ISBN 0-901115-25-8.
  10. ↑ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986, pp. 9, 73, inside back cover
  11. ↑ "National Rail Museum appeal on Flying Scotsman". Nottingham Post (Nottingham). 22 January 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2013.
  12. 1 2 Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986, inside back cover
  13. ↑ Reed Brian "LNER non-streamlined Pacifics" Profile Publications, Windsor, UK. Undated – 1960s: p. 22
  14. ↑ Herring, Peter (2002). Yesterday's Railways. David & Charles. p. 130.
  15. ↑ "Anniversaries of 2013". Daily Telegraph. 28 December 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 4 "Obituary - Alan Pegler" (PDF). The Times. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 Johnson, Peter (25 March 2012). "Alan Pegler obituary". The Guardian.
  18. 1 2 3 "Obituary - Alan Pegler". Daily Telegraph. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986, pp. 68–69, 70, 88
  20. ↑ Boddy, Neve & Yeadon 1986, p. 88
  21. ↑ Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways - Alan Francis Pegler OBE
  22. ↑ Malpass, Dare & Jenkins (1992). A Vintage Year for Steam. Melbourne: Australian Railway Historical Society. p. 98.
  23. ↑ "Sir William McAlpine talks to Andy Milne". Railway people. 20 June 2006.
  24. ↑ O'Neil, Shane (August 2008). "Flying Scotsman's Australian Visit: 20 Years on". Australian Railway History: 265–272.
  25. ↑ Malpass, Dare & Jenkins (1992). A Vintage Year for Steam. Melbourne: Australian Railway Historical Society. p. 59.
  26. ↑ Malpass, Dare & Jenkins (1992). A Vintage Year for Steam. Melbourne: Australian Railway Historical Society. pp. 64, 66.
  27. ↑ Batchelder, Alf (June 2013), "Memories of the Flying Scotsman in 1988: Farewell", Branchline (Castlemaine and Maldon Railway Preservation Society): 7
  28. ↑ "Scotsman flying high". BBC News. 14 April 1999. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  29. 1 2 "Dr Tony Marchington confirmed as Dinner speaker". Integra Communications. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  30. 1 2 Michael Williams (8 February 2004). "Flying Scotsman may be sold abroad". The Independent. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  31. ↑ Scott, Andrew (June 2004). "How we saved the Flying Scotsman". Railway Magazine 150 (1238): 14–19.
  32. ↑ "NRM – Keep Scotsman Steaming Appeal!". Flyingscotsman.org.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2012.
  33. ↑ Courtney, Geoff (January–February 2009). "NRM in £250K Flying Scotsman boiler SOS". Heritage Railway 120: 8–10.
  34. ↑ Streeter, Tony (February–March 2009). "Flying Scotsman – the real story". Steam Railway 359: 60–2.
  35. ↑ "Flying Scotsman due to return late spring 2012". National Railway Museum. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011.
  36. ↑ Boyd-Hope, Gary (14 October – 10 November 2011). "Flying Scotsman will not return until late spring, says NRM". Steam Railway 394: 6–7.
  37. ↑ Jones, Robin (27 October – 23 November 2011). "Flying Scotsman: repair bill to hit £2.6 million". Heritage Railway 156: 36–7.
  38. ↑ Meanley, Robert (26 November 2012). "A report for the Trustees of the Science Museum Group into the restoration of A3 Class Pacific Flying Scotsman and associated engineering project management". National Railway Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2012.
  39. ↑ National Railway Museum (29 October 2013). "Flying Scotsman restoration update". Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  40. ↑ "Flying Scotsman boiler leaving the NRM". 1 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.
  41. ↑ Courtney, Geoff (February–March 2009). "NRM sells Scotsman boiler in hush-hush deal". Heritage Railway 121: 6.
  42. ↑ "Update Winter Cumbrian Mountain 23rd January". Railway Touring Co. 19 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  43. ↑ "Flying Scotsman's mainline return after £4.2m revamp". BBC News. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  44. ↑ "Wartime black livery for Flying Scotsman". 15 February 2011. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  45. ↑ http://www.nrm.org.uk/aboutus/~/media/Files/NRM/PDF/NRM%20Flying%20Scotsman%20Final%20Report.pdf
  46. ↑ "Return of Flying Scotsman still on track for 2015" (Press release). 23 January 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  47. ↑ Fuller, Graham (March 2011). "DVD: The Flying Scotsman (1929) | Film reviews, news & interviews". The Arts Desk. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  48. ↑ Rev. W. Awdry (author, Enterprising Engines), Britt Allcroft (producer), David Mitton (director) (17 February 1992). "Tender Engines". Thomas and Friends. Series 3. Episode 20. ITV.
  49. ↑ "Steve Asquith – 25 Years On The Model Unit". Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  50. ↑ "Tornado - Top Gear to Waverley". Steam Railway Magazine (Bauer Media Group) (363). 29 May – 25 June 2009.
  51. 1 2 "BBC Two- James May's Toy Stories, Series 1, Hornby". BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  52. ↑ "BBC Two - James May's Toy Stories, The Great Train Race". BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
  53. ↑ "Microsoft Train Simulator". Deafgamers. Retrieved 27 December 2012.

Further reading

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