Fluoxetine

Not to be confused with Fluvoxamine. "Prozac" redirects here. For other uses, see Prozac (disambiguation).
Fluoxetine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
Clinical data
Trade names Prozac, Animex-On, Sarafem, Adofen, Deprex
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a689006
Licence data US FDA:link
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Legal status
Dependence
liability		 Physical: Low
Psychological: Low
Addiction
liability		 none
Routes of
administration		 Oral
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60–80%[1]
Protein binding 94–95%[2]
Metabolism Liver (mostly CYP2D6-mediated)[3]
Onset of action ~2–4 weeks
Biological half-life 1–3 days (acute)
4–6 days (chronic)[3][4]
Excretion Urine (80%), faeces (15%)[3][4]
Identifiers
CAS Number 54910-89-3 YesY
ATC code N06AB03
PubChem CID 3386
IUPHAR/BPS 203
DrugBank DB00472 YesY
ChemSpider 3269 YesY
UNII 01K63SUP8D YesY
KEGG D00326 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:5118 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL41 YesY
Chemical data
Formula C17H18F3NO
Molar mass 309.33 g·mol−1
Physical data
Melting point 179 to 182 °C (354 to 360 °F)
Boiling point 395 °C (743 °F)
Solubility in water 14 mg/mL (20 °C)
  (verify)

Fluoxetine, also known by trade names Prozac and Sarafem among others, is an antidepressant of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class.[1] It is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. It may decrease the risk of suicide in those over the age of 65. Fluoxetine has also been used to treat premature ejaculation. It is taken by mouth.[1]

Common side effects include trouble sleeping, loss of appetite, dry mouth, rash, and abnormal dreams. Serious side effects include serotonin syndrome, mania, seizures, an increased risk of suicidal behavior in people under 25 years old, and an increased risk of bleeding. If stopped suddenly a withdrawal syndrome may occur with anxiety, dizziness, and changes in sensation.[1] It is unclear if it is safe in pregnancy. If already on the medication it may be reasonable to continue during breastfeeding.[5] Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but believed to be related to increasing serotonin activity in the brain.[1]

Fluoxetine was discovered by Eli Lilly and Company in 1972 and entered medical use in 1986.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[7] It is available as a generic medication.[1] The wholesale cost is between 0.01 and 0.04 USD per day as of 2014.[8] In the United States it costs about 0.85 USD per day.[1]

Medical uses

Fluoxetine 20mg blister pack

Fluoxetine is frequently used to treat major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, bulimia nervosa, panic disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and trichotillomania.[9][10][11][12] It has also been used for cataplexy, obesity, and alcohol dependence,[13] as well as binge eating disorder.[14] It has also been tried as a treatment for autism spectrum disorders with moderate success in adults.[15][16][17][18]

Depression

The effectiveness of fluoxetine and other antidepressants in the treatment of mild-to-moderate depression is controversial. A meta-analysis published by Kirsch in 2008 suggests, in those with mild or moderate symptoms, the efficacy of fluoxetine and other SSRIs is clinically insignificant.[19] A 2009 meta-analysis by Fournier which evaluated patient-level data from six trials of the SSRI paroxetine and the non-SSRI antidepressant imipramine has been further cited as evidence that antidepressants exhibit minimal efficacy in mild to moderate depression.[20] A 2012 meta-analysis using individual patient level-data of fluoxetine for the treatment of depression concluded statistically and clinically significant benefit was seen irrespective of baseline depression severity, and no significant effect was found on baseline severity on observed efficacy.[21]

A 2009 systematic review by the National Institute of Care and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (which considered the Kirsch, but not the later meta-analyses) concluded strong evidence existed for the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of moderate and severe depression, with some evidence for their efficacy in the treatment of mild depression.[22] Both the NICE and the Fournier analyses concluded greater evidence is seen for the efficacy of antidepressants in the treatment of chronic mild depression (dysthymia) than in recent-onset mild depression.

NICE recommends antidepressant treatment with an SSRI in combination with psychosocial interventions as second-line treatment for short term mild depression, and as a first line treatment for severe and moderate depression, as well as mild depression that is recurrent or long-standing. The American Psychiatric Association includes antidepressant therapy among its first-line options for the treatment of depression, particularly when "a history of prior positive response to antidepressant medications, the presence of moderate to severe symptoms, significant sleep or appetite disturbances, agitation, patient preference, and anticipation of the need for maintenance therapy" exist.[23]

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder was demonstrated in two randomized multicenter phase III clinical trials. The pooled results of these trials demonstrated that 47% of completers treated with the highest dose were "much improved" or "very much improved" after 13 weeks of treatment, compared to 11% in the placebo arm of the trial.[24] The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry state that SSRIs including fluoxetine should be used as first-line therapy in children, along with CBT, for the treatment of moderate to severe OCD.[25]

Panic disorder

The efficacy of fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized multicenter phase III trials that enrolled patients diagnosed with panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia. In the first trial, 42% of subjects in the fluoxetine-treated arm were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 28% in the placebo arm. In the second trial, 62% of fluoxetine treated patients were free of panic attacks at the end of the study, vs. 44% in the placebo arm.[24]

Bulimia nervosa

A 2011 systematic review of seven trials which compared fluoxetine to a placebo in the treatment of bulimia nervosa; six of which found a statistically significant reduction in symptoms such as vomiting and binge eating.[26] However, no difference was observed between treatment arms when fluoxetine and psychotherapy were compared to psychotherapy alone.

Special populations

In children and adolescents, fluoxetine is the antidepressant of choice due to tentative evidence favoring its efficacy and tolerability.[27][28] In pregnancy, fluoxetine is considered a category C drug. Evidence supporting an increased risk of major fetal malformations resulting from fluoxetine exposure is limited, although the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency of the UK has warned prescribers and patients of the potential for fluoxetine exposure in the first trimester (during organogenesis, formation of the fetal organs) to cause a slight increase in the risk of congenital cardiac malformations in the newborn.[29][30][31] Furthermore, an association between fluoxetine use during the first trimester and an increased risk of minor fetal malformations was observed in one study.[30]

However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 21 studies concluded, "the apparent increased risk of fetal cardiac malformations associated with maternal use of fluoxetine has recently been shown also in depressed women who deferred SSRI therapy in pregnancy, and therefore most probably reflects an ascertainment bias. Overall, women who are treated with fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy do not appear to have an increased risk of major fetal malformations.".[32]

Per the FDA, infants exposed to SSRIs in late pregnancy may have an increased risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Limited data support this risk, but the FDA recommends physicians consider tapering SSRIs such as fluoxetine during the third trimester.[33] A review recommended against fluoxetine as a first-line SSRI during lactation, stating, "[fluoxetine] should be viewed as a less-preferred SSRI for breastfeeding mothers, particularly with newborn infants, and in those mothers who consumed fluoxetine during gestation."[34] Sertraline is often the preferred SSRI during pregnancy due to the relatively minimal fetal exposure observed and its safety profile while breastfeeding.[35]

Contraindications

Contraindications include prior treatment (within the past two weeks) with MAOIs such as phenelzine and tranylcypromine, due to the potential for serotonin syndrome.[3] Its use should also be avoided in those with known hypersensitivities to fluoxetine or any of the other ingredients in the formulation used.[3] Its use in those concurrently receiving pimozide or Thioridazine is also advised against.[3]

Adverse effects

Side effects observed in fluoxetine-treated persons in clinical trial with an incidence >5% and at least twice as common in fluoxetine-treated persons compared to those who received a placebo pill include abnormal dreams, abnormal ejaculation, anorexia, anxiety, asthenia, diarrhea, dry mouth, dyspepsia, flu syndrome, impotence, insomnia, decreased libido, nausea, nervousness, pharyngitis, rash, sinusitis, somnolence, sweating, tremor, vasodilatation, and yawning.[36] Fluoxetine is considered the most stimulating of the SSRIs (that is, it is most prone to causing insomnia and agitation).[37] It also appears to be the most prone of the SSRIs for producing dermatologic reactions (e.g. urticaria (hives), rash, itchiness, etc.).[30]

Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction, including loss of libido, anorgasmia, lack of vaginal lubrication, and erectile dysfunction, is one of the most commonly encountered adverse effects of treatment with fluoxetine and other SSRIs. While early clinical trials suggested a relatively low rate of sexual dysfunction, more recent studies in which the investigator actively inquires about sexual problems suggest that the incidence is >70%.[38] Symptoms of sexual dysfunction have been reported to persist after discontinuing SSRIs, although this is thought to be rare.[39][40][41]

Discontinuation syndrome

The side effects of the fluoxetine discontinuation are uncommon and mild, especially compared to paroxetine, venlafaxine and fluvoxamine, probably due to the relatively long pharmacological half-life of fluoxetine. [42] One of the recommended strategies for the management of discontinuation syndrome with other SSRIs is to substitute fluoxetine for the original agent, in cases where tapering off the dose of the original SSRI is ineffective.[43][44] The double-blind controlled studies support this opinion. No increase in side effects was observed in several studies when the treatment with fluoxetine was blindly interrupted for a short time (4–8 days) and then reinstated, this result being consistent with its slow elimination from the body.

More side effects occurred during the interruption of sertraline in these studies, and significantly more during the interruption of paroxetine.[45] According to a 2007 summary report of available evidence, fluoxetine has the lowest incidence of discontinuation syndrome among several antidepressants including paroxetine and venlafaxine.[46]

Suicide

In 2007 the FDA required all antidepressants to carry a black box warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in people younger than 25.[47] This warning is based on statistical analyses conducted by two independent groups of the FDA experts that found a 2-fold increase of the suicidal ideation and behavior in children and adolescents, and 1.5-fold increase of suicidality in the 18–24 age group. The suicidality was slightly decreased for those older than 24, and statistically significantly lower in the 65 and older group.[48][49][50] This analysis was criticized by Donald Klein, who noted that suicidality, that is suicidal ideation and behavior, is not necessarily a good surrogate marker for completed suicide, and it is still possible that antidepressants may prevent actual suicide while increasing suicidality.[51]

There is less data on fluoxetine than on antidepressants as a whole. For the above analysis on the antidepressant level, the FDA had to combine the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants for psychiatric indications to obtain statistically significant results. Considered separately, fluoxetine use in children increased the odds of suicidality by 50%,[52] and in adults decreased the odds of suicidality by approximately 30%.[49][50] Similarly, the analysis conducted by the UK MHRA found a 50% increase of odds of suicide-related events, not reaching statistical significance, in the children and adolescents on fluoxetine as compared to the ones on placebo. According to the MHRA data, for adults fluoxetine did not change the rate of self-harm and statistically significantly decreased suicidal ideation by 50%.[53][54]

Overdose

In overdose, most frequent adverse effects include:[55]

Nervous system effects

Gastrointestinal effects

Other effects

  • abnormal ejaculation
  • rash
  • sweating
  • decreased libido

Interactions

Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit many isozymes of the cytochrome P450 system that are involved in drug metabolism. Both are potent inhibitors of CYP2D6 (which is also the chief enzyme responsible for their metabolism) and CYP2C19, and mild to moderate inhibitors of CYP2B6 and CYP2C9.[56][57] In vivo, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine do not significantly affect the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4.[56] They also inhibit the activity of P-glycoprotein, a type of membrane transport protein that plays an important role in drug transport and metabolism and hence P-glycoprotein substrates such as loperamide may have their central effects potentiated.[58] This extensive effect on the body's pathways for drug metabolism creates the potential for interactions with many commonly used drugs.[58][59]

Its use should also be avoided in those receiving other serotonergic drugs such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, methamphetamine, MDMA, triptans, buspirone, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and other SSRIs due to the potential for serotonin syndrome to develop as a result.[3]

There is also the potential for interaction with highly protein-bound drugs due to the potential for fluoxetine to displace said drugs from the plasma or vice versa hence increasing serum concentrations of either fluoxetine or the offending agent.[3]

Pharmacology

Binding affinities (Ki in nM)[60]
Molecular
Target 		Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine
SERT 1 19
NET 660 2700
DAT 4180 420
5-HT2A 200 300
5-HT2B† 5000 5100
5-HT2C 260 91
M1 870 1200
M2 2700 4600
M3 1000 760
M4 2900 2600
M5 2700 2200
†Values for both drugs represents a lower bound

Pharmacodynamics

Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) and selective brain steroidogenic stimulant (SBSS) and does not appreciably inhibit norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake at therapeutic doses. It does, however, delay the reuptake of serotonin, resulting in serotonin persisting longer when it is released. Large doses in rats has been shown to induce in a significant increase in synaptic norepinephrine and dopamine.[61][62][63][64] Thus, dopamine and norepinephrine may contribute to the antidepressant action of fluoxetine in humans at supratherapeutic doses (60–80 mg) .[63][65] This effect may be mediated by 5HT2C receptors, which are inhibited by higher concentrations of fluoxetine.[66]

Fluoxetine's effect on neurosteroids is primarily related to an increase in allopregnanolone, a potent GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator;[64] a reduction in circulating brain (primarily mesocorticolimbic) allopregnanolone has been associated with both depression and anxiety disorders.[64] Improvement in depressive symptoms in medicated individuals is correlated with fluoxetine-induced increases in allopregnanolone levels.[64] Norfluoxetine, a primary active metabolite of fluoxetine, produces a similar effect on allopregnanolone levels in the brain, and has therefore also been characterized as a selective brain steroidogenic stimulant.[64]

In addition, fluoxetine has been found to act as an agonist of the σ1-receptor, with a potency greater than that of citalopram but less than that of fluvoxamine. However, the significance of this property is not fully clear.[67][68] Fluoxetine also functions as a channel blocker of anoctamin 1, a calcium-activated chloride channel.[69][70] In addition, it acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor at high concentrations, and norfluoxetine does the same but more potently, actions which may be clinically-relevant.[71] A number of other ion channels, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and 5-HT3 receptors, are also known to be inhibited at similar concentrations.[71]

Fluoxetine has been shown to inhibit acid sphingomyelinase, a key regulator of ceramide levels which derives ceramide from sphingomyelin.[72][73]

Pharmacokinetics

Norfluoxetine, fluoxetine's chief active metabolite.

The bioavailability of fluoxetine is relatively high (72%), and peak plasma concentrations are reached in 6–8 hours. It is highly bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin and α1-glycoprotein.[3] Fluoxetine is metabolized in the liver by isoenzymes of the cytochrome P450 system, including CYP2D6.[74] The role of CYP2D6 in the metabolism of fluoxetine may be clinically important, as there is great genetic variability in the function of this enzyme among people. CYP2D6 is responsible for converting fluoxetine to its only active metabolite, norfluoxetine.[75] Both drugs are also potent inhibitors of CYP2D6.[76]

The extremely slow elimination of fluoxetine and its active metabolite norfluoxetine from the body distinguishes it from other antidepressants. With time, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine inhibit their own metabolism, so fluoxetine elimination half-life changes from 1 to 3 days, after a single dose, to 4 to 6 days, after long-term use.[3] Similarly, the half-life of norfluoxetine is longer (16 days) after long-term use.[74][77][78] Therefore, the concentration of the drug and its active metabolite in the blood continues to grow through the first few weeks of treatment, and their steady concentration in the blood is achieved only after four weeks.[79][80] Moreover, the brain concentration of fluoxetine and its metabolites keeps increasing through at least the first five weeks of treatment.[81] That means that the full benefits of the current dose a patient receives are not realized for at least a month since its initiation. For example, in one 6-week study, the median time to achieving consistent response was 29 days.[79] Likewise, complete excretion of the drug may take several weeks. During the first week after the treatment discontinuation, the brain concentration of fluoxetine decreases only by 50%,[81] The blood level of norfluoxetine 4 weeks after the treatment discontinuation is about 80% of the level registered by the end of the first treatment week, and 7 weeks after the discontinuation norfluoxetine is still detectable in the blood.[77]

Measurement in body fluids

Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine may be quantitated in blood, plasma or serum to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma fluoxetine concentrations are usually in a range of 50–500 μg/L in persons taking the drug for its antidepressant effects, 900–3000 μg/L in survivors of acute overdosage and 1000–7000 μg/L in victims of fatal overdosage. Norfluoxetine concentrations are approximately equal to those of the parent drug during chronic therapy, but may be substantially less following acute overdosage, since it requires at least 1–2 weeks for the metabolite to achieve equilibrium.[82][83][84]

History

The work which eventually led to the discovery of fluoxetine began at Eli Lilly and Company in 1970 as a collaboration between Bryan Molloy and Robert Rathbun. It was known at that time that the antihistamine diphenhydramine shows some antidepressant-like properties. 3-Phenoxy-3-phenylpropylamine, a compound structurally similar to diphenhydramine, was taken as a starting point, and Molloy synthesized dozens of its derivatives.[85] Hoping to find a derivative inhibiting only serotonin reuptake, an Eli Lilly scientist, David T. Wong, proposed to retest the series for the in vitro reuptake of serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. This test, carried out by Jong-Sir Horng in May 1972,[85] showed the compound later named fluoxetine to be the most potent and selective inhibitor of serotonin reuptake of the series.[86] Wong published the first article about fluoxetine in 1974.[86] A year later, it was given the official chemical name fluoxetine and the Eli Lilly and Company gave it the trade name Prozac. In February 1977, Dista Products Company, a division of Eli Lilly & Company, filed an Investigational New Drug application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for fluoxetine.[87]

Fluoxetine appeared on the Belgian market in 1986.[88] In the U.S., the FDA gave its final approval in December 1987,[89] and a month later Eli Lilly began marketing Prozac; annual sales in the U.S. reached $350 million within a year.[87]

Eli Lilly's U.S. patent on Prozac (fluoxetine) expired in August 2001,[90] prompting an influx of generic drugs onto the market. Prozac was rebranded "Sarafem" for the treatment of PMDD in an attempt to stem the post-patent decrease in Eli Lilly's sales of fluoxetine.[91]

As of April 2, 2010, fluoxetine is one of four antidepressant drugs that the FAA allows pilots to take. The others are sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa), and escitalopram (Lexapro).[92]

There has been research on possible effects of fluoxetine on marine life.[93]

Society and culture

Violence

Neither the American Psychiatric Association,[94] the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE),[95] nor the American College of Physicians[96] list violence among the potential side effects of treatment with serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. Similarly, the World Health Organization and the European Psychiatric Association do not list violence among the potential side effects of SSRIs.[97][98]

Serial case report studies of this type have been criticized as being subject to "confounding by indication", in which effects due to an underlying disease state are mistakenly attributed to the effects of treatment.[99] Other studies, including randomized clinical trials and observational studies, have suggested that fluoxetine and other SSRIs may reduce the propensity for violence. A randomized clinical trial performed by the US National Institutes for Mental Health found that fluoxetine reduced acts of domestic violence in alcoholics with a history of such behavior[100] A second clinical trial performed at the University of Chicago found that fluoxetine reduced aggressive behavior in patients in intermittent aggressive disorder.[101] A clinical trial found that fluoxetine reduced aggressive behavior in patients with borderline personality disorder.[102] These results are indirectly supported by studies demonstrating that other SSRIs can reduce violence and aggressive behavior.[103][104][105][106] A NBER study examining international trends in antidepressant use and crime rates in the 1990s found that increases in antidepressant drug prescriptions were associated with reductions in violent crime.[107]

Despite the above cited evidence, psychiatrist David Healy and certain patient activist groups have compiled case reports of violent acts committed by individuals taking fluoxetine or other SSRIs,[108][109] and have argued that these drugs predispose susceptible individuals to commit violent acts.

Usage

In 2010, over 24.4 million prescriptions for generic fluoxetine were filled in the United States,[110] making it the third-most prescribed antidepressant after sertraline and citalopram.[110] In 2011, 6 million prescriptions for fluoxetine were filled in the United Kingdom.[111]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Fluoxetine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Dec 2, 2015.
  2. ↑ "FLUOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE capsule [Sandoz Inc]". DailyMed. Sandoz Inc. January 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "PROZAC® Fluoxetine Hydrochloride" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Eli Lilly Australia Pty. Limited. 9 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  4. 1 2 Altamura, AC; Moro, AR; Percudani, M (March 1994). "Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Fluoxetine" (PDF). Clinical Pharmacokinetics 26 (3): 201–214. doi:10.2165/00003088-199426030-00004. PMID 8194283.
  5. ↑ "Fluoxetine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  6. ↑ Myers, Richard L. (2007). The 100 most important chemical compounds : a reference guide (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 128. ISBN 9780313337581.
  7. ↑ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  8. ↑ "Fluoxetine". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  9. ↑ Randi Jenssen Hagerman (16 September 1999). Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Diagnosis and Treatment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 019512314X. Dech and Budow (1991) were among the first to report the anecdotal use of fluoxetine in a case of PWS to control behavior problems, appetite, and trichotillomania.
  10. ↑ Truven Health Analytics, Inc. DrugPoint® System (Internet) [cited 2013 Oct 4]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thomsen Healthcare; 2013.
  11. ↑ Australian Medicines Handbook 2013. The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust; 2013.
  12. ↑ British National Formulary (BNF) 65. Pharmaceutical Pr; 2013.
  13. ↑ "Fluoxetine Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved April 3, 2011.
  14. ↑ "NIMH•Eating Disorders". The National Institute of Mental Health. National Institute of Health. 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  15. ↑ Williams, K. (August 2010). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for autism spectrum disorders (ASD)". Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews 8: CD004677. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004677.pub3. PMID 23959778.
  16. ↑ Myers, SM (August 2007). "The status of pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorders". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 8 (11): 1579–1603. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1579. PMID 17685878.
  17. ↑ Doyle, CA; McDougle, CJ (August 2012). "Pharmacotherapy to control behavioral symptoms in children with autism". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 13 (11): 1615–1629. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.674110. PMID 22550944.
  18. ↑ Benvenuto, A; Battan, B; Porfirio, MC; Curatolo, P (February 2013). "Pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorders". Brain and Development 35 (2): 119–127. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2012.03.015. PMID 22541665.
  19. ↑ Kirsch, Irving; Deacon, BJ; Huedo-Medina, TB; Scoboria, A; Moore, TJ; Johnson, BT (2008). "Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration". PLoS Medicine (PLoS Med) 5 (2): e45. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045. PMC 2253608. PMID 18303940.
  20. ↑ Fournier, Jay C.; Jay C. Fournier, MA; Robert J. DeRubeis, PhD; Steven D. Hollon, PhD; Sona Dimidjian, PhD; Jay D. Amsterdam, MD; Richard C. Shelton, MD; Jan Fawcett, MD (2010). "Antidepressant Drug Effects and Depression Severity". The Journal of the American Medical Association 303 (1): 47–53. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1943. PMC 3712503. PMID 20051569. Retrieved 24 March 2013. Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  21. ↑ Gibbons RD, Hur K, Brown CH, Davis JM, Mann JJ (June 2012). "Benefits from antidepressants: synthesis of 6-week patient-level outcomes from double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of fluoxetine and venlafaxine". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 69 (6): 572–9. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2044. PMC 3371295. PMID 22393205.
  22. ↑ "CG90 Depression in adults: full guidance".
  23. ↑ "PsychiatryOnline | APA Practice Guidelines | Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition".
  24. 1 2 "www.accessdata.fda.gov" (PDF).
  25. ↑ "Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder.". J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 51 (1): 98–113. January 2012. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.019. PMID 22176943.
  26. ↑ "www.wfsbp.org" (PDF).
  27. ↑ Taurines, R; Gerlach, M; Warnke, A; Thome, J; Wewetzer, C (September 2011). "Pharmacotherapy in depressed children and adolescents". The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 12 (Suppl 1): 11–15. doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.600295. PMID 21905988.
  28. ↑ Cohen, D (2007). "Should the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in child and adolescent depression be banned?". Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 76 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1159/000096360. PMID 17170559.
  29. ↑ Morrison, JL; Riggs, KW; Rurak, DW (March 2005). "Fluoxetine during pregnancy: impact on fetal development". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17 (6): 641–650. doi:10.1071/RD05030. PMID 16263070.
  30. 1 2 3 Brayfield, A, ed. (13 August 2013). Fluoxetine Hydrochloride. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press). Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  31. ↑ "Fluoxetine in pregnancy: slight risk of heart defects in unborn child" (PDF). MHRA. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. 10 September 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
  32. ↑ http://www.jogc.com/abstracts/full/201304_DrugsinPregnancy_1.pdf
  33. ↑ http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2011/018936s091lbl.pdf
  34. ↑ http://jhl.sagepub.com.proxy1.lib.tju.edu/content/26/2/187.full.pdf+html
  35. ↑ Taylor, D; Paton, C; Shitij, K (2012). The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-470-97948-8.
  36. ↑ Bland RD, Clarke TL, Harden LB, et al. (February 1976). "Rapid infusion of sodium bicarbonate and albumin into high-risk premature infants soon after birth: a controlled, prospective trial". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 124 (3): 263–7. PMID 2013.
  37. ↑ Koda-Kimble, MA; Alldredge, BK (2012). Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs (10th ed.). Baltimore: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1609137137.
  38. ↑ Clark MS, Jansen K, Bresnahan M (November 2013). "Clinical inquiry: How do antidepressants affect sexual function?". J Fam Pract 62 (11): 660–1. PMID 24288712.
  39. ↑ Csoka AB, Csoka A, Bahrick A, Mehtonen OP (2008). "Persistent sexual dysfunction after discontinuation of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". The Journal of Sexual Medicine 5 (1): 227–33. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00630.x. PMID 18173768.
  40. ↑ Csoka AB, Shipko S (2006). "Persistent sexual side effects after SSRI discontinuation" (PDF). Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 75 (3): 187–8. doi:10.1159/000091777. PMID 16636635. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
  41. ↑ http://pi.lilly.com/us/prozac.pdf Page 14.
  42. ↑ Calil HM (2001). "Fluoxetine: a suitable long-term treatment". J Clin Psychiatry. 62 Suppl 22: 24–9. PMID 11599644.
  43. ↑ Rosenbaum, JF; Zajecka, J (1997). "Clinical management of antidepressant discontinuation". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 58 Suppl 7: 37–40. PMID 9219493.
  44. ↑ Schatzberg, AF; Blier, P; Delgado, PL; Fava, M; Haddad, PM; Shelton, RC (2006). "Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome: Consensus panel recommendations for clinical management and additional research". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 67 Suppl 4: 27–30. PMID 16683860.
  45. ↑ Fava, M (2006). "Prospective studies of adverse events related to antidepressant discontinuation". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 67 Suppl 4: 14–21. PMID 16683858.
  46. ↑ Gartlehner, G; Hansen, RA; Thieda, P; Deveaugh-Geiss, AM; Gaynes, BN; Krebs, EE; Lux, LJ; Morgan, LC; Shumate, JA (January 2007). Comparative Effectiveness of Second-Generation Antidepressants in the Pharmacologic Treatment of Adult Depression (PDF). Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). PMID 20704050.
  47. ↑ FDA. May 2, 2007. Antidepressant Use in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
  48. ↑ Levenson M, Holland C. "Antidepressants and Suicidality in Adults: Statistical Evaluation. (Presentation at Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee; December 13, 2006)". Retrieved May 13, 2007.
  49. 1 2 Stone MB, Jones ML (November 17, 2006). "Clinical Review: Relationship Between Antidepressant Drugs and Suicidality in Adults" (PDF). Overview for December 13 Meeting of Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee (PDAC). FDA. pp. 11–74. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
  50. 1 2 Levenson M, Holland C (November 17, 2006). "Statistical Evaluation of Suicidality in Adults Treated with Antidepressants" (PDF). Overview for December 13 Meeting of Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee (PDAC). FDA. pp. 75–140. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
  51. ↑ Klein, Donald F (2005). "The Flawed Basis for FDA Post-Marketing Safety Decisions: The Example of Anti-Depressants and Children". Neuropsychopharmacology 31 (4): 689–99. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300996. PMID 16395296.
  52. ↑ Tarek A. Hammad (September 13, 2004). "Results of the Analysis of Suicidality in Pediatric Trials of Newer Antidepressants" (PDF). Presentation at the Meeting of Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Pediatric Advisory Committee on September 13, 2004. FDA.Pages 25, 28. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  53. ↑ Committee on Safety of Medicines Expert Working Group (December 2004). "Report on The Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants" (PDF). MHRA. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
  54. ↑ Gunnell, D.; Saperia, J; Ashby, D (2005). "Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and suicide in adults: Meta-analysis of drug company data from placebo controlled, randomised controlled trials submitted to the MHRA's safety review". BMJ 330 (7488): 385. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7488.385. PMC 549105. PMID 15718537.
  55. ↑ "Toxicity". Fluoxetine. PubChem. NCBI. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  56. 1 2 Sager JE, Lutz JD, Foti RS, Davis C, Kunze KL, Isoherranen N (June 2014). "Fluoxetine- and Norfluoxetine-Mediated Complex Drug-Drug Interactions: In Vitro to In Vivo Correlation of Effects on CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4". Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 95 (6): 653–62. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.50.
  57. ↑ Ciraulo, DA; Shader, RI, ed. (2011). Pharmacotherapy of Depression. SpringerLink (2nd ed.) (New York, NY: Humana Press). doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-435-7. ISBN 978-1-60327-434-0.
  58. 1 2 Sandson, Neil B.; Armstrong, Scott C.; Cozza, Kelly L. (2005). "An Overview of Psychotropic Drug-Drug Interactions". Psychosomatics 46 (5): 464–94. doi:10.1176/appi.psy.46.5.464. PMID 16145193.
  59. ↑ An extensive list of possible interactions is available in Lexi-Comp (September 2008). "Fluoxetine". The Merck Manual Professional. Retrieved on December 28, 2008.
  60. ↑ Roth, BL; Driscol, J (12 January 2011). "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  61. ↑ Perry, K. W.; Fuller, R. W. (1997). "Fluoxetine increases norepinephrine release in rat hypothalamus as measured by tissue levels of MHPG-SO4 and microdialysis in conscious rats". Journal of Neural Transmission 104 (8–9): 953–66. doi:10.1007/BF01285563. PMID 9451727.
  62. ↑ Bymaster, Frank; Zhang, Wei; Carter, Petra; Shaw, Janice; Chernet, Eyassu; Phebus, Lee; Wong, David; Perry, Kenneth (2002). "Fluoxetine, but not other selective serotonin uptake inhibitors, increases norepinephrine and dopamine extracellular levels in prefrontal cortex". Psychopharmacology 160 (4): 353–61. doi:10.1007/s00213-001-0986-x. PMID 11919662.
  63. 1 2 Koch, S; Perry, KW; Nelson, DL; Conway, RG; Threlkeld, PG; Bymaster, FP (2002). "R-fluoxetine Increases Extracellular DA, NE, As Well As 5-HT in Rat Prefrontal Cortex and Hypothalamus an in vivo Microdialysis and Receptor Binding Study". Neuropsychopharmacology 27 (6): 949–59. doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(02)00377-9. PMID 12464452.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 Pinna G, Costa E, Guidotti A (February 2009). "SSRIs act as selective brain steroidogenic stimulants (SBSSs) at low doses that are inactive on 5-HT reuptake". Curr Opin Pharmacol 9 (1): 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2008.12.006. PMC 2670606. PMID 19157982.
  65. ↑ Miguelez, C.; Fernandez-Aedo, I.; Torrecilla, M.; Grandoso, L.; Ugedo, L. (2009). "Α2-Adrenoceptors mediate the acute inhibitory effect of fluoxetine on locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons". Neuropharmacology 56 (6–7): 1068–73. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.03.004. PMID 19298831.
  66. ↑ Pälvimäki EP, Roth BL, Majasuo H, et al. (August 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with the serotonin 5-HT2c receptor". Psychopharmacology 126 (3): 234–40. doi:10.1007/BF02246453. PMID 8876023.
  67. ↑ Narita N, Hashimoto K, Tomitaka S, Minabe Y (June 1996). "Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with subtypes of sigma receptors in rat brain". European Journal of Pharmacology 307 (1): 117–9. doi:10.1016/0014-2999(96)00254-3. PMID 8831113.
  68. ↑ Hashimoto K (September 2009). "Sigma-1 receptors and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: clinical implications of their relationship". Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 9 (3): 197–204. doi:10.2174/1871524910909030197. PMID 20021354.
  69. ↑ "Fluoxetine". IUPHAR Guide to Pharmacology. IUPHAR. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  70. ↑ "Calcium activated chloride channel". IUPHAR Guide to Pharmacology. IUPHAR. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
  71. 1 2 Robinson RT, Drafts BC, Fisher JL (2003). "Fluoxetine increases GABA(A) receptor activity through a novel modulatory site". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 304 (3): 978–84. doi:10.1124/jpet.102.044834. PMID 12604672.
  72. ↑ Erich Gulbins, Monica Palmada, Martin Reichel, Anja Lüth, Christoph Böhmer, Davide Amato, Christian P Müller, Carsten H Tischbirek, Teja W Groemer, Ghazaleh Tabatabai, Katrin A Becker, Philipp Tripal, Sven Staedtler, Teresa F Ackermann, Johannes van Brederode, Christian Alzheimer, Michael Weller, Undine E Lang, Burkhard Kleuser, Heike Grassmé, Johannes Kornhuber (June 2013). "Acid sphingomyelinase–ceramide system mediates effects of antidepressant drugs". Nature Medicine 19: 934–938. doi:10.1038/nm.3214.
  73. ↑ R. Brunkhorst, F. Friedlaender, N. Ferreirós, S. Schwalm, A. Koch, G. Grammatikos, S. Toennes, C. Foerch, J. Pfeilschifter, W. Pfeilschifter (October 2015). "Alterations of the Ceramide Metabolism in the Peri-Infarct Cortex Are Independent of the Sphingomyelinase Pathway and Not Influenced by the Acid Sphingomyelinase Inhibitor Fluoxetine". Neural Plasticity 2015: 1–10. doi:10.1155/2015/503079. PMC 4641186. PMID 26605090.
  74. 1 2 "Prozac Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics,Studies, Metabolism". RxList.com. 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  75. ↑ Mandrioli, R.; Forti, G. C.; Raggi, M. A. (2006). "Fluoxetine Metabolism and Pharmacological Interactions: The Role of Cytochrome P450". Current Drug Metabolism 7 (2): 127–33. doi:10.2174/138920006775541561. PMID 16472103.
  76. ↑ Hiemke, Christoph; Härtter, Sebastian (2000). "Pharmacokinetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors". Pharmacology & Therapeutics 85: 11–28. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(99)00048-0.
  77. 1 2 Burke, William J.; Hendricks, Shelton E.; McArthur-Miller, Delores; Jacques, Daniel; Bessette, Diane; McKillup, Tracy; Stull, Todd; Wilson, James (2000). "Weekly Dosing of Fluoxetine for the Continuation Phase of Treatment of Major Depression: Results of a Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 20 (4): 423–7. doi:10.1097/00004714-200008000-00006. PMID 10917403.
  78. ↑ "Drug Treatments in Psychiatry: Antidepressants". Newcastle University School of Neurology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry. 2005. Retrieved April 14, 2007.
  79. 1 2 Pérez, Victor; Puiigdemont, Dolors; Gilaberte, Inmaculada; Alvarez, Enric; Artigas, Francesc; Grup de Recerca en Trastorns Afectius (2001). "Augmentation of Fluoxetine's Antidepressant Action by Pindolol: Analysis of Clinical, Pharmacokinetic, and Methodologic Factors". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 21 (1): 36–45. doi:10.1097/00004714-200102000-00008. PMID 11199945.
  80. ↑ Brunswick, David J.; Amsterdam, Jay D.; Fawcett, Jan; Quitkin, Frederic M.; Reimherr, Frederick W.; Rosenbaum, Jerrold F.; Beasley Jr, Charles M. (2002). "Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine plasma concentrations during relapse-prevention treatment". Journal of Affective Disorders 68 (2–3): 243–9. doi:10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00333-5. PMID 12063152.
  81. 1 2 Henry, Michael E; Schmidt, Mark E; Hennen, John; Villafuerte, Rosemond A; Butman, Michelle L; Tran, Pierre; Kerner, Lynn T; Cohen, Bruce; Renshaw, Perry F (2005). "A Comparison of Brain and Serum Pharmacokinetics of R-Fluoxetine and Racemic Fluoxetine: A 19-F MRS Study". Neuropsychopharmacology 30 (8): 1576–83. doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300749. PMID 15886723.
  82. ↑ Lemberger, L; Bergstrom, RF; Wolen, RL; Farid, NA; Enas, GG; Aronoff, GR (1985). "Fluoxetine: Clinical pharmacology and physiologic disposition". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 46 (3 Pt 2): 14–9. PMID 3871765.
  83. ↑ Pato, MT; Murphy, DL; Devane, CL (1991). "Sustained plasma concentrations of fluoxetine and/or norfluoxetine four and eight weeks after fluoxetine discontinuation". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 11 (3): 224–5. doi:10.1097/00004714-199106000-00024. PMID 1741813.
  84. ↑ R. Baselt, Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 645–648.
  85. 1 2 Wong, David T.; Bymaster, Frank P.; Engleman, Eric A. (1995). "Prozac (fluoxetine, lilly 110140), the first selective serotonin uptake inhibitor and an antidepressant drug: Twenty years since its first publication". Life Sciences 57 (5): 411–41. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00209-O. PMID 7623609.
  86. 1 2 Wong, David T.; Horng, Jong S.; Bymaster, Frank P.; Hauser, Kenneth L.; Molloy, Bryan B. (1974). "A selective inhibitor of serotonin uptake: Lilly 110140, 3-(p-Trifluoromethylphenoxy)-n-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine". Life Sciences 15 (3): 471–9. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(74)90345-2. PMID 4549929.
  87. 1 2 Breggin, Peter R.; Ginger Ross Breggin (1995). Talking Back to Prozac. Macmillan Publishers. pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-0-312-95606-6.
  88. ↑ Swiatek, Jeff (August 2, 2001). "Prozac's profitable run coming to an end for Lilly". The Indianapolis Star.
  89. ↑ "Electronic Orange Book". Food and Drug Administration. April 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  90. ↑ "Patent Expiration Dates for Common Brand-Name Drugs". Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  91. ↑ Class, Selena (December 2, 2002). "Pharma Overview". Retrieved June 15, 2009.
  92. ↑ "Press Release – FAA Proposes New Policy on Antidepressants for Pilots". Faa.gov. April 2, 2010. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
  93. ↑ Ravilious, K (July 16, 2010). "Prozac Pollution Making Shrimp Reckless". National Geographic. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  94. ↑ "PsychiatryOnline | APA Practice Guidelines | Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition".
  95. ↑ http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG90
  96. ↑ "Annals of Internal Medicine | Comparative Benefits and Harms of Second-Generation Antidepressants: Background Paper for the American College of Physicians".
  97. ↑ "whqlibdoc.who.int" (PDF).
  98. ↑ Möller HJ, Bitter I, Bobes J, Fountoulakis K, Höschl C, Kasper S (February 2012). "Position statement of the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) on the value of antidepressants in the treatment of unipolar depression". Eur. Psychiatry 27 (2): 114–28. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.08.002. PMID 22119161.
  99. ↑ "Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy".
  100. ↑ George DT, Phillips MJ, Lifshitz M, et al. (January 2011). "Fluoxetine treatment of alcoholic perpetrators of domestic violence: a 12-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention study". J Clin Psychiatry 72 (1): 60–5. doi:10.4088/JCP.09m05256gry. PMC 3026856. PMID 20673556.
  101. ↑ Coccaro EF, Lee RJ, Kavoussi RJ (May 2009). "A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in patients with intermittent explosive disorder". J Clin Psychiatry 70 (5): 653–62. doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04150. PMID 19389333.
  102. ↑ Coccaro EF, Kavoussi RJ (December 1997). "Fluoxetine and impulsive aggressive behavior in personality-disordered subjects". Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 54 (12): 1081–8. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830240035005. PMID 9400343.
  103. ↑ Stark LJ, Spirito A, Williams CA, Guevremont DC (April 1989). "Common problems and coping strategies. I: Findings with normal adolescents". J Abnorm Child Psychol 17 (2): 203–12. doi:10.1007/BF00913794. PMID 2745900.
  104. ↑ Berman ME, McCloskey MS, Fanning JR, Schumacher JA, Coccaro EF (June 2009). "Serotonin augmentation reduces response to attack in aggressive individuals". Psychol Sci 20 (6): 714–20. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02355.x. PMC 2728471. PMID 19422623.
  105. ↑ McCloskey MS, Berman ME, Echevarria DJ, Coccaro EF (April 2009). "Effects of acute alcohol intoxication and paroxetine on aggression in men". Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 33 (4): 581–90. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00872.x. PMID 19183141.
  106. ↑ Cherek DR, Lane SD, Pietras CJ, Steinberg JL (January 2002). "Effects of chronic paroxetine administration on measures of aggressive and impulsive responses of adult males with a history of conduct disorder". Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 159 (3): 266–74. doi:10.1007/s002130100915. PMID 11862359.
  107. ↑ Marcotte, DE; Markowitz, S (September 2009). "A Cure For Crime? Psycho-Pharmaceuticals and Crime Trends" (PDF). Nber Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA: The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  108. ↑ Healy, David; Herxheimer, Andrew; Menkes, David B. (2006). "Antidepressants and Violence: Problems at the Interface of Medicine and Law". PLoS Medicine 3 (9): e372. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030372. PMC 1564177. PMID 16968128.
  109. ↑ Breggin, Peter R.; Ginger Ross Breggin (1995). Talking Back to Prozac. Macmillan Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-312-95606-6.
  110. 1 2 Verispan. "Top 200 Generic Drugs by Units in 2010" (PDF). Drug Topics.
  111. ↑ Patrisha Macnair (September 2012). "BBC - Health: Prozac". BBC. Archived from the original on 2012-12-11. In 2011 over 43 million prescriptions for antidepressants were handed out in the UK and about 14 per cent (or nearly 6 million prescriptions) of these were for a drug called fluoxetine, better known as Prozac.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluoxetine.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, February 09, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.