Florence Ellinwood Allen

Florence Allen
Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
In office September 18, 1958 – October 5, 1959
Preceded by	Charles Simons
Succeeded by	John Martin
Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
In office March 21, 1934 – October 5, 1959
Appointed by	Franklin Roosevelt
Preceded by	Smith Hickenlooper
Succeeded by	Paul Weick
Associate Justice of the Ohio Supreme Court
In office January 1, 1923 – March 21, 1934
Preceded by	Benson Hough
Succeeded by	Robert Wilkin
Personal details
Born	(1884-03-23)March 23, 1884 Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
Died	September 12, 1966(1966-09-12) (aged 82) Mentor, Ohio, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	Case Western Reserve University University of Chicago New York University

Belle Sherwin and Florence Ellinwood Allen at Woman suffrage headquarters, Upper Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, 1912

Florence Ellinwood Allen (March 23, 1884 – September 12, 1966) was an American judge. She was the first woman to serve on a state supreme court and one of the first two women to serve as a United States federal judge.

Early life

Florence Allen was born on March 23, 1884 in Salt Lake City, Utah, the daughter of Clarence Emir Allen, Sr., a mine manager, and later U.S. Representative from Utah, and his wife Corinne Marie, née Tuckerman. She was one of seven children—five girls, one of whom died in infancy, and two boys.^[1] Her father was a professor and a linguist, and the family moved to Cleveland, where he was hired by what was then called the Western Reserve University and is today called Case Western Reserve University. Young Florence grew up in Cleveland, where her father shared his love of languages with her, teaching her Greek and Latin before she was a teenager.^[2] She also showed an early love of poetry, as well as a talent for music,^[3] and after attending New Lyme Institute in Ashtabula, Ohio, she decided to attend Western Reserve, with music as her major.^[4] Allen graduated in 1904,^[1] and her father then sent her to Berlin, Germany to continue her musical studies.^[5] While she was there, she worked as a correspondent for a New York magazine called the Musical Courier.^[1] Her original plan was to become a concert pianist but she sustained an injury that cut her music career short.^[6] She returned to Ohio in 1906 and took a job as the music critic for The Plain Dealer (Cleveland, Ohio) newspaper, a position she held till 1909.^[4] By this time, she had begun showing an increasing interest in politics and law, which led her to take a Master's Degree in Political Science from Western Reserve; she completed it in 1908.^[6] She also took courses in constitutional law, and would have pursued a degree, but at that time, Western Reserve's law school did not admit women. So Allen took special classes and tutorials, and became more determined to have a legal career.^[1] She attended the law school at the University of Chicago for a year, and then transferred to New York University. In order to pay her tuition, she found work as a legal investigator and researcher for the New York League for the Protection of Immigrants.^[2] In 1913, she got her law degree, graduating with honors. She returned to Cleveland and was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1914.^[6]

Legal career

By her own admission, she was not a success at first. She only made about $25 during her first month, and all she could afford for her office was two chairs and a borrowed typewriter.^[5] As she told a reporter in a 1934 interview, "I had no clients. And I had no money. But I had great hopes." ^[7] However, in order to become successful, what she needed was some experience, so she did volunteer work with the local Legal Aid Society, where she not only got that experience but got involved with an important case about suffrage.^[2] As a child, her mother had taken her to see famous suffragists Susan B. Anthony and Anna Howard Shaw giving talks about women's rights.^[1] And the belief that women should be treated as equals under the law undoubtedly resonated with her even more as a result of her struggles to be taken seriously as an attorney. She became even more interested in politics, and more committed to the cause of women's suffrage. She was active in the Women's Suffrage Party and began challenging local laws that limited women's participation in the political process. And she argued one particular case that went all the way to the Ohio Supreme Court: thanks to her efforts, she won the women of East Cleveland the right to vote in municipal elections.^[8] During this time, she also became involved in another cause, one that would be important to her all of her life: disarmament and the quest for world peace. For Allen, this was personal: both of her brothers died while serving their country during the First World War.^[7]

Becoming a judge

Once she won a few cases and gained the respect of her male colleagues,^[5] her career flourished. In 1919, she was appointed the assistant prosecuting attorney for Cleveland's Cuyahoga County. An active Democrat, she nevertheless encountered opposition from Democratic party chairman Burr Gongwer. However, the appointment was approved and she became the first woman in Ohio to hold such a position. She then began bringing cases before the grand jury. She also continued to advocate women's rights, even giving talks about her devotion to the Democratic party and the political process.^[9] By 1920, she was elected as a Common Pleas judge, on a non-partisan ticket. She was the first woman in this position too, and during her time on the bench she tried nearly 900 cases. Undoubtedly, her biggest challenge was a case involving gangster Frank Motto, who was convicted of the murder of two men during a robbery. With women on the jury and a woman judge, legal critics wondered whether the stereotype about women being emotional, and thus lenient, would come into play, but it did not.^[10] Motto was convicted, and in mid-May 1921, Judge Allen sentenced Motto to the electric chair.^[3] Her meteoric rise continued when in 1922, Allen was elected to the Ohio Supreme Court. She immediately told reporters that she intended to keep partisan politics out of the judiciary.^[4] It was a promise she would keep.

In 1928, Allen was re-elected to a second six-year term on the Ohio Supreme Court. All of the winners in that election were Republicans except for her.^[11] She continued to be a popular figure in Ohio, honored by numerous civic groups for her fairmindedness;^[12] and lawyers who came before her praised her willingness to listen.^[3] And while she was not afraid to make the difficult decisions, even on death penalty cases, Judge Allen was not just a "law and order" judge. She was also a mentor, who encouraged young women to become lawyers. She continued to give educational talks about the law, and she worked tirelessly to improve women's legal rights.^[10] She was a proponent of jury service for women, at a time when many states still did not allow women to serve, and she continued to encourage women to be politically active even while remaining non-partisan herself.^[3] By 1930, her reputation was so positive that some newspapers were suggesting that she be nominated for a seat on the Supreme Court. Among them was the Christian Science Monitor, which praised Allen for her "distinguished achievements" as a jurist.^[13]

A pacifist, Judge Allen was an opponent of war and argued that the only way to avoid war was to outlaw it. War must be made outlawed and declared a crime, she said. She also called for the establishment of an international court that have jurisdiction over purely international disputes and that international law should be codified on the basis of equity and right.^[14]

Later years

In early March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated Allen for appointment to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, succeeding Smith Hickenlooper, who had died.^[1] Allen was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 15, 1934, and received her commission on March 21, 1934. It was widely reported that Allen was the first woman federal judge, but in 1928, Genevieve R. Cline had been named to the federal judiciary by President Calvin Coolidge; Cline served on the bench of the Customs Court.^[15] Allen was, however, the first woman to serve on an Article III federal court. Her nomination to the prestigious position received widespread praise. Newspaper articles described Allen as "an able jurist" and a "profound student" of the law.^[8]

Allen continued her ongoing advocacy of women's rights. She was a member of the National Association of Business and Professional Women, and spoke at several of their conventions,^[16] and was a member of the National Association of Women Lawyers.^[10] Allen continued to advocate an end to wars. In 1935, she was one of ten "outstanding American women", with Eleanor Roosevelt and feminist leader Carrie Chapman Catt, to contribute to Why Wars Must Cease. In her essay, Allen asserted that wars "unleash demoralizing instincts" such as "callousness, cynicism, and greed." She said they also contribute to numerous social problems, including the break-up of families, and increases in crime.^[17]

The press continued to speculate on Allen as a possible Supreme Court nominee.^[18] In early 1939, when Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis was about to retire, some of Allen's supporters tried to persuade President Roosevelt that it was time to name a woman, and they reminded the president that Judge Allen was extremely qualified. Chief among advocates on her behalf was Lillian D. Rock, former vice president of the National Association of Women Lawyers and chair of a newly created committee whose purpose was to encourage the appointment of more women to important positions in government.^[19] Allen was not named to the Supreme Court, however, and it was another male judge, William O. Douglas, who replaced Justice Brandeis. For the next few years, every time a vacancy occurred, Allen's supporters would again suggest her, but to no avail.

Despite not being named to the Supreme Court, Judge Allen had plenty to occupy her time. On the Circuit Court, Sixth Circuit, she heard cases from Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In 1940, she wrote This Constitution of Ours. Even after World War II broke out, Allen remained steadfast in her determination to work for peace. She continued speaking and gave talks both in person and on radio. In 1944, the National Association of Women lawyers put her name forth as someone who should be involved in international peace negotiations.^[20] When the war ended, she continued to speak to civic groups, especially women's clubs. Her message was that relying on the United Nations would not prevent the next war. It was essential for individual citizens to keep demanding that each country—whether large or small—have respect for the rule of law. "To secure peace, there must be justice," she told 3,000 attendees at a conference of the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. "There cannot be justice unless there is a rebirth of moral principle among the nations. There cannot be a rebirth of moral principle unless the conscience of the peoples becomes articulate."^[21] Allen herself remained a very articulate spokeswoman on the issues she cared about. She was regarded as such a credible figure that in 1947, the American Academy of Political and Social Science asked her to do a study of women's voting patterns, to offer her assessment of whether women were in fact using the franchise, and whether they were active in the political process.^[22] In later talks, Allen expressed the opinion that while many women were in fact voting and speaking out on issues, there was a generational shift taking place. The dynamic women leaders who had fought for suffrage and brought about greater participation for women in other areas of public life were now deceased, and they had not yet been replaced. She expressed concern about this lack of new and dynamic leadership, and hoped new leaders would emerge.^[22]

Allen's supporters again sought to have her appointed to the United States Supreme Court during Harry S. Truman's presidency, but Truman seemed to be opposed to having a woman sitting on the highest court of the land. Allen was later told that Truman's reluctance to appoint her had to do with his belief that having a woman around would make the male judges uncomfortable. "They say they couldn't sit around with their robes off and their feet up and discuss the problems."^[23] Truman's reluctance to appoint a woman extended to other venues. When there were more than 20 Federal court vacancies, his original list of nominees was all male; only after some influential women politicians protested, the president named one woman, Burnita Shelton Matthews, to the Federal District Court bench in 1949.^[24] Judge Allen was not chosen for any further promotions until 1958. At that time, she became the first woman to serve as chief judge of a United States Court of Appeals. In 1959, she retired, but maintained the title of Senior Judge of the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, available to step in and hear a case if needed.^[2] After her retirement, she continued to do speaking engagements and began working on her autobiography. It was called To Do Justly, and was published in the autumn of 1965.^[1]

In declining health after falling and breaking her hip, she died on September 13, 1966 in Mentor, Ohio, where she had been living with a distant cousin since her retirement. She was 82.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Florence Ellinwood Allen.

• Florence Ellinwood Allen at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
• Russ, J. A. 1997. Florence Ellinwood Allen
• Entry for Florence Ellinwood Allen in the Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
• Florence Ellinwood Allen Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University