Flag of Sardinia

Official flag of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (since 1999)
Flag of Sardinia, showing the Moors' heads blindfolded and facing to the left.

The Flag of the four Moors, or simply the four moors (I quattro mori in Italian, Sos bator moros in Logudorese Sardinian, Is cuatru morus in Campidanese Sardinian) is the official flag of the autonomous region of Sardinia, Italy, and the historical flag and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Described as a "white field with a red cross and a bandaged Moor's head facing away from the luff [the edge close to the mast] in each quarter" (Regional Law 15 April 1999, n. 10, Article 1.)[1]

The flag is composed of the St. George Cross and four heads of Moors which in the past were blindfolded and turned towards the luff. The heads are taken to represent the defeated Moors, first used in the seals of Aragonese kings and later transferred to the Kingdom of Sardinia.

History

16th century flag of Sardinia
19th century coat of arms of the Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia

The oldest certified emblem of the four moors dates back to 1281: it was the seal of the Royal Chancellery of Peter of Aragon, but the four heads had no bandages and were bearded; the coat of arms of Sardinia never appeared in such a way. After that the kingdom of Sardinia was founded in 1326, it became part of the Crown of Aragon; these seals will come to closing documents of King James II (1326), Alfonso Benigno (1327-1336) and Peter I (1336-1387). Some specimens are preserved in the Historical Archive of the city of Cagliari.

The late 14th century Gelre Armorial attributes the quattro mori' to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the states of the Crown of Aragon. It is found in another Armorial perhaps from Lorraine area (preserved in the National Library of France) and of uncertain date but certainly in the 15th century. In 1509, another Portuguese Armorial Book (Livro do Armeiro-mor). Sardinia is represented only with the cross of St. George.

The quattro mori begin to be used consistently as a symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia during the time of the Catholic Monarchs, and especially from the time of the Emperor Charles V. A book printed by Plantin, Antwerp, representing the funeral procession of Charles V composed of bishops and harnessed horses with the insignia of each state.

In Sardinia the first safe attestation of the coat of arms is on the cover of the Acts of the military arm of the Sardinian Parliament, the Capitols de Cort del Stament Militar de Serdenya printed in Cagliari in 1591. At this time, now the memories of the long and often fratricidal wars with the Judge of Arborea was ebbing away, the Iberian settlers were now included in the Sardinian society, with the passing of generations, becoming an integral part for inclusion in a political organization in which not only Sardinia, but also Aragon and Catalonia were small components. It meant that the accession at the Imperial Habsburg Ideology, reinvigorate also the sense of belonging to that little State that was represented by the quattro mori. Over the centuries the flag or coat of arms of the four Moors were depicted in various ways: without bandage, with blindfold or forehead, facing to luff or to fly end, or crowned, with no moors, in reverse, and this according to the mode of the charged artist, such as that under the leadership of Diego Velázquez and Francisco de Zurbaran represented in the Palacio del Buen Retiro in Madrid. Throughout the period of the Iberian monarchies the original design of the bandages on his forehead is respected.

During the Savoy House domain in the mid-18th century, instead, the iconography of putting the blindfold over the eyes of the moors settled and continued to persist until 1999, within the flag of St. George, in every quarter and in the direction of the luff. The Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Sardinia clearly leads the four moors with the bandage on their foreheads. The blindfold appears in 1800: a probable error of a copyist or a deliberate "error" in protest. In 1952, the shield of the blindfolded eyes quattro mori became the official flag of the Autonomous Region and also adorned his banner (Decree of the President of the Republic of July 5, 1952). In 1999, a special regional law changed the flag of the Four Moors from the Kingdom of Sardinia-Savoy version to that original one as described in the introduction.

Legendary origin

There are separate Spanish and Sardinian traditions to explain the origin of the flag and there is no consensus among scholars as to which is correct. According to the Spanish tradition, it was a creation of King Peter I of Aragon, celebrating his victory at the Battle of Alcoraz in 1096. It was said that St. George miraculously appeared on the field of battle and that there were four severed heads of Saracen kings at the end; thus the red cross and white background of the St George's Cross and the heads of four Moors.[2] The Sardinian-Pisan tradition attributes the arms to a banner given by Pope Benedict VIII to the Pisans in aid of the Sardinians in a conflict with the Saracens of Musetto who were trying to conquer the Italian peninsula and Sardinia. This flag however has inverted colours and no heads on it.[3]

Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as archons (ἄρχοντες in Greek) or judges (iudices in Latin, judikes in Sardinian, giudici in Italian). The island was organized into one "judicatus" from the 9th century on (see List of monarchs of Sardinia). After the Muslim conquest of Sicily, in the 9th century, the Byzantines, who ruled Sardinia before, couldn't manage to defend their far west province. Probably, a local noble family acceded to the power, still identifying themselves as vassal of the Byzantines, but independent "de facto" as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. Probably, this family adopted as its own coat of arms, the Byzantine one, that can be seen in several Sardinian sculpture of the period.[4] It was a silver cross patonce on a blue field similar to the contemporaneous flag of the Duchy of Amalfi. At the beginnings of the 11th century an attempt to conquer the island was made by Spanish Muslims. We have very few news of that war, only by Pisa and Genoa chronicles. Christians won, but after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was totally undermined and divided into four more little judicati: Cagliari, Arborea, Gallura, Torres or Logudoro, each one developed its own coat of arms. When, with the appointment of the King of Aragon as King of Sardinia, the island was erected again in one united kingdom, only one Judicatus of Arborea survived, and fought for a century against the Kingdom of Sardinia for the supremacy of the island.

According to some, the flag derives from Alcoraz victory of 1096, is linked to the Crown of Aragon, and represent the Spanish Reconquista against the Moors who occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula; it is composed of the cross of St. George, also a symbol of the Crusaders fighting in the same time in the Holy Land, and the four severed heads representing four major victories in Spain by the Aragonese, respectively, the reconquest of Zaragoza, Valencia, Murcia and the Balearic Islands. According to others (Mario Valdes y Cocom)[5] the Moors represent the Egyptian Saint Maurice, martyred under Diocletian, and represented in this manner, that of the Moor's head bandaged, in countless coats of arms of Franco-German area. Even Saint Victor of Marseilles, from the same Theban Legion commanded by Maurice and escaped the decimation, is represented by a blackamoor with a bandage on his forehead, as in the High Altar of St. Nicholas' Church of Tallinn, Estonia, (oil on wood, St. George, St. Nicholas and St. Victor of Marseilles, 1481 by Rode, Hermen (c.1468-1504)), now in the Art Museum of Estonia, Tallinn. The common tradition which links the stories of the two saints suggests that the symbol has been designed between the St. Maurice Abbey Canton of Valais (Switzerland), and the Abbey of St. Victor in Marseilles, built both in the places of martyrdom of the two saints. Between 1112 and 1166 the County of Provence was under the direct control of the kings of Aragon and, until 1245 ruled by descendants of the same dynasty. It should also be noted that the abbey of St. Victor of Marseilles had extensive property and political influence in Sardinia, especially in the Judicatus (kingdom) of Cagliari, from the 11th to the 13th century. The four moors became however, since its foundation, the symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia, with the Corsican flag dating back to the same era, and became in time the flag of the island and its people. In any case, the meaning of the symbols, being two holy warriors or moor heads cut off, makes it an emblem of fighting Christianity, crusader in the broad sense of the term, originated in a historical period of bitter conflict between Islam and the Christianity, in which Sardinia was fully involved.

Modern use

The Sardinian Action Party was founded in 1921, and resumed the four moors as its symbol. It is conceivable that it had historically been interpreted as the icon of the four judges, as argued by Antonio Era, professor at the University of Sassari and the Regional Council, on 19 June 1950 in the discussion of the regional council before the vote that would establish the Four Moors official flag of Sardinia, criticized the banner stating:

Mind that the emblem of the Four Moors is not, as they say, the four judges in which Sardinia was divided nine centuries ago, when it was free and independent: it is an error of historical interpretation, and therefore it is not obvious nor indispensable to choose just that emblem. That is, yes, a popular coat of arms and consecrates the centuries-old tradition of Sardinia, as mentioned in the agenda, but it is not a very Sardinian emblem as it is usually imagined.

— Antonio Era, Address to the Regional Council, 1950

This speech denounced the fact that the flag was not of Sardinian origin, but it is also documentary evidence of popular feeling that he read it in the medioeval Judicados history. On the other side, the history of the Judicados developed mainly after the victory of the maritime republics against the Saracens, which allowed the development of the four little kingdoms and the coincidence was perfectly expressed by the four moors.

Out of the many separatist parties, two of them (IRS and ProgReS) do not even recognize the flag as being representative of Sardinia and its people, due to its origin dating back to Aragonese rule. These parties prefer to use the eradicated tree flag, the coat of arms of the judge of Arborea, considered the last autochthonous Sardinian state, as the national flag of the Sardinians. However, the eradicated tree is also the Aragonese emblem of Sobrarbe and, despite no in-depth studies, could also originate as part of the Aragonese conquest.

Bibliography

Notes

  1. ↑ http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1999010
  2. ↑ Jerónimo Zurita (1668). Anales de la Corona de Aragon. Dormer. p.32 paragraph XCVI. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
  3. ↑ Ranieri Sardo, Cronaca di Pisa, (Manuscript Magliabecchi XXV-491, 1440-1450) a cura di Ottavio Banti, Istituto Italiano per il medioevo, 1963
  4. ↑ Roberto Coroneo (2011), Arte in Sardegna dal IV alla metà dell'XI secolo, AV editors, Cagliari
  5. ↑ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/ssecretum1.html

See also

Sources

Chronological gallery

Crown of Aragon

The four moors already represent the Kingdom of Sardinia but no trace is found in the island.

Imperial ideology of Charles V, Habsburg House, A little kingdom within an enormous empire

The four moors appear more frequently in prints, paintings, artifacts both in Sardinia and in all publications heraldic vintage.

Habsburg House (Spanish branch)

Out of the island the artists run wild

Savoy House

As the title of King of Sardinia was the only one who gave the ruling dynasty the coveted title, the coat of arms is enhanced and developed and overlaid with emblems of the other states ruled by the Savoy House

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