First Hellenic Republic

Provisional Administration of Greece (1822–1828)
Hellenic State (1828–1832)
Προσωρινὴ Διοίκησις τῆς Ἑλλάδος
Ἑλληνικὴ Πολιτεία
Provisional government (1822–1829)
Independent State (1829–1832)
↓ 1822–1832 →
 
→
National flag Seal of the Hellenic State (1828-1832)
Capital Nafplio
Languages Greek
Religion Greek Orthodox
Government Republic
Governor
 •  1828-1831 Ioannis Kapodistrias
 • 1831-1832 Augustinos Kapodistrias
 • 1832-1833 Governmental Commission
History
 • Start of Greek Revolution February 23, 1821
(Wallachia)
mid-March 1821
(Peloponnese)
 •  Proclamation of Independence January 1, 1822
 • Recognition of Autonomy March 22, 1829
 • Recognition of Independence February 3, 1830
 •  Treaty of Constantinople May 7, 1832
 • London Protocol August 30, 1832
Currency Phoenix
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Ottoman Empire
Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece
Senate of Western Continental Greece
Peloponnesian Senate
Military-Political System of Samos
Kingdom of Greece
Principality of Samos

The First Hellenic Republic (Greek: Αʹ Ελληνική Δημοκρατία) is a term used to refer to the provisional Greek state during the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire. It is a purely historiographical term, highlighting the constitutional and democratic nature of the revolutionary regime prior to the establishment of the independent Kingdom of Greece, and associating this period of Greek history with the later Second and Third republics.

History

In the first stages of the 1821 uprising, various areas elected their own regional governing councils. These were replaced by a central administration at the First National Assembly of Epidaurus in early 1822, which also adopted the first Greek Constitution, marking the birth of the modern Greek state. The councils continued in existence however, and central authority was not firmly established until 1824/1825. The new state was not recognized by the Great Powers of the day, which, after initial successes, was threatened with collapse both from within due to civil war and from without through the victories of the Turco-Egyptian army of Ibrahim Pasha.

By 1827 the Greek revolution had almost been extinguished on the mainland, but by this time the Great Powers had come to agree to the formation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, as stipulated in the Treaty of London. Ottoman refusal to accept these terms led to the Battle of Navarino, which effectively secured complete Greek independence.

In 1827, the Third National Assembly at Troezen established the Hellenic State (Ἑλληνικὴ Πολιτεία) and selected Count Ioannis Kapodistrias as Governor of Greece. Therefore, this period is often called Governorate (Greek: Κυβερνείο). After his arrival in Greece in January 1828, Kapodistrias actively tried to create a functional state and redress the problems of a war-ravaged country, but was soon embroiled in conflict with powerful local magnates and chieftains.

Ioannis Kapodistrias as Governor of Greece (Lithography, L. Nikiadis)

Kapodistrias was assassinated by political rivals in 1831, plunging the country into renewed civil strife. He was succeeded by his brother Augustinos, who was forced to resign after six months. The Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion drafted a new royal constitution, while the three "Protecting Powers" (Great Britain, France and Russia) intervened, declaring Greece a Kingdom in the London Conference of 1832, with the Bavarian Prince Otto of Wittelsbach as king.

Heads of State

See also

References

    External links

    Coordinates: 37°34′13″N 22°48′21″E / 37.5702°N 22.8057°E / 37.5702; 22.8057

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