Field marshal (United Kingdom)
Field marshal has been the highest rank in the British Army since 1736. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to an admiral of the fleet in the Royal Navy or a marshal of the Royal Air Force in the RAF. A field marshal's insignia consists of two crossed batons surrounded by yellow leaf below St Edward's Crown. As with marshals of the Royal Air Force and admirals of the fleet in their respective services, field marshals remain officers of the British Army for life, though on half-pay when not in an appointment.[1][2] The rank has been used sporadically throughout its history and was vacant through parts of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (when all holders of the rank were deceased). After the Second World War, it became standard practice to appoint the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (later renamed Chief of the General Staff) to the rank on his last day in the post. Army officers occupying the post of Chief of the Defence Staff, the professional head of all British armed forces, were usually promoted to the rank upon their appointment.[3]
In total, 140 men have held the rank of field marshal. The majority led careers in the British Army or the British Indian Army, rising through the ranks to eventually become a field marshal. Some members of the British Royal Family—most recently Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Charles, Prince of Wales—were promoted to the rank after shorter periods of service. Three British monarchs—George V, Edward VIII, and George VI— assumed the rank on their accessions to the throne, while Edward VII was already a field marshal, and two British consorts—Albert, Prince Consort and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh—were appointed by their respective queens. Other ceremonial appointments were made as diplomatic gestures. Twelve foreign monarchs held the honour, though three (Wilhelm II, German Emperor; Franz Joseph I, Austrian Emperor; and Hirohito, Emperor of Japan) were stripped of it when their countries became enemies of Britain and her allies in the two world wars. Also awarded the rank were two distinguished foreign military officers, honoured for their contributions to the First and Second World Wars respectively, and one foreign statesman.[3]
A report commissioned by the Ministry of Defence in 1995 made a number of recommendations for financial savings in the armed forces' budget, one of which was the abolition of the five-star ranks. Part of the rationale behind the recommendation was that the ranks of field marshal, admiral of the fleet and marshal of the Royal Air Force were disproportionate to the size of the forces commanded by these officers and that none of the United Kingdom's close allies, such as the United States (which reserves the rank of general of the army for officers who have commanded large armies in major wars), used such ranks. The recommendation was not taken up in full, but the convention of promoting service chiefs to five-star ranks was stopped and the ranks are now reserved for special circumstances. Sir Peter Inge was, in 1994, the last active officer to be promoted to the rank. Inge relinquished the post of Chief of the Defence Staff (CDS) in 1997 and his successor, Sir Charles Guthrie, was the first officer not to be promoted upon appointment as CDS.[3]
The most recent promotions to field marshal came in 2012, eighteen years after the moratorium on routine promotions to the rank, when Queen Elizabeth II promoted Prince Charles, her son and heir-apparent to the throne, to the five-star ranks in all three services, in recognition of support provided for her in her capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the British Armed Forces.[4] At the same time, Guthrie, who relinquished the post of CDS and retired from active service in 2001, was promoted to honorary field marshal.[5] In June 2014 former Chief of the Defence Staff Lord Walker of Aldringham was also promoted to honorary field marshal.[6]
Insignia of rank
The rank insignia of a field marshal in the British Army comprises two crossed batons in a wreath of oak leaves, with a crown above. In some other countries, historically under the sphere of British influence, an adapted version of the insignia is used for field marshals, often with the crown being replaced with an alternative cultural or national emblem.
On appointment, British field marshals are awarded a gold-tipped baton which they may carry on formal occasions.
List of Field Marshals
The vast majority of officers to hold the rank of field marshal were professional soldiers in the British Army, though eleven served as officers in the British Indian Army. At least fifty-seven field marshals were wounded in battle earlier in their careers, of whom 24 were wounded more than once, and eight had been prisoners of war. Fifteen future field marshals were present at the Battle of Vitoria, where the Duke of Wellington earned the rank, and ten others served under Wellington at the Battle of Waterloo. However, only thirty-eight held independent commands in the field, and just twelve served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces (the pre-1904 professional head of the army) or Chief of the Imperial General Staff during a major war.[3]
Four field marshals—Sir Evelyn Wood, Sir George White, Earl Roberts, and Lord Gort—had previously received the Victoria Cross (VC), the United Kingdom's highest and most prestigious award for gallantry "in the face of the enemy". Wood, a famously injury-prone officer, was awarded the VC for two actions in 1858 in which he first attacked a group of rebels in India and later rescued an informant from another group of rebels. White, a cavalry officer, led two charges on enemy guns in Afghanistan in 1879, while Gort, of the Grenadier Guards, commanded a series of attacks while severely wounded during the First World War in 1918. Roberts received his VC for actions during the Indian Mutiny.[7][8][9][10][11]
Wellington, 44 at the time of his promotion, was the youngest non-royal officer to earn the rank of field marshal. Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda was the oldest, promoted at the age of 91, while a further twenty-three officers were promoted to field marshal in their eighties. Wellington was also the only field marshal to become Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,[3] though several others served as cabinet ministers.
No officer whose career was spent in the British Army has ever reached the rank of field marshal without having served in the cavalry, infantry, Royal Armoured Corps, Royal Artillery or Royal Engineers.[3] Two non-British officers have been appointed field marshals in the British Army—Ferdinand Foch of France and Sir Thomas Blamey of Australia, in recognition of their contributions in the First and Second World Wars respectively—while only one, Sir William Robertson, held every rank in the British Army, from private soldier to field marshal.[3][12][13][14]
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Notes
- ↑ Titles and styles are those held by the field marshal when they died, or those currently held in the case of living field marshals; in most cases, these are not the same as the titles and styles held by an officer upon their promotion to the rank, nor (in the case of operational field marshals) those held when the officer retired from active service. All post-nominal letters, with the exception of "VC" (denoting the Victoria Cross) are omitted.
- ↑ The regiment given is the regiment into which the field marshal was commissioned. This is not necessarily the regiment the officer first joined, nor is it necessarily the regiment in which the officer spent most of his career. A "—" indicates either that the officer did not lead a career in the British Army or that the officer was not initially commissioned into a formal regiment.
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Brewer's Dictionary.
- ↑ The Daily Telegraph 12 April 2008.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heathcote, Introduction.
- ↑ The Prince of Wales The Queen appoints The Prince of Wales to Honorary Five-Star rank 16 June 2012
- 1 2 3 BBC News 16 June 2012.
- 1 2 Ministry of Defence 13 June 2014.
- ↑ Ashcroft, pp. 79–81.
- ↑ London Gazette 4 September 1860.
- ↑ London Gazette 3 June 1881.
- ↑ London Gazette 26 November 1918.
- ↑ London Gazette 24 December 1858.
- ↑ Woodward, David R. (May 2006) [September 2004]. "Robertson, Sir William Robert, first baronet (1860–1933)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35786. Retrieved 2007-12-07. (subscription required (help)).
- 1 2 Heathcote, pp. 122–125.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 47–52.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 320–326, Table 1.
- 1 2 Heathcote, pp. 166–167.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 71–73.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 52–53.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 99–101.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 97–99.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 272–273.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 285–287.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 245–246.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 211–212.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 202–204.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 234–235.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 92–94.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 302–303.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 179–180.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 127–130.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 73–75.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 23–26.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 153–154.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 178–179.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 277–279.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 82–83.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 199–200.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 112–113.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 291–295.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 116–118.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 9–10.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 301–302.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 200–202.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 222–223.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 89–90.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 182–183.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 12–13.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 297–299.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 232–234.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 154–155.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 235–237.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 267–269.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 94–96.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 63–64.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 171–173.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 90–92.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 46–47.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 148–150.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 141–144.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 69–71.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 316–318.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 146–148.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 255–256.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 60–63.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 243–245.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 121–122.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 173–174.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 105–108.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 256–257.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 318–319.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 253–255.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 223–225.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 150–151.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 207–208.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 96–97.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 237–238.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 41–43.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 257–259.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 163–165.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 270–272.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 311–314.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 246–250.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 114–115.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 83–85.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 299–301.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 230–232.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 26–28.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 314–316.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 295–297.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 125–127.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 151–153.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 59–60.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 191–197.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 135–137.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 205–207.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 228–230.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 130–135.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 225–228.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 155–160.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 115–116.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 319–320.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 240–243.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 19–23.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 303–308.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 250–253.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 39–41.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 10–12.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 43–45.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 190–191.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 208–211.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 17–19.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 176–178.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 64–69.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 197–199.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 86–89.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 219–222.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 108–112.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 101–102.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 137–141.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 185–190.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 264–267.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 102–105.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 279–283.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 287–291.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 56–59.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 13–17.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 212–219.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 308–311.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 28–35.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 259–264.
- ↑ The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 38930. p. 2811. 2 June 1950.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 238–240.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 167–171.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 174–176.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 273–277.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 118–121.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 204–205.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 160–163.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 180–182.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 79–82.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 37–39.
- ↑ The Guardian 12 December 2001.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 75–79.
- ↑ The Daily Telegraph 2 November 2004.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 144–146.
- ↑ BBC News 2 June 2001.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 45–46.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 53–56.
- ↑ The Times 13 November 2007.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 269–270.
- ↑ The Independent 11 April 2002.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 35–37.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 283–285.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 85–86.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 113–114.
- ↑ Heathcote, pp. 183–185.
General
- Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-0-85052-696-7.
- Ashcroft, Michael (2007). Victoria Cross Heroes. London: Headline Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7553-1633-5.
Specific
- The London Gazette: no. 22212. p. 5516. 24 December 1858. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
- The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 22419. p. 3257. 4 September 1860. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 24981. p. 2859. 3 June 1881. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- The London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 31034. p. 14039. 26 November 1918. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Field marshal". Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Edinburgh: Chambers Harrap. 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2011. (subscription required)
- "Telegraph style book: the Services". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). 12 April 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2011.
- van der Vat, Dan (12 December 2001). "Obituary: Field Marshal Lord Carver". The Guardian (Guardian Media Group). Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Obituaries: Field Marshal Sir Roland Gibbs". The Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). 2 November 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Obituary: Field Marshal Sir John Stanier". The Times (Times Newspapers Ltd). 13 November 2007. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Obituary: Field Marshal Sir Nigel Bagnall". The Independent (Independent Print Limited). 11 April 2002. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Nepal mourns slain king". BBC News (BBC). 2 June 2001. Retrieved 11 June 2011.
- "Prince Charles awarded highest military ranks by Queen". BBC News (BBC). 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- "2014 Birthday Honours for service personnel and defence civilians". Ministry of Defence (Ministry of Defence). 13 June 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
| Commissioned officer ranks of the British Armed Forces | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NATO rank code | Student officer | OF-1 | OF-2 | OF-3 | OF-4 | OF-5 | OF-6 * |
OF-7 ** |
OF-8 *** |
OF-9 **** |
OF-10 ***** | ||
| Royal Navy | O Cdt | Mid | SLt | Lt | Lt Cdr | Cdr | Capt | Cdre | RAdm (list) |
VAdm (list) |
Adm (list) |
Adm of the Fleet | |
| Royal Marines | 2Lt | Lt | Capt | Maj | Lt Col | Col | Brig | Maj-Gen | Lt-Gen | Gen (list) | |||
| Army | O Cdt | 2Lt | Lt | Capt | Maj | Lt Col | Col | Brig | Maj-Gen (list) |
Lt-Gen (list) |
Gen (list) |
FM | |
| Royal Air Force | Off Cdt / SO | APO / Plt Off | Fg Off | Flt Lt | Sqn Ldr | Wg Cdr | Gp Capt | Air Cdre | AVM | Air Mshl | Air Chf Mshl (list) |
MRAF | |