Fetch-and-add

In computer science, the fetch-and-add CPU instruction that atomically modifies the contents of a memory location. That is, fetch-and-add performs the operation

set x to x + a, where x is a memory location and a is some value,

in such a way that if this operation is executed by one process in a concurrent system, no other process will ever see an intermediate result. Fetch-and-add can be used to implement concurrency control structures such as mutex locks and semaphores.

Overview

The motivation for having an atomic fetch-and-add is that operations that appear in programming languages as

x = x + a

are not safe in a concurrent system, where multiple processes or threads are running concurrently (either in a multi-processor system, or preemptively scheduled onto a single processor). The reason is that such an operation is actually implemented as multiple machine instructions:

1. Fetch the value at the location x, say x_old, into a register;
2. add a to x_old in the register;
3. store the new value of the register back into x.

When one process is doing x = x + a and another is doing x = x + b concurrently, there is a race condition. They might both fetch x_old and operate on that, then both store their results with the effect that one overwrites the other and the stored value becomes either x_old + a or x_old + b, not x_old + a + b as might be expected.

In uniprocessor systems with no kernel preemption supported, it is sufficient to disable interrupts before accessing a critical section. However, in multiprocessor systems (even with interrupts disabled) two or more processors could be attempting to access the same memory at the same time. The fetch-and-add instruction allows any processor to atomically increment a value in memory, preventing such multiple processor collisions.

Maurice Herlihy (1991) proved that fetch-and-add has a finite consensus number, in contrast to the compare-and-swap operation. The fetch-and-add operation can solve the wait-free consensus problem for no more than two concurrent processes.^[1]

Implementation

The fetch-and-add instruction behaves like the following function. Crucially, the entire function is executed atomically: no process can interrupt the function mid-execution and hence see a state that only exists during the execution of the function. This code only serves to help explain the behaviour of fetch-and-add; atomicity requires explicit hardware support and hence can not be implemented as a simple high level function.

<< atomic >>
function FetchAndAdd(address location, int inc) {
    int value := *location
    *location := value + inc
    return value
}

To implement a mutual exclusion lock, we define the operation FetchAndIncrement, which is equivalent to FetchAndAdd with inc=1. With this operation, a mutual exclusion lock can be implemented using the ticket lock algorithm as:

 record locktype {
    int ticketnumber
    int turn
 }
 procedure LockInit( locktype* lock ) {
    lock.ticketnumber := 0
    lock.turn := 0
 }
 procedure Lock( locktype* lock ) {
    int myturn := FetchAndIncrement( &lock.ticketnumber ) //must be atomic, since many threads might ask for a lock at the same time
    while lock.turn ≠ myturn 
        skip // spin until lock is acquired
 }
 procedure UnLock( locktype* lock ) {
    FetchAndIncrement( &lock.turn ) //this need not be atomic, since only the possessor of the lock will execute this
 }

These routines provide a mutual-exclusion lock when following conditions are met:

• Locktype data structure is initialized with function LockInit before use
• Number of tasks waiting for the lock does not exceed INT_MAX at any time
• Integer datatype used in lock values can 'wrap around' when continuously incremented

Hardware and software support

An atomic fetch_add function appears in the C++11 standard.^[2] It is available as a proprietary extension to C in the Itanium ABI specification,^[3] and (with the same syntax) in GCC.^[4]

x86 implementation

In the x86 architecture, the instruction ADD with the destination operand specifying a memory location is a fetch-and-add instruction that has been there since the 8086 (it just wasn't called that then), and with the LOCK prefix, is atomic across multiple processors. However, it could not return the original value of the memory location (though it returned some flags) until the 486 introduced the XADD instruction.

The following is a C implementation for the GCC compiler, for both 32 and 64 bit x86 Intel platforms, based on extended asm syntax:

  inline int fetch_and_add( int * variable, int value ) {
      asm volatile("lock; xaddl %%eax, %2;"
                   :"=a" (value)                  //Output
                   :"a" (value), "m" (*variable)  //Input
                   :"memory");
      return value;
  }

See also

• Test-and-set
• Test and Test-and-set
• Compare-and-swap
• Load-Link/Store-Conditional

References

1. ↑ Herlihy, Maurice (January 1991). "Wait-free synchronization" (PDF). ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst. 13 (1): 124–149. doi:10.1145/114005.102808. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 
2. ↑ "std::atomic::fetch_add". cppreference.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015. 
3. ↑ "Intel Itanium Processor-specific Application Binary Interface (ABI)" (PDF). Intel Corporation. 2001. 
4. ↑ "Atomic Builtins". Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). Free Software Foundation. 2005.