Ferrari

This article is about the automobile manufacturer. For the 2003 biographical film, see Ferrari (film). For other uses, see Ferrari (disambiguation).
"Ferraris" redirects here. For the surname, see Ferraris (surname).
Ferrari S.p.A.
Società per azioni
Traded as

NYSE: RACE

BIT: RACE
Industry Automotive
Founded September 13, 1939 (1939-09-13) in Modena, Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)[1]
Founder Enzo Ferrari
Headquarters Maranello, Italy
Key people
Products Sports cars
Production output
 7,255 units (2014)[2]
Revenue Increase € 2.3 billion (2013) +5% vs 2012 [3]
Owners Exor S.p.A. (23.5%)
Piero Ferrari (10%)[4]
Number of employees
 2,695 (2011)[5]
Parent Ferrari N.V.[4]
Website Ferrari.com

Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1939 as Auto Avio Costruzioni, the company built its first car in 1940. However, the company's inception as an auto manufacturer is usually recognized in 1947 when the first Ferrari-badged car was completed.

Ferrari is the world's most powerful brand according to Brand Finance.[6] In May 2012 the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO became the most expensive car in history, selling in a private transaction for $38,115,000 to American communications magnate Craig McCaw.[7]

Fiat S.p.A. acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988.[8] In October 2014 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced its intentions to separate Ferrari from FCA; as of the announcement FCA owned 90% of Ferrari.[9][10][11] The separation began in October 2015 with a restructuring that established Ferrari N.V. as the new holding company of the Ferrari group and the subsequent sale by FCA of a 10% of the shares in an IPO and concurrent listing of common shares on the New York Stock Exchange.[12] Through the remainings steps of the separation, FCA's interest in Ferrari's business was distributed to shareholders of FCA, with a 10% continuing to be owned by Piero Ferrari.[13] The spin-off was completed on January 3, 2016.[12]

Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it is the most successful racing team, holding the most constructors championships (16) and having produced the highest number of winning drivers (15).[14] Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth.[15]

History

Main article: History of Ferrari

Enzo Ferrari was not initially interested in the idea of producing road cars when he formed Scuderia Ferrari in 1929, with headquarters in Modena. Scuderia Ferrari (pronounced [skudeˈriːa]) literally means "Ferrari Stable" and is usually used to mean "Team Ferrari." Ferrari bought, prepared and fielded Alfa Romeo racing cars for gentlemen drivers. In 1933 Alfa Romeo withdrew its in-house racing team and Scuderia Ferrari took over as its works team:[1] the Scuderia received Alfa's Grand Prix cars of the latest specifications and fielded many famous drivers such as Tazio Nuvolari and Achille Varzi. In 1938 Alfa Romeo brought its racing operation again in-house, forming Alfa Corse in Milano and hired Enzo Ferrari as manager of the new racing department; therefore the Scuderia Ferrari was disbanded.[1]

In September 1939 Enzo Ferrari left Alfa Romeo under the provision that he won't use the Ferrari name in association with races or racing cars for at least four years.[1] A few days later he founded Auto Avio Costruzioni, headquartered in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari.[1] The new company ostensibly produced machine tools and aircraft accessories. In 1940 Ferrari did in fact produce a race car – the Tipo 815, based on a Fiat platform. It was the first Ferrari car and debuted at the 1940 Mille Miglia, but due to World War II it saw little competition. In 1943 the Ferrari factory moved to Maranello, where it has remained ever since. The factory was bombed by the Allies and subsequently rebuilt including a works for road car production.

166MM Barchetta 212/225

The first Ferrari-badged car was the 1947 125 S, powered by a 1.5 L V12 engine;[1] Enzo Ferrari reluctantly built and sold his automobiles to fund Scuderia Ferrari.[16]

The Scuderia Ferrari name was resurrected to denote the factory racing cars and distinguish them from those fielded by customer teams.

In 1960 the company was restructured as a public corporation under the name SEFAC S.p.A. (Società Esercizio Fabbriche Automobili e Corse).[17]

Early in 1969, Fiat took a 50% stake in Ferrari. An immediate result was an increase in available investment funds, and work started at once on a factory extension intended to transfer production from Fiat's Turin plant of the Ferrari engined Fiat Dino. New model investment further up in the Ferrari range also received a boost.

In 1988, Enzo Ferrari oversaw the launch of the Ferrari F40, the last new Ferrari to be launched before his death later that year, and arguably one of the most famous supercars ever made. In 1989 the company was renamed as Ferrari S.p.A.[17] From 2002 to 2004, Ferrari produced the Enzo, their fastest model at the time, which was introduced and named in honor of the company's founder, Enzo Ferrari. It was to be called the F60, continuing on from the F40 and F50, but Ferrari was so pleased with it, they called it the Enzo instead. It was initially offered to loyal and reoccurring customers, each of the 399 made (minus the 400th which was donated to the Vatican for charity) had a price tag of $650,000 apiece (equivalent to £400,900).

On 15 September 2012, 964 Ferrari cars (worth over $162 million (equivalent to £99,950,000)) attended the Ferrari Driving Days event at Silverstone Circuit and paraded round the Silverstone Circuit setting a world record.[18]

Ferrari's former CEO and Chairman, Luca di Montezemolo, resigned from the company after 23 years, and is to be succeeded by Sergio Marchionne, CEO and Chairman of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Ferrari's parent company.[19]

On 29 October 2014, the FCA group, resulting from the merger between manufacturers Fiat and Chrysler, announced the split of its luxury brand, Ferrari. The aim is to turn Ferrari into an independent brand which 10% of stake will be sold in an IPO in 2015.[20] Ferrari officially priced its initial public offering at $52 a share after the market close on October 20, 2015.[21]

Motorsport

For a complete list of Ferrari racing cars, see List of Ferrari competition cars.
Ferrari 312T2 Formula One car driven by Niki Lauda

Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make race series.

The 1940 AAC 815 was the first racing car to be designed by Enzo Ferrari, although it was not badged as a Ferrari model.

Scuderia Ferrari

Main article: Scuderia Ferrari

Scuderia Ferrari has participated in several classes of motorsport, though it is currently only officially involved in Formula One. It is the only team to have competed in the Formula One World Championship continuously since its inception in 1950. José Froilán González gave the team its first F1 victory at the 1951 British Grand Prix.

Scuderia Ferrari won a Formula One driver's title in 2007, with Kimi Räikkönen.

Alberto Ascari gave Ferrari its first Drivers Championship a year later. Ferrari is the oldest team in the championship, and the most successful: the team holds nearly every Formula One record. As of 2014, the team's records include 15 World Drivers Championship titles (1952, 1953, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1964, 1975, 1977, 1979, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2007) 16 World Constructors Championship titles (1961, 1964, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2007 and 2008), 221 Grand Prix victories, 6736.27 points, 679 podium finishes, 207 pole positions, and 230 fastest laps in 890 Grands Prix contested. Of the 19 tracks used in 2014, 8 have lap records set by the Ferrari F2004, with a further 3 set by the Ferrari F2003-GA, Ferrari F2008 and Ferrari F10.

Ferrari drivers include: Tazio Nuvolari, José Froilán González, Juan Manuel Fangio, Alberto Ascari, Luigi Chinetti, Maurice Trintignant, Wolfgang von Trips, Phil Hill, Olivier Gendebien, Mike Hawthorn, Peter Collins, Giancarlo Baghetti, Ricardo Rodríguez, Chris Amon, John Surtees, Lorenzo Bandini, Ludovico Scarfiotti, Jacky Ickx, Mario Andretti, Clay Regazzoni, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann, Jody Scheckter, Gilles Villeneuve, Didier Pironi, Patrick Tambay, René Arnoux, Michele Alboreto, Gerhard Berger, Nigel Mansell, Alain Prost, Jean Alesi, Michael Schumacher, Eddie Irvine, Rubens Barrichello, Felipe Massa, Kimi Räikkönen, Fernando Alonso, and Sebastian Vettel.

At the end of the 2006 season, the team courted controversy by continuing to allow Marlboro to sponsor them after they, along with the other F1 teams, made a promise to end sponsorship deals with tobacco manufacturers. A five-year deal was agreed and although this was not due to end until 2011, in April 2008 Marlboro dropped their on-car branding on Ferrari.

The drivers competing for 2009 were Felipe Massa and Kimi Räikkönen. In 2010 Fernando Alonso started racing for Ferrari after racing for Renault, Minardi and McLaren, filling Kimi Räikkönen's former seat.

A 312PB (driven by Jacky Ickx) during the team's final year in the World Sportscar Championship.

In addition to Formula One, Ferrari also entered cars in sportscar racing, the two programs existing in parallel for many years.

In 1949, Luigi Chinetti drove a 166 M to Ferrari's first win in motorsports, the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Ferrari went on to dominate the early years of the World Sportscar Championship which was created in 1953, winning the title seven out of its first nine years.

When the championship format changed in 1962, Ferrari earned titles in at least one class each year through to 1965 and then again in 1967. Ferrari would win one final title, the 1972 World Championship of Makes before Enzo decided to leave sports car racing after 1973 and allow Scuderia Ferrari to concentrate solely on Formula One.

During Ferrari's seasons of the World Sportscars Championship, they also gained more wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, with the factory team earning their first in 1954. Another win would come in 1958, followed by five consecutive wins from 1960 to 1964. Luigi Chinetti's North American Racing Team (NART) would take Ferrari's final victory at Le Mans in 1965.

Although Scuderia Ferrari no longer participated in sports cars after 1973, they have occasionally built various successful sports cars for privateers. These include the BB 512 LM in the 1970s, the 333 SP which won the IMSA GT Championship in the 1990s, and currently the 458 GT2 and GT3 which are currently winning championships in their respective classes.

Race cars for other teams

Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works Scuderia Ferrari team.

In the 1950s and '60s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One famous example was Tony Vandervell's team, which raced the Thinwall Special modified Ferraris before building their own Vanwall cars. The North American Racing Team's entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.[22]

Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the A1 Grand Prix series, from the 2008-09 season.[23] The car was designed by Rory Byrne and is styled to resemble the 2004 Ferrari Formula one car.

Ferrari currently runs a customer GT program for a racing version of its 458 model, and has done so for the 458's predecessors, dating back to the 355 in the late 1990s. Such private teams as the American Risi Competizione and Italian AF Corse teams have been very successful with Ferrari GT racers over the years. This car, made for endurance sportscar racing to be competed against such racing versions of the Audi R8, McLaren MP4-12C, and BMW Z4 has proven to be successful, but not as successful as its predecessor, the F430. The Ferrari Challenge is a one make racing series for the Ferrari 458. The FXX is not road legal, and is therefore only used for track events.

Road cars

For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see List of Ferrari road cars.
Ferrari 166 Inter Coupe Touring

Ferrari's first vehicle was the 125 S sports/racing model. In 1949, the Ferrari 166 Inter was introduced. The presentation of this car marked the company's first move into the grand touring market, which continues to make up the bulk of Ferrari sales to the present day.

Several early cars featured bodywork customised by a number of coachbuilders such as Pininfarina, Zagato and Bertone.

The Dino was the first mid-engined Ferrari. This layout would go on to be used in most Ferraris of the 1980s and 1990s. V8 Ferrari models make up well over half of the marque's total production.

For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.

The company has also produced front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the current California.

Ferrari entered the mid-engined 12-cylinder fray with the Berlinetta Boxer in 1973. The later Testarossa remains one of the most famous Ferraris.

Current models

488 GTB Ferrari 488 Spider 458 Speciale 458 Speciale A
California T F12berlinetta FF LaFerrari

Supercars

Enzo Ferrari

The company's loftiest efforts have been in the supercar market. The 1962 250 GTO may be considered the first in the line of Ferrari supercars, which extends to the recent LaFerrari model.

Concept cars and specials

Ferrari P4/5

Ferrari has produced a number of concept cars, such as the Ferrari Mythos. While some of these were quite radical (such as the Ferrari Modulo) and never intended for production, others such as the Ferrari Mythos have shown styling elements which were later incorporated into production models.

The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Ferrari Millechili.

A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, commissioned to coachbuilders by wealthy owners. Recent examples include the Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina[24] and the Ferrari 612 Kappa.

Ferrari Special Projects

The Special Projects programme was launched in the late 2000s as Ferrari's ultimate in-house personalization service, enabling customers to own bespoke bodied one-offs based on modern Ferrari road cars.[25] Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and the vehicles receive full homologation to be road legal.[25] The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008 Ferrari SP1, commissioned by a Japanese business executive, the second was the P540 Superfast Aperta, commissioned by an American collector.[25] The following is a list of Special Projects cars that have been made public:

Name Picture Year Based on Commissioned by Notes
Ferrari SP1 2008 F430[26] Junichiro Hiramatsu[26] Design by Leonardo Fioravanti.[26]
Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta 2009 599 GTB[27] Edward Walson[27] Inspired by a similarly gold-painted and open-topped one-off built by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on a Ferrari 330 LMB chassis.[25][27]
Ferrari Superamerica 45 2011 599 GTB[28] Peter Kalikow[28] Rotating targa top;[28] design by Pininfarina
Ferrari SP12 EC 2012 458 Italia[29] Eric Clapton[29] Design by Centro Stile Ferrari and Pininfarina, hommaging the Ferrari 512 BB.[29]
Ferrari SP30 2013[30] 599 GTO[30] Cheerag Arya[30]
Ferrari SP FFX FF[31] Shin Okamoto[31] Design by Pininfarina[31]
Ferrari F12 TRS 2014 F12berlinetta[32] Barchetta body, inspired by the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. Design by Centro Stile Ferrari.[32]
Ferrari SP America 2014 F12berlinetta

Bio-fuel and hybrid cars

A F430 Spider that runs on ethanol was displayed at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship 599. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 HP.[33] Also in mid 2014 LaFerrari was put into production.

Naming conventions

Until the early 1980s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement:

612 Scaglietti Sessanta Edition

Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used:

This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.[34] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365 GTB/4 model run by NART (who raced Ferrari's in America) ran second, behind a Porsche 911.[35]

The various Dino models were named for Enzo's son, Dino Ferrari, and were marketed as Dinos by Ferrari and sold at Ferrari dealers—for all intents and purposes they are Ferraris.

In the mid-1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430, but not with its successor, the Ferrari 458 ).

Identity

Ferrari head office and factory
Count Francesco Baracca

The famous symbol of the Ferrari race team is the Cavallino Rampante ("prancing horse") black prancing stallion on a yellow shield, usually with the letters S F (for Scuderia Ferrari), with three stripes of green, white and red (the Italian national colors) at the top. The road cars have a rectangular badge on the hood (see picture at top of page), and, optionally, the shield-shaped race logo on the sides of both front wings, close to the door.

On 17 June 1923, Enzo Ferrari won a race at the Savio track in Ravenna where he met the Countess Paolina, mother of Count Francesco Baracca, an ace of the Italian air force and national hero of World War I, who used to paint a horse on the side of his planes. The Countess asked Enzo to use this horse on his cars, suggesting that it would bring him good luck. The original "prancing horse" on Baracca's airplane was painted in red on a white cloud-like shape, but Ferrari chose to have the horse in black (as it had been painted as a sign of grief on Baracca's squadron planes after the pilot was killed in action) and he added a canary yellow background as this is the color of the city of Modena, his birthplace. The Ferrari horse was, from the very beginning, markedly different from the Baracca horse in most details, the most noticeable being the tail that in the original Baracca version was pointing downward.

Ferrari has used the cavallino rampante on official company stationery since 1929. Since the Spa 24 Hours of 9 July 1932, the cavallino rampante has been used on Alfa Romeos raced by Scuderia Ferrari.

The motif of a prancing horse is old, it can be found on ancient coins. A similar black horse on a yellow shield is the Coat of Arms of the German city of Stuttgart, home of Mercedes-Benz and the design bureau of Porsche, both being main competitors of Alfa and Ferrari in the 1930s. The city's name derives from Stutengarten, an ancient form of the German word Gestüt, which translates into English as stud farm and into Italian as scuderia. Porsche also includes the Stuttgart sign in its corporate logo, centred in the emblem of the state of Württemberg. Stuttgart's Rössle has both rear legs firmly planted on the soil, like Baracca's horse, but unlike Ferrari's cavallino.

Fabio Taglioni used the cavallino rampante on his Ducati motorbikes, as Taglioni was born at Lugo di Romagna like Baracca, and his father too was a military pilot during WWI (although not part of Baracca's squadron, as is sometimes mistakenly reported). As Ferrari's fame grew, Ducati abandoned the horse- perhaps the result of a private agreement between the two companies.

Austrian fuel stations

The cavallino rampante is the visual symbol of Ferrari. Cavallino Magazine uses the name, but not the logo. Other companies use similar logos: Avanti, an Austrian company operating over 100 filling stations, uses a prancing horse logo which is nearly identical to Ferrari's, as does Iron Horse Bicycles and Norfolk Southern Railway.

Colour

Main article: Rosso corsa

Since the 1920s, Italian race cars of Alfa Romeo, Maserati and later Ferrari and Abarth were (and often still are) painted in "race red" (Rosso Corsa). This was the customary national racing color of Italy, as recommended between the World Wars by the organizations that later would become the FIA. It refers to the nationality of the competing team, not that of the car manufacturer or driver. In that scheme, French-entered cars such as Bugatti were blue, German such as Benz and Mercedes white (since 1934 also bare sheet metal silver), and British green such as the mid-1960s Lotus and BRM, for instance.

Ferrari won the 1964 World championship with John Surtees by competing the last two races in North America with cars painted in the US-American race colors white and blue, as these were not entered by the Italian factory themselves, but by the U.S.-based North American Racing Team (NART) team. This was done as a protest concerning arguments between Ferrari and the Italian Racing Authorities regarding the homologation of a new mid-engined Ferrari race car.

Corporate affairs

In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the Ford Motor Company about a possible buy over.[36] Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to stay at the helm of the company racing program. Henry Ford II consequently directed his racing division to negotiate with Lotus, Lola, and Cooper to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of the Ford GT40 in 1964.

As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10% share, which is currently owned by his son Piero Lardi Ferrari.

Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licenses many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones and laptop computers.

Ferrari also runs a museum, the Museo Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.

Technical partnerships

Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with Shell Oil. It is a technical partnership with Ferrari and Ducati to test as well as supply fuel and oils to the Formula One, MotoGP and World Superbike racing teams. For example, the Shell V-Power premium gasoline fuel has been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari.[37]

Ferrari have had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply Manor Marussia F1 Team and Sauber F1 Team.

Sales history

As of 2008, the estimated total of Ferrari built and sold cars in whole company history was about 130,000.[38]

Year Sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1977[39] 1,798*  
1978[39] 1,939*  
1979[39] 2,221*  
1980[39] 2,470*  
1981[39] 2,565*  
1982[39] 2,209*  
1983[40] 2,366*  
1984[41] 2,856*  
1985[39] 3,051  
1986[39] 3,663  
1987[42] 3,942  
1988–96
no data
1997[43] 3,581  
1998 no data
1999[44] 3,775  
2000[45] 4,070  
2001[46] 4,289  
2002[47] 4,236  
2003[48] 4,238  
2004[49] 4,975  
2005[50] 5,409  
2006[51] 5,671  
2007[52] 6,465  
2008[53] 6,587  
2009[54] 6,250  
2010[55] 6,461  
2011[56] 7,001  
2012[57] 7,318  
2013[58] 6,922  
2014[59] 7,255  
2015[60] 7,664  

* Figure refers to units produced rather than to units shipped.

Stores

List of Ferrari Stores[61]
Country Stores Location
 Azerbaijan 1
 Bahrain 1
 Greece 1
 Italy 5
 Kuwait 1
 Macau 1
 Philippines 1
 Romania 1
 Russia 2
 Saudi Arabia 2
 Singapore 1 Singapore
 South Africa 2
 Ukraine 1
 United Arab Emirates 3
 United States 5
 India 1 Gurgaon
Total 29

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History of Enzo Ferrari". auto.ferrari.com.
  2. ↑ "SEC Filing 2015". sec.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  3. ↑ Ferrari affiche un chiffre d'affaires record en 2013, Challenges, February 19, 2014
  4. 1 2 "Ferrari N.V. prospectus" (PDF). ferrari.com. 3 January 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  5. ↑ "Annual Report 2011" (PDF). fiatspa.com. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  6. ↑ Haigh, Robert (18 February 2014). "Ferrari – The World’s Most Powerful Brand". Brand Finance. Retrieved 9 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Reyburn, Scott (1 June 2012). "Ferrari GTO Becomes Most Expensive Car at $35 Million". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  8. ↑ "Fiat Raises Stake In Ferrari to 90%". The New York Times Company. 8 September 1988. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  9. ↑ "Fiat 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). Fiat S.p.A. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
  10. ↑ "FCA Announces Board Intention to Spin Off Ferrari S.p.A" (PDF). Fiat S.p.A. Retrieved 2014-10-28.
  11. ↑ Sylvers, Eric (March 3, 2015). "Fiat Chrysler May Sell More of Ferrari in IPO Sale". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  12. 1 2 "Questions and answers regarding the Ferrari spin-off". Ferrari. Retrieved 7 January 2016.
  13. ↑ Visnic, Bill (July 23, 2015). "Wall Street, Buckle Up! Ferrari Officially Files For IPO". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2015-07-24.
  14. ↑ "Ferrari". www.wise-motorist.com.
  15. ↑ Luxury supercars
  16. ↑ History of Ferrari In DK Engineering from http://www.dkeng.co.uk/company/The_History_of_Ferrari.html Retrieved 14 September 2010
  17. 1 2 "Ferrari S.p.A. History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  18. ↑ "Felipe Massa and Marc Gene lead a record breaking parade of Ferraris at Silverstone". Skidmark. 15 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  19. ↑ "Ferrari CEO Quits In A Huff, Says Company Is Now 'American'".
  20. ↑ Ferrari quitte Fiat et rentre dans le circuit boursier, le Monde, October 30, 2014
  21. ↑ "Ferrari IPO prices at $52/share, within range". CNBC. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  22. ↑ Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition). Haynes, Sparkford, UK. ISBN 978-1-84425-223-7
  23. ↑ "Ferrari's A1GP Deal". Yahoo Sport. 11 October 2007. Archived from the original on 3 November 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2008.
  24. ↑ September 2006 BY TED WEST. "Pininfarina Ferrari P4/5 – Feature – Car and Driver". Caranddriver.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Neff, John (11 December 2009). "Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta revealed, second from Special Projects program". autoblog.com. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 "Ferrari SP1". carbodydesign.com. 12 November 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 Gluckman, David (11 December 2009). "Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta: A One-Off Based On a One-Off". caranddriver.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  28. 1 2 3 Kable, Greg (18 May 2011). "Ferrari Superamerica 45: One-off 599 created for wealthy American customer". autoweek.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  29. 1 2 3 Lingeman, Jake (6 November 2012). "Ferrari and Pininfarina finish Clapton's customized 512BB homage". autoweek.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  30. 1 2 3 "Ferrari SP Arya one-off in the works". carbodydesign.com. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  31. 1 2 3 "Japan Gathering Features Two One-Off Models". cavallino.com. 1 April 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  32. 1 2 Joseph, Noah (23 June 2014). "Ferrari reveals one-off F12 TRS at Sicily cavalcade homage". autoblog.com. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  33. ↑ "The Ferrari HY-KERS Bows at Geneva". Automoblog.net.
  34. ↑ "World Championship 1967". Wspr-racing.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  35. ↑ "World Championship 1973". Wspr-racing.com. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  36. ↑ "Ford GT". rmauctions.com.com.
  37. ↑ "Ferrari and Shell V-Power". Shell Canada. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  38. ↑ "Crunching Ferrari’s Global Numbers". Ferraris-online.com. Retrieved 2014-06-22.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Fenu, Michele (16 January 1987), "Ferrari, un anno magico—Dieci anni di produzione", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 17, retrieved 13 February 2016
  40. ↑ "Azienda senza crisi", La Stampa (in Italian), 7 September 1984, p. 15, retrieved 13 February 2016
  41. ↑ "Ferrari un '85 record", La Stampa (in Italian), 25 January 1985, p. 15, retrieved 13 February 2016
  42. ↑ Rogliatti, Gianni (13 May 1988), "Ferrari "F40", si guida come un giocattolo", La Stampa (in Italian), p. 21, retrieved 13 February 2016
  43. ↑ "Il fatturato Ferrari vola a mille miliardi", La Repubblica (in Italian), 16 May 1998, retrieved 11 September 2015
  44. ↑ Fiat Group 1999 Annual Report (PDF)
  45. ↑ Fiat Group 2000 Annual Report (PDF)
  46. ↑ Fiat Group 2001 Annual Report (PDF)
  47. ↑ Fiat Group 2002 Annual Report (PDF)
  48. ↑ Fiat Group 2003 Annual Report (PDF)
  49. ↑ Fiat Group 2004 Annual Report (PDF)
  50. ↑ Fiat Group 2005 Annual Report (PDF)
  51. ↑ Fiat Group 2006 Annual Report (PDF)
  52. ↑ Fiat Group 2007 Annual Report (PDF)
  53. ↑ Fiat Group 2008 Annual Report (PDF)
  54. ↑ Fiat Group 2009 Annual Report (PDF)
  55. ↑ Fiat Group 2010 Annual Report (PDF)
  56. ↑ Fiat Group 2011 Annual Report (PDF)
  57. ↑ Fiat Group 2012 Annual Report (PDF)
  58. ↑ Holloway, Hilton. "Ferrari profits rise despite fewer sales in 2013". Autocar.co.uk. Retrieved 2 June 2015.
  59. ↑ FCA Full Year 2014 results (PDF), Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, 28 January 2015, p. 6, retrieved 11 March 2015
  60. ↑ Ferrari FY 2015 Results (PDF), Ferrari N.V., 2 February 2016, p. 20, retrieved 3 February 2016
  61. ↑ "Ferrari Store locator". Ferrari S.p.A. Retrieved 17 July 2015.

References

External links

Ferrari road car timeline, 1947–1969 — next »
Type 1940s 1950s 1960s
789 0123456789 0123456789
Sports 340 MM 375 MM
125 S 166 S/166 MM 195 S 212 Export 225 S 250 MM 250 Monza 250 LM
159 S 250 S 250 Export 250  GTO
Berlinetta 250 GT "Tour de France" 250 GT SWB 250 GT Lusso 275 GTB 275 GTB/4 365 GTB/4
Coupé 166 Inter 195 Inter 212 Inter 250 Europa 250 GT Europa 250 GT Boano 250 GT Ellena 250 GT Coupé Pininfarina 330 GTC 365 GTC
2+2 250 GT/E 330 GT 2+2 365 GT 2+2
Spider 250 GT Cabriolet 275 GTS 330 GTS 365 GTS
250 GT California Spyder
America 340/342 America 375 America 410 Superamerica 400 Superamerica 500 Superfast 365 California
« previous — Ferrari road car timeline, 1960s–1990s — next »
Type 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s
0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789
8 cylinder Mid-engine berlinetta 308 308 i 308 QV 328 348 360
208 208 Turbo GTB/GTS Turbo F355
Mid-engine 2+2 308 GT4 Mondial 8 Mondial QV 3.2 Mondial Mondial t & Cabriolet
208 GT4
12 cylinder Boxer berlinetta 365 BB 512 BB 512i BB Testarossa 512TR F512M
Grand tourer 250 275 365 GTB/4
"Daytona"		 550 Maranello
America 330 365
2+2 coupé 250 GT/E 330 GT 2+2 365 GT 2+2 365
GTC/4		 365 GT4 2+2 400 400 i 412 456 456 M
Supercar 250 GTO 250 LM 288
GTO		 F40 F50
     Sold under the Dino marque until 1976; see also Dino car timeline
« previous — Ferrari road car timeline, 1996–present
Type 1990s 2000s 2010s
6789 0123456789 01234567
V8 Rear mid-engine
sports car		 360 458
Challenge Stradale 430 Scuderia 458 Speciale
F355 F430 488
Convertible California California T
V12 Grand tourer 550 Maranello 575M Maranello 599 GTB Fiorano F12berlinetta
550 Barchetta 575 Superamerica 599 SA Aperta F60 America/F12tdf
2+2 grand tourer 456 456 M 612 Scaglietti FF GTC4Lusso
Supercar F50 Enzo LaFerrari
Track-only FXX 599XX FXX-K

Coordinates: 44°31′57″N 10°51′51″E / 44.532447°N 10.864137°E / 44.532447; 10.864137

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Saturday, February 13, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.