Felipe Calderón

Felipe Calderón
President Calderón in 2007.
56th President of Mexico
In office December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012
Preceded by	Vicente Fox
Succeeded by	Enrique Peña Nieto
Secretary of Energy
In office September 3, 2003 – June 1, 2004
President	Vicente Fox
Preceded by	Ernesto Martens
Succeeded by	Fernando Elizondo Barragán
Leader of the National Action Party
In office 1996–1999
Preceded by	Carlos Castillo Peraza
Succeeded by	Luis Felipe Bravo Mena
Personal details
Born	Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa (1962-08-18) August 18, 1962 Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
Political party	National Action Party
Spouse(s)	Margarita Zavala
Residence	Cambridge, U.S. (as of December 2012)
Alma mater	Free School of Law Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico Harvard University
Religion	Roman Catholicism
Signature

Felipe de Jesús Calderón Hinojosa GCB^[1] (Spanish pronunciation: [feˈlipe kaldeˈɾon]; born August 18, 1962)^[2] is a Mexican politician who served as President of Mexico from December 1, 2006, to November 30, 2012. He is a member of the Partido Acción Nacional (PAN), one of the three major Mexican political parties.

Prior to the presidency, Calderón received two master's degrees and went on to work within the PAN while it was still an important opposition party. Calderón served as National President of the party, Federal Deputy, and Secretary of Energy in Vicente Fox's cabinet. He served in the cabinet of the previous administration up until he resigned to run for the Presidency and secured his party's nomination.

The Federal Electoral Institute's official electoral results gave Calderón a tiny lead (less than 1% of advantage of the total votes)^[3][4] above opposition leader Andrés Manuel López Obrador.^[3][5] Calderón's victory was confirmed months later on September 5, 2006, by the Federal Electoral Tribunal.^[3]

His presidency was marked by the ignition of the Mexican Drug War, which began almost immediately after he took office. He sanctioned Operation Michoacán, the first large scale armed exercise - 6,500 federal troops were deployed - directed against the drug cartels. By the end of his administration, the official death toll of the Mexican Drug War was at least 60,000. Estimates set the death toll above 120,000 killed by 2013, not including 27,000 missing. The murder rate skyrocketed during his presidency parallel to that of the ignition of the Drug War.

Personal background

Felipe Calderón was born in Morelia, Michoacán. He is the youngest of five brothers and son of Carmen Hinojosa Calderón and the late Luis Calderón Vega.

His father was a co-founder of the National Action Party and an important political figure. The elder Calderón occupied state posts and served a term as federal deputy. He spent most of his life working within the party and spent most of his free time promoting the PAN. The young Calderon was active in his father's campaigns. As a boy he distributed party pamphlets and flyers, rode PAN campaign vehicles and chanted slogans at rallies.^[6]

After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City, where he received a bachelor's degree in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later, he received a master's degree in economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) and a Master of Public Administration degree in 2000 from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.^[7][8]

Following his father's example, he joined the PAN. It was in the National Action Party that Calderón met his wife, Margarita Zavala, who served in Congress as a federal deputy. They have three children, María, Luis Felipe and Juan Pablo. Calderón is Roman Catholic.^[9]

Political and social views

To demands for detailed revelation of his personal positions on abortion, Calderón responded that he voted for life. Calderón's administration sought to maintain moderate positions on social policy and supported Mexican legislation guaranteeing abortion for rape victims, when pregnancy endangers a woman's life or in cases of severe fetal deformity;^[10] has publicly advocated the legalization of small quantities of cocaine and other drugs for addicts who agree to undergo treatment;^[11] and has approved a right-to-die initiative for ill patients to refuse invasive treatment or extraordinary efforts to prolong their lives.^[12] As for his economic policies, he supports balanced fiscal policies, flat taxes, lower taxes,^[13][14][15] and free trade.

Political career

Calderón was president of the PAN's youth movement in his early twenties.

He was a local representative in the Legislative Assembly and, on two different occasions, in the federal Chamber of Deputies. He ran for the governorship of Michoacán in 1995 and served as national president of the PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals, but also faced a reduced presence in the federal Chamber of Deputies.

Soon after Vicente Fox took office as president, Calderón was appointed director of Banobras, a state-owned development bank. He was accused by political opponents of committing abuse, disputing use of certain legal procedures^[16] to finance property valued between three and five million Mexican Pesos (between US$300,000 and $500,000),^[17][18] however once political objections arose, he used other means to formalize his transaction.^[17]

He joined the presidential cabinet as Secretary of Energy, replacing Ernesto Martens. He left the post in May 2004 in protest of Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions while supporting those of Santiago Creel.

Members of his party chose him as the PAN presidential candidate. In a series of three primary elections, he defeated the favored former Secretary of the Interior under President Vicente Fox, and thus the election of Calderón as party candidate surprised many analysts. The PAN pointed to his competitive primary election as a sign of internal democracy. In other major parties, there was one candidate or all strong candidates but one were eliminated.

Calderón's campaign gained momentum after the first presidential debate. Subsequent poll numbers put him ahead of López Obrador from March to May; some polls favored him by as much as 9 percentage points. This trend in his favor was contained after the second presidential debate when López Obrador decided to start joining the debates. Final poll numbers days ahead of the results indicated that his opponent's prior lead had shrunk further; some polls gave López Obrador the lead, while others favored Calderón and still others indicated a technical tie.

Presidency

Presidential styles of Felipe Calderón
Reference style	Presidente de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos[19] "President of the United Mexican States"
Spoken style	Presidente de Mexico "President of Mexico"
Alternative style	Señor Presidente "Mr. President"

The Mexican Constitution states that the President must be inaugurated by taking the oath of office before Congress in the lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. The PRD opposition had threatened to not allow Calderón to take the oath of office and be inaugurated as president. Ahead of claims that the PRD would disrupt the precedings, the PAN took control of Congress's main floor three days before the inauguration was scheduled.

On November 30, 2006,^[20] outgoing President Vicente Fox Quesada and still President-Elect Felipe Calderón Hinojosa stood side-by-side on national television as Fox turned over the presidential band to a cadet, who handed it to Calderón. Afterwards, Fox read a short speech indicating that he had concluded his mandate by receiving the flag "that had accompanied him during the last six years which he had devoted himself completely to the service of Mexico and had the utmost honor of being the president of the republic".^[21] Calderón then made a speech to the Mexican public indicating that he would still attend the inauguration ceremony at the Chamber of Deputies. He made a call to unity.

Calderón was the nation's second democratically elected president since the PRI's uninterrupted 70-year rule ended in 2000. Calderón technically served as the nation's 36th head of state after the last Mexican emperor, but his moderate reforms, deal-making, and coalitions were a break from a line of widely varying leadership that avoided elections against their opposition and which included an extreme range of military dictators, reformers, populists, cronies placed by prior presidents, and technocrats.

Calderón's cabinet

Calderón Cabinet

Portfolio	Minister	Took office	Left office
President	Felipe Calderón	2006	2012
Secretary of Interior	Francisco Ramírez Acuña	2006	2008
	Juan Camilo Mouriño*	2008	2008
	Fernando Gómez-Mont	2008	2010
	Francisco Blake Mora*	2010	2011
Chancellor	Patricia Espinosa	2006	2012
Secretary of Finance	Agustín Carstens	2006	2009
	Ernesto Cordero	2009	2011
	José Antonio Meade	2011	2012
Secretary of Defense	Guillermo Galván Galván	2006	2012
Secretary of the Navy	Mariano Saynez	2006	2012
Secretary of Economy	Eduardo Sojo	2006	2008
	Gerardo Ruiz Mateos	2008	2010
	Bruno Ferrari	2010	2012
Secretary of Social Development	Beatriz Zavala	2006	2008
	Ernesto Cordero	2008	2009
	Heriberto Félix Guerra	2009	2012
Attorney General	Eduardo Medina-Mora	2006	2009
	Arturo Chávez	2009	2011
	Marisela Morales	2011	2012
Secretary of Public Security	Genaro García Luna	2006	2012
Secretary of Communications and Transportation	Luis Téllez	2007	2009
	Juan Molinar Horcasitas	2009	2011
	Dionisio Pérez-Jácome	2011	2012
Secretary of Labor	Javier Lozano	2006	2011
	Rosalinda Vélez Juárez	2011	2012
Secretary of Environment	Rafael Elvira Quesada	2006	2012
Secretary of Energy	Georgina Kessel	2006	2011
	José Antonio Meade	2011	2011
	Jordy Herrera Flores	2011	2012
Secretary of Agriculture	Alberto Cárdenas	2006	2009
	Francisco Mayorga	2009	2012
Secretary of Education	Josefina Vázquez Mota	2006	2009
	Alonso Lujambio	2009	2012
	José Ángel Córdova	2012	2012
Secretary of Health	José Ángel Córdova	2006	2011
	Salomón Chertorivski	2011	2012
Secretary of Tourism	Rodolfo Elizondo	2006	2010
	Gloria Guevara	2010	2012
Secretary of Agrarian Reform	Abelardo Escobar Prieto**	2006	2012
Legal Counsellor	Daniel Cabeza de Vaca	2006	2008
	Miguel Alessio	2008	2012
*Died in office **Retained from previous administration

Foreign policy

It was expected that Calderón would continue with the foreign policy started during Fox's term,^[22] known as the Castañeda Doctrine, abandoning of the Estrada Doctrine. He was expected to mediate with 'free market' Latin American countries.^[23]

Calderón had been a proponent of the Mesoamerican Integration and Development Project which was now merged with a similar funding and infrastructure project, the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP),^[24] started during the Fox administration. Calderón expanded the MesoAmerican Integration and Development Project / PPP, now including Colombia,^[25] and an agreement of cooperation against organized crime.^[26] Jorge G. Castañeda, Secretary of Foreign Affairs during the first half of Fox's administration and proponent of the "Castañeda Doctrine", suggested that Calderón's leadership and the Mesoamerican Integration and Development Project / PPP should be used as a counterpart to Hugo Chávez's leadership of left-wing policies in Latin America.^[27] Calderón has stated that "the challenge (of the PPP) is to foster democratic practices with solid foundation in the region".^[28]

Another landmark was the proposed Mérida Initiative, a security cooperation initiative between the United States, the government of Mexico and the countries of Central America, with the aim of combating the threats of drug trafficking and transnational crime.

International environmental policy

The Cancun Accord was a widely praised triumph credited to the deft handling by the Calderón and his team. ^[29] and received a standing ovation.^[30] Along with hosting and chairing the Cancun climate accord that reached agreements on targets and reaffirmed the agreement on compensating developing nations for damage from climate change, Mexico earned the G-20's trust and confidence to preside over the group during 2012, including a summit in Los Cabos.^[31]

Immigration reform

Felipe Calderón made immigration reform one of his main priorities, and in 2008 he and the Mexican Congress passed a bill decriminalizing undocumented immigration into Mexico.^[32] He expressed his hopes that something be done to clear up the status of undocumented Mexican immigrants in the US.

Before meeting with President Bush in March 2007, Calderón openly expressed his disapproval of building a wall between the two nations.^[33] After the U.S. Senate rejected the Comprehensive Immigration bill, President Calderón called the decision a "grave error."

Domestic policy

During his first months of governing, President Calderón took several actions, such as introducing the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact and a cap on the salaries of public servants, described politically as "seeking to fulfill a campaign promise to incorporate the agenda of election rival Andrés Manuel López Obrador into his government."^[34]

Calderón created the largest number of universities (96) in the history of Mexico.^[35][36] He was also the only president who granted full coverage and a secure spot in elementary schools to children from 6 to 11 years old.^[37] The Office of Social Aid for Victims of Violence, (in Spanish: Procuraduría Social para Víctimas de la Violencia) was created by him in 2011.^[38] During Calderón's administration, more than 1,000 hospitals were created, and more than 2,000 were reconstructed and amplified.^[39] During Vicente Fox's administration, only 40 million people had access to a public health care system.^[40] Currently, more than 100 million Mexicans have access to their country's health care system due to Calderón's effort to implement a universal health care system.^[41] Moreover, Calderón created more than 16,500 kilometers of interstate highways.^[42] Calderón also dispatched military forces all over Mexico since the beginning of his presidency to put down the drug cartels and the increasing violence generated by the criminal organizations that fight with rival groups for territory.^[43]

Health policy

The administration's move towards universal healthcare coverage remains one of the most popular policies of the administration. He launched Seguro Popular to make this policy a reality. Through his policies, significant health infrastructure has been built and access expanded in many areas of the country, while the costs have been lowered significantly for many people to the point that many medicines have already been distributed free of charge.^[44]

The 2009 Swine Flu epidemic struck Mexico and was labeled a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The administration declared a state of emergency and acted firmly in giving open information to the world about the swine flu epidemic, and it acted with tough measures to contain its spread by shutting down many public services including schools. President Calderón appeared on television explaining the situation and demonstrating basic precautionary measures to take during the epidemic such as coughing into one's elbow rather than into the air. Tamiflu and vaccines were used in 2009 and in 2010 during flu season, and some deaths were undoubtedly prevented by the strong measures that were taken as well as due to a reduction in the spread and severity of the disease. Policies keeping people home and awareness of effective strategies may have helped prevent virulent forms of the virus from spreading as easily as minor forms that were harder to detect and identify. Criticism of Calderón's handling varied from early claims that his administration was not doing enough to later claims that the administration had exaggerated the measures that it had taken.^[45]

The Mexican Genome Project was initiated by Calderón's administration in part as a response to the swine flu outbreak and to safeguard the discovering of genetic markers that will better target and assist Mexico's 100+ million people in regards to prevention and treatment of diseases and other health concerns such as diabetes. A study on the efficacy of the project confirmed, according to Dr. Jiménez-Sánchez, that "It is not possible today to say genetic variation is responsible for the unique H1N1 Influenza A mortality rate in Mexico. However, knowledge of genomic variability in the Mexican population can allow the identification of genetic variations that confer susceptibility to common diseases, including infections such as the flu." "It will also help develop pharmacogenomics to help produce medicines tailored to people of a specific genetic group, to the creation of drugs that are both safer and more effective." Calderón commended the achievement: "The genomic map of the Mexican population is an essential contribution of Mexico to science and public health. This study represents an important landmark to develop genomic medicine in Mexico to improve healthcare of its population. I commend our National Institute of Genomic Medicine, INMEGEN, for such a significant milestone."^[46]

Domestic environmental policy

Felipe Calderón's administration raised awareness of environment issues including deforestation and climate change through various policy measures such as planting over 8 million trees and attracting green-technology companies to Mexico. Mexico also achieved a significant reduction in deforestation.^[47] This includes $2.5 billion investment in wind farms.^[48]

Economic policy

The country's total GDP on a purchasing-power-parity basis is the 11th largest in the world as of 2011 and public policy now seeks to create quality jobs, reduce poverty and protect the standard of living of all classes. The administration has worked to attract investment, diversify the economy away from over-reliance on oil and the US market, upgrade infrastructure that has not kept up with the demands of the large economy, add jobs, reduce poverty, provide for a large middle class and reduce inequality. In keeping with its protection of the purchasing power of those least able to shield themselves through the use of financial instruments, the administration has succeeded in keeping prices and interest rates relatively low and stable even during the Great Recession and European debt crisis, while also avoiding the currency crashes of the 1980s and 1990s.^[49] The Mexican economy has been growing more quickly than the US economy during all but one year of the administration, even as US growth has been sluggish.^[50][51]

Infrastructure

The administration has accelerated the building of public works projects and allocated federal funds towards infrastructure such as roads and bridges as an investment in the country's future growth.

In 2012 the massive Baluarte Bridge was inaugurated, which speeds travel between Mazatlán and Coahuila and allows for faster access between Mexico's coasts. The Baluarte Bridge is so high that the Eiffel Tower could fit under its central span.^[52]

Investment

Through investments in infrastructure and free trade agreements, the administration won investments from many auto companies that decided to build factories in Mexico and expand existing facilities and models produced in Mexico. Mexico has become one of the top auto manufacturers in the world and for two years in a row far exceeded the previous records of auto production and export.^[53]

Mexico also has a nascent aeronautics and aviation industry and large electronics and consumer goods industries, all of which have been attracting significant investment capital and higher-value manufacturing for a skilled workforce. Heineken made significant investments in Mexico's beverage industry during this administration.^[54]

Trade

In a move to expand new export opportunities that attract employment and diversify Mexico's crucial export sector away from excessive dependence on the US market, Mexico also expanded its trade accords beyond the US borders and sought to increase trade with the European Union, East Asia and Latin America. It was hoped that new infrastructure would help diversify Mexico's economy and improve stability in years to come. One new cooperative accord between major Latin American nations on the Pacific coast, called PaCiFiCa by the Economist, has helped to isolate the participating nations from some of the fluctuations stemming from the European debt crisis as it looks towards greater trade with Asian nations.^[55] Mexico maintains positive trading relationships and trade discussions throughout the world so as to make Mexico an open economy with a growing number of trade opportunities for all regions of Mexico and aided by new infrastructure.^[56]

Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

The international price of corn rose dramatically throughout 2006, leading to the inflation of tortilla prices in the first month of Calderón's term. Because tortillas are the main food product consumed by the country's poorest,^[57] national concerns over the rising prices immediately generated political pressure on Calderón's administration.

The president opted to use price ceilings on tortillas that protected local consumers of corn.^[58] This price control came in the form of the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact between the government and many of the main tortilla producing companies, including Grupo Maseca and Bimbo, to put a price ceiling at 8.50 pesos per kilogram of tortilla. The hope was that a ceiling on corn prices would provide incentive for the market to lower all prices nationally.

Critics argue that the pact was both nonbinding and a de facto acceptance of a maximum 30% increase in the price of that product (from 5.95 pesos per kilogram to 8.50 pesos per kilogram).^[59][60][61] Some tortillerias ignored the agreement, leading to price increases well in excess of the 8.50 pesos.^[62] Government opposition argued that this was an indication of the failure to protect the interests of its poor citizens. However, several major supermarkets, such as Soriana and Comercial Mexicana, sell the tortillas at a lower price than the one in the agreement – as low as 5.10 pesos per kilogram^[63] – which is interpreted opponents to price controls as clear evidence that price controls and the Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact were unnecessary. Additionally, PROFECO, a consumer protection government organization, has also threatened with jail those tortilla producers who charge "excessive" prices.

Guillermo Ortiz, governor of the Bank of Mexico, labeled the agreement "a success" for consumers and urged for it to continue as means to combat rising inflation.^[64]

First Employment Program

Fulfilling an electoral promise, President Calderón launched the First Employment Program, which aims to create new opportunities for people entering the job market. The program will give cash incentives to companies for hiring first-time job holders, including young people graduating from higher education and millions of women who have never worked.^[65]

The program has been interpreted as an effort to stop immigration into the United States.^[66] Immigration to the United States has been reduced, but many complex factors are involved including the US slowdown since 2008.

Reactions to this program have been mixed. The president of the Mexican Association of Directors in Human Relations, Luis García, has anticipated a positive effect and even showed Nextel's subsidiary in Mexico as an example for hiring 14% of its new workforce in 2006 as people in their "first employment".^[67] Secretary of Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón has admitted that the program by itself will be insufficient to create as many new jobs as needed and has called for deeper reforms to allow for further investment.^[68]

Public servants salary cap

President Calderón announced, on his first day as president, a presidential decree limiting the president's salary and that of cabinet ministers. The measure excludes much of the bureaucracy and public servants in the legislative or judicial branches. According to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by Reforma, the decree will affect 546 high-level government officials and save the government about US$13 million.^[69] The opposition has stated that the 10% reduction in salary as not being comprehensive enough.^[70][71]

Like his opponent in the 2006 election, Calderón also proposed laws that, if passed, would lower salaries for public servants in all three branches of government and impose a cap on compensation.^[72] The proposal also includes measures to make the remuneration of public servants more transparent and subject to fiscalization.^[73]

Security policy

Despite imposing a cap on salaries of high-ranking public servants, Calderón ordered a raise on the salaries of the Federal Police and the Mexican armed forces on his first day as president.

Calderón's government also ordered massive raids on drug cartels upon assuming office in December 2006 in response to an increasingly deadly spate of violence in his home state of Michoacán. The decision to intensify drug enforcement operations has led to an ongoing conflict between the federal government and the Mexican drug cartels.

On January 19, 2007, Mexico captured the leader of one of its seven major drug cartels, the Diaz Parada gang, five weeks into an army crackdown on narco gangs. Mexican soldiers and federal police jointly arrested Pedro Diaz Parada, whose cartel has operated across southern Mexico, on Tuesday in the southern city of Oaxaca, a spokeswoman for the attorney general's office said.^[74]

The next day, in a controversial move, the government announced the extradition to the United States of several drug gang leaders.^[75]

The Mexican government has also ordered Mexican soldiers and Federal Police into several cities, most notably, Tijuana and Ciudad Juárez. In Tijuana and also Ciudad Juárez, the army ordered that all local police officers surrender their weapons, as it is suspected that many officers have ties with drug cartels. Other states where actions have been taken include Michoacán, Tamaulipas, Tabasco, and Guerrero.

In a January 2007 interview with the Financial Times, Calderón said, "We have received very encouraging results. In the state of Michoacán, for example, the murder rate has fallen almost 40 percent compared with the average over the last six months. People's support in the regions where we are operating has grown, and that has been very important. Opinion polls have confirmed that, and I think we have made it clear to everyone that this issue is a priority for us".^[76]

On April 9, 2007, the Secretariat of Defense announced in a report the results of the first four months of Calderón's presidency. These results include the capture of 1,102 drug dealers, the seizure of about $500 million pesos, 556 kilograms of marijuana, 1,419 military grade weapons, two airplanes, 630 automobiles, and 15 sea ships that transported drugs, and the destruction of 285 clandestine runways, 777 drug camps, 52,842 marijuana farms and 33,019 opium poppy farms. The report claims that these results stopped the distribution of 1,428,124 doses of marijuana, 17,728,000 doses of cocaine, 193,922,000 doses of heroin, and 6,996,000 toxic pills, stopping the intoxication of 647,771,000 people, a lot of them with irreversible damage to their health.^[77]

On December 16, 2009, the Mexican Navy killed Arturo Beltran-Leyva, a once important drug trafficker.^[78]

The government is relatively successful in detaining drug lords; however, drug-related violence remains high in contested area along the US border such as Ciudad Juárez, Tijuana, and Matamoros. Some analysts, like US Ambassador in Mexico Carlos Pascual argue that this rise in violence may be a direct result of Felipe Calderón's military measures.^[79] Although homicide rates in Mexico from 2000–2007 showed a general decline,^[80] now Mexico is considered to be among the top ten countries with the highest homicide rates.^[81] Since Calderón launched his military strategy against organized crime in 2006, there has been an alarming increase in violent deaths related to organized crime, "more than 15,000 people have died in suspected drug attacks since it was launched at the end of 2006."^[79] More than 5,000 people were murdered in Mexico in 2008,^[82] followed by 9600 murders in 2009, 2010 was violent, with over 15,000 homicides across the country.^[83]

2011 showed higher homicides and 2012 shows a similar rate as 2011, with 2012 also being a Presidential transition year and a year with high security spending nationwide it could indicate a temporary pause or a plateau in violence. Each of the last two years homicides were in the 20,000 to 27,000 range.^[84]

Approval ratings

According to a poll by Grupo Reforma taken from February 16 to February 18, 2007, Calderón's approval rating was 58%. In this poll, Mexicans interviewed give President Calderón and his actions a score of 6.6 out of 10. He is best rated in his actions on issues related to health and reducing drug trafficking (60% and 59% approval respectively), and worst rated on domestic and foreign policy (33% approval each).^[85]

A poll by Ipsos-Bimsa shows a change in Calderon's approval rating at 57% in November 2007.^[86]

In June 2008, Calderon's approval rating jumped to 64% before slipping to 62% in September.^[87]

According to a March 2010 poll by GEA-ISA. 45% of respondents approved of their president's performance, down seven points since November 2009 polling at 52%.

Polling firm Buendia & Laredo released a survey showing President Calderón's approval rating at 54% on May 9, 2011.^[88]

On February 27, 2012 a poll by El Universal showed a 58% approval rating with only 11% disapproval, a decrease in concern for security from 48% to 33% polled listing security as the top concern facing the government, 42% say things have improved in Mexico since Felipe Calderon's administration, 21% said things have stayed the same, while 34% said things have gotten worse.^[89][90]

Grupo Reforma's poll published between 22 March and 26 March 2012 noted that Calderón had an approval rate of 66% among 1,515 people.^[91]

Consulta Mitofsky published a study on 23 August 2012 which concluded that after 22 trimesters the approval of Felipe Calderón fell to 46%.^[92]

Controversies

Post-election controversy

On July 2, 2006, the day of the election, the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE) announced that the race was too close to call and chose not to make public a large and well-designed exit poll. However, as the preliminary results of the unofficial PREP database made clear the next morning, Felipe Calderón had a small lead of 1.04%.^[93]

The IFE called on the candidates to abstain from pronouncing themselves as winner, president-elect, or president. Both candidates disobeyed this call. First López Obrador declared that he had won the election, and soon thereafter Calderón proclaimed victory as well, pointing to the initial figures released by the IFE.^[94]

On July 6, 2006, the Federal Electoral Institute announced the official vote count in the 2006 presidential election, resulting in a narrow margin of 0.58% for Calderón over his closest contender, PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador. However, López Obrador and his coalition alleged irregularities in a number of polling stations and demanded a national recount. Ultimately, the Federal Electoral Tribunal, in a unanimous vote, declared such a recount to be groundless and unfeasible and ordered a recount of those with supportable allegations, or about 9.07% of the 130,477 polling stations.^[95]

On September 5, 2006, even when the Federal Electoral Tribunal acknowledged the existence of irregularities in the election, Calderón was, after the change of the votes of two of the magistrates,^[96] unanimously declared president-elect by the tribunal with a lead of 233,831 votes, or 0.56%, over López Obrador. The electoral court concluded that minor irregularities without proof were insufficient to invalidate the election. The ruling was mandatory, final and could not be appealed.^[97]

On December 1, 2006 despite the PRD's plans to prevent Calderón from taking office, the inauguration in front of Congress was able to proceed. Hours before Calderón's arrival, lawmakers from the PRD and PAN parties began a brawl,^[98] in which several representatives threw punches and pushed, while others shouted at each other. PRD representatives shouted "Fuera Fox" ("Out with President Fox") and blew whistles, while PAN representatives responded back with "Mexico, Mexico." Minutes before Calderón and Fox walked into Congress, the president of the Chamber of Deputies announced a legal quorum, thus enabling Calderón to legally take the oath of office. At 9:45 am CST, all Mexican media cut to the official national broadcast, where commentators discussed the situation and showed scenes inside the Palace of the Chamber of Deputies, Palacio de San Lázaro. At 9:50 am CST, Calderón entered the chamber through the back door of the palace and approached the podium, where he took the oath as required by the Constitution.^[99] After the anthem, opposition continued to yell in Spanish "Felipe will fall." PAN representatives shouted back, "Sí se pudo" (Yes, We did it!).^[100][101] At 10:00 am CST, the official broadcast ended, and most stations resumed their programming.

As the inaugural ceremony was transpiring in Congress, López Obrador led a rally of supporters in the Zócalo. Many supporters marched down Reforma Avenue toward the Auditorio Nacional, where Calderón would address an audience of supporters after his inauguration. The rally was stopped by a wall erected by the Federal Police.^[102][103]

U.S. espionage scandal

On July 10, 2013, Mexican newspaper Excelsior ran an article on its website revealing that the Calderón Administration, authorized on February 2007 the installation of an interception system by the United States Department of State to analyse, process and store phone calls, e-mails and other internet services with the purpose of helping Calderon administration to fight the organized crime and narcotraffic, in the context of the Mérida Initiative.^[104] The scandal remained largely ignored by the Peña Administration even though several newspapers and news websites revealed in September 2013, that the president itself, Enrique Peña Nieto, was spied by the National Security Agency while he was presidential candidate.^[105] On 21 October 2013, it was revealed^{[106][107][108]} by Der Spiegel, that the NSA had spied Calderón and other cabinet member e-mails. That same day Mr. Calderón tweeted that he had personally spoken with the actual Secretary of Foreign Affairs, José Antonio Meade Kuribeña, to "help him" transmit his most energic protest to the espionage he was subject, and later that day, Calderon tweeted that far more of a personal damage, it was a grievance to the Mexican institutions and that he would not make further statements on the theme.^[109]

Mexican journalist, Raymundo Riva-Palacio criticized, (On his columns of October 21 and October 23), the privileges given by the Calderon administration to American intelligences agencies and billateral cooperation in general, and wrote: "...It can be argued that Washington mocked him and betrayed him...".. Mr. Riva-Palacio wrote that American intelligence agencies coordinated field operations and even interrogated the detainees before Mexican authorities could do their own. According to Mr. Riva, this privileges led to the illegal spying which enabled American intelligence agencies make a map of the Mexican political world, which, (according to him), is demonstrated in many documents where the main concern is the political stability and future of Mexico, and the subsequent spying carried on Mr. Peña while he was running for office. He then criticized Mr. Calderon request to Mr. Peña to investigate the spying carried on his e-mail and his cabinet members e-mails and declared that Calderon should have done that when the first allegations of illegal spying came out in 2009-2010.^[110][111] On October 22, 2013, CNNMéxico published on its website that Calderón avoided sending sensitive information through his e-mail, to outsmart spies, and when realized phone calls with other cabinet members, spoke in code.^[112] On October 23, 2013, the Secretary of the Interior, Miguel Ángel Osorio Chong, announced that by presidential mandate, a profund investigation would be carried on the illegal spying done towards Calderon.^[113]

Orders, awards and recognition

By Mexican Law, any title of nobility in Mexico is legally banned. However, Calderón has accepted them as a courtesy to the foreign governments.

• Order of the Quetzal, Collar, awarded by the President of Guatemala Álvaro Colom on his state visit to Mexico, July 27, 2011.
• Order of the Bath, Knight Grand Cross, awarded by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom on Felipe Calderón state visit to the United Kingdom, March 30, 2009.
• Order of Civil Merit, Grand Cross with Collar, awarded by Juan Carlos I of Spain on November 15, 2012.^[114]
• Order of Isabel the Catholic, Grand Cross with Collar, awarded by King Juan Carlos I of Spain on Felipe Calderón state visit to Spain, June 6, 2008.^[115]
• National Order of Doctor José Matías Delgado, Grand Cross, awarded by the Government of El Salvador, March 4, 2008
• Order of the Elephant, Knight, awarded by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark on her state visit to Mexico, February 18, 2008.
• National Order of the Southern Cross, Grand Collar, awarded by the Government of Brazil, August 7, 2007.
• Order of the Merit of Chile, Collar, awarded by the President of Chile Michelle Bachelet on her state visit to Mexico.
• Order of Belize, awarded by then-Prime Minister of Belize Said Musa on Felipe Calderón state visit to Belize.
• WEF Global Leadership Statesmanship Award, World Economic Forum, January 2012
• People Who Mattered, by Time Magazine, 2010.
• "The World's 50 Most Influential Figures 2010" by British Magazine New Statesman, September, 2010
• Bravo Business Awards Leader of the Year, Latin Trade, October 2009.
• Leader of the Year, Latin Business Chronicle, December 17, 2007.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Felipe Calderón.

• (Spanish) Office of the President of Mexico site
• Encyclopædia Britannica, Felipe Calderon full access article
• (Spanish) Extended biography by CIDOB Foundation
• Felipe Calderón's speech to the Mexican people from the 'National Auditorium', 2006
• Father of A Mexican President: Luis Calderón Vega
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Felipe Calderón at the Internet Movie Database
• Works by or about Felipe Calderón in libraries (WorldCat catalog)

Party political offices
Preceded by Carlos Castillo Peraza	Leader of the National Action Party 1996–1999	Succeeded by Luis Felipe Bravo Mena
Preceded by Vicente Fox	National Action Party nominee for President of Mexico 2006	Succeeded by Josefina Vázquez Mota
Political offices
Preceded by Vicente Fox	President of Mexico 2006–2012	Succeeded by Enrique Peña Nieto

Cabinet of President Felipe Calderón (2006-2012) Secretary of the Interior Francisco Ramírez Camilo Mouriño Fernando Gómez-Mont Francisco Blake Alejandro Poiré Romero (2011–2012) Secretary of Foreign Affairs Patricia Espinosa (2006–2012) Secretary of Defense Guillermo Galván Galván (2006–2012) Secretary of Navy Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza (2006–2012) Secretary of Public Security Genaro García Luna (2006–2012) Secretary of Finance Agustín Carstens Ernesto Cordero Arroyo José Antonio Meade Kuribreña (2011–2012) Secretary of Social Development Beatriz Zavala Ernesto Cordero Arroyo Heriberto Félix Guerra (2009–2012) Secretary of Environment Juan Rafael Elvira Quesada (2006–2012) Secretary of Energy Georgina Kessel José Antonio Meade Jordy Herrera Gómez (2011–2012) Secretary of Economy Eduardo Sojo Garza-Aldape Gerardo Ruiz Mateos Bruno Ferrari García de Alba (2010–2012) Secretary of Agriculture Alberto Cárdenas Francisco Mayorga Castañeda (2009–2012) Secretary of Communication Luis Téllez Juan Molinar Horcasitas Dionisio Pérez-Jácome Friscione (2011–2012) Secretary of Civil Service Germán Martínez Cázares Salvador Vega Casillas Rafael Morgan Ríos (2012) Secretary of Public Education Josefina Vázquez Mota Alonso Lujambio José Ángel Córdova Villalobos (2012) Secretary of Health José Ángel Córdova Salomón Chertorivski Woldenberg (2011–2012) Secretary of Labor Javier Lozano Alarcón Rosalinda Vélez Juárez (2006–2012) Secretary of Agrarian Reform Abelardo Escobar Prieto (2006–2012) Secretary of Tourism Rodolfo Elizondo Torres Gloria Guevara Manzo (2010–2012) Attorney General Arturo Chávez Chávez Marisela Morales Ibáñez (2011–2012)

Presidents of Mexico Guadalupe Victoria Vicente Guerrero José María Bocanegra Pedro Vélez Anastasio Bustamante Melchor Múzquiz Manuel Gómez Pedraza Valentín Gómez Farías Antonio López de Santa Anna Miguel Barragán José Justo Corro Nicolás Bravo Francisco Javier Echeverría Valentín Canalizo José Joaquín de Herrera Mariano Paredes José Mariano Salas Pedro María de Anaya Manuel de la Peña Mariano Arista Juan Bautista Ceballos Manuel María Lombardini Martín Carrera Rómulo Díaz Juan Álvarez Hurtado Ignacio Comonfort Félix María Zuloaga Manuel Robles Pezuela Miguel Miramón José Ignacio Pavón Benito Juárez Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada José María Iglesias Juan N. Méndez Porfirio Díaz Manuel González Flores Francisco León de la Barra Francisco I. Madero Pedro Lascuráin Victoriano Huerta Francisco S. Carvajal Venustiano Carranza Eulalio Gutiérrez Roque González Garza Francisco Lagos Cházaro Adolfo de la Huerta Álvaro Obregón Plutarco Elías Calles Emilio Portes Gil Pascual Ortiz Rubio Abelardo Luján Rodríguez Lázaro Cárdenas Manuel Ávila Camacho Miguel Alemán Valdés Adolfo Ruiz Cortines Adolfo López Mateos Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Luis Echeverría José López Portillo Miguel de la Madrid Carlos Salinas de Gortari Ernesto Zedillo Vicente Fox Felipe Calderón Enrique Peña Nieto President of Mexico (Vice-President) Emperor of Mexico (Regent)

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 57850834 LCCN: n00102940 ISNI: 0000 0001 2134 6316 GND: 133712699 SUDOC: 124817297 BNF: cb16598256t (data)