Federal Investigation Agency

For the similarly named Mexican institution, see Federal Investigations Agency.
Federal Investigation Agency
Urdu: وفاقی ادارۂ تحقیقات‎
FIA
Abbreviation FIA

The emblem of FIA
Motto Urdu: صداقت دیانت‎
Truth and Honesty
Agency overview
Formed January 13, 1975 (1975-01-13)
Preceding agency Pakistan Special Police Establishment (1948)
Legal personality Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Legal jurisdiction Constitution of Pakistan
Governing body Government of Pakistan
General nature
Operational structure
Overviewed by Islamabad, Pakistan
Agency executive Akbar Khan Hoti, PSP, Director-General
Major Unitss
Website
Official website

The Federal Investigation Agency (Urdu: وفاقی ادارۂ تحقیقات‎; reporting name: FIA) is a counter-intelligence and security agency under the Ministry of Interior of Pakistan, tasked with investigative jurisdiction on undertaking operations against terrorism, espionage, federal crimes, fascism, smuggling as well as infringement and other specific crimes.

Codified under the Constitution in 1974, the institution functions under the Ministry of Interior (MoI). The FIA also undertakes international operations with the close cooperation and coordination of Interpol. Headquartered in Islamabad, the agency has various branch and field offices located in all major cities throughout Pakistan.

More than 39 international offices, designated as "Immigration Wing", exist in Pakistan embassies and consulates-general worldwide.[1] Its executive figure is appointed by the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and Akbar Khan Hoti is currently tenuring as Director-General of the FIA.

The National Intelligence Directorate (NID) was formed in 2014 in order to pool intelligence gathered by over 30 of Pakistan's intelligence agencies.[2]

Objectives and mission statement

The FIA's main goal and priority is to protect the nation's interests and defend Pakistan, to uphold and enforce criminal law, and law enforcement in the country. Its current mission statement is:

To achieve excellence in FIA by promoting culture of merit, providing continuous professional training, ensuring effective internal accountability, encouraging use of technology and having a meaningful feedback mechanism.
— Mission Statement of FIA, source[3]

Priorities and departments

As of 2009, FIA has 10 active departments to lead criminal charges and investigation, with priorities:

History

Background

In 1942, the British government established the Special Police Establishment (SPE) in British India during the midst of World War II.[12] Originally the Police Establishment was tasked to take up investigation of corruption in Indian Civil Service (ICS), rampant in the Supplies and Procurement Department of the then British Raj.[12] After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the SPE was equally divided between the governments of India, which formed the CBI, and Pakistan, which retained it as the Pakistan Special Police Establishment (PSPE) in 1947.[12] With the passage of time, the PSPE, apart from investigating the offenses of bribery and corruption against officials of the federal government, was also given powers to investigate cases relating to offenses under the following laws:

Creation

After the 1971 war with India, police reforms were carried out by Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto after adopting recommendations from the report submitted by bureaucrat G. Ahmad in Prime Minister Secretariat, on 7 March 1972.[12] The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) was created on 13 January 1975, after being codified in the Constitution with the passing of the FIA Act, 1974, by the State parliament.[12] Initially, its first roles were to build efforts against organized crimes, smuggling, human trafficking, immigration offenses, and passport scandals.[12]

When the FIA was created, it took cases on corruption at every level of the government.[13] Although ostensibly a crime-investigation service, the FIA also did investigations of accused political opponents and critics of financial impropriety, from tax evasions to taking bribery while in office.[13]

National security and efforts against terrorism

The compound where Ramzi Yousef was captured. The FIA worked in close coordination with the American FBI to capture Ramzi Yousef in 1995.

Initially, its role was to conduct investigations on public corruption but the scope of the FIA's investigation was increased to take actions against communist terrorism in the 1980s.[12] In 1981, the FIA agents successfully investigated and interrogated the culprits behind the hijacking of the PIA's Boeing 720CR, immediately holding Murtaza Bhutto for its responsibility.[14] The FIA keenly tracked the whereabouts of Murtaza Bhutto in Syria, and successfully limited the influence of his al-Zulfikar group.[14] In 1985, the FIA's undercover operation busted the drug trade, with the illicit trade leaders and their culprits apprehended by the FIA. Known as the "Pakistan League Affair", the FIA effectively put an end to the illicit drug trade with the arrest of the gang's key drug lord.[15]

From 1982 to 1988, the FIA launched a series of investigations and probes against communist leader Jam Saqi and aided the court proceedings relating to its findings.[16] In 1986, the FIA successfully infiltrated the terrorist group responsible for Flight 73 of the Pan American Airways, and quickly detained the Libyan commercial pilot suspected to have a role in the hijacking.[17]

After securing voting plurality in general elections held in 1993, Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto further widened the scope of FIA, making FIA akin to ISI in the intelligence community. After approving the appointment of senior FIA agent Rehman Malik, the FIA's intelligence and investigations were now conducted at the international level, with close coordination with the American FBI.[18] The FIA notably worked together with the FBI to conduct investigations of the terrorist bombing at the World Trade Center in New York, United States in 1993.[18] The FIA and FBI tracked down the mastermind of the 1993 WTC bombing, Ramzi Yousef, in Pakistan.[18] In 1995, the successful investigation led to the extradition of Ramzi Yousef to United States.

In the 1990s, the FIA directed by Rehman Malik was involved in leading the investigations and actions against al-Qaeda operatives, KSM and Ramzi Yousef, and assisted the FBI to apprehend Ramzi in 1995,[19] and KSM in 2002.[12][20] The FIA pushed its efforts against terrorism and tracked crime syndicated organizations affiliated with the terrorist organizations.[21] The FIA was said to be launching secret intelligence operations against the terrorist organizations, which mounted a secret competition with the ISI.[21] In leading its intelligence operations, the FIA was in direct contact with Israeli Mossad to assist the FIA in gaining intelligence and further interrogating the extremist elements.[21] According to the military authors, such reports equally dismayed the Pakistani military which was already upset with FIA's intelligence operations interfering with the ISI's intelligence operations.[21] Despite difficulties, the FIA had gained world prominence after reportedly leading successful operations against terrorism in 1996.[21]

In 2001, the FIA successfully investigated the case against Sultan Mahmood for his alleged part in nuclear terrorism, though the FIA cleared Mahmood of his charges in 2002.[22] In 2003, the role of counter-terrorism was assigned to the FIA, which led to an establishment of the Counter-Terrorism Wing (CTW).[4] The CTW agents were provided extensive training and equipment handling by the FBI under the Anti Terrorism Assistance Program (ATTP).[4]

The FIA began investigating Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and his movement around the world was monitored by the FIA. The FIA agents kept the investigations with FBI agents over the case of KSM.[23] Eventually FIA's successful investigations led to KSM's capture in Rawalpindi, Punjab, in a paramilitary operation conducted jointly by the CIA and the ISI in 2003.[23] In 2002, the FIA continued its investigation and had strict surveillance of the movements of Afia Siddiqui in Karachi.[24] In 2003, the FIA had been investigating the investigation on Siddiqui's movements and activities, subsequently sharing with the United States.[24]

Anti-infringement efforts

Efforts on probes against copyright violation was increased after a petition was filed by the FBI which disputed Pakistan's commitment to rooting out infringement within its national borders in 2001.[25]

In 2002, the FIA launched several probes against copyright infringement and Pakistan was en route to having its US duty-free GSP agreements being taken away from it in 2005.[25] In order to avert any further negative fallout, sections of the Copyright Ordinance 1962 were included in the FIA's schedule of offenses.[25] This legislation paved the way in 2005, under the direction of the federal interior ministry, to raid the country's largest video wholesale centre: The Rainbow Centre.[25]

Raiding the factories of the dealers that operated within the centre proved to be a highly successful enterprise, resulting in a reduction of 60% of sales of bootlegged video material.[25] A spokesman from the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), later confirmed, that many of the outlets had stopped selling unlicensed video goods and were now selling mobile phones, highlighting that the FIA's raids and the resultant legal action were a success.[25]

Special FIA teams

On 9 June 1975, the FIA formed the Immigration Wing (IW) to help NARA agents and officials to conduct probes against illegal immigration to Pakistan.[26] In 1979, the Anti-Human Smuggling Wing was formed to take evasive actions against the human smugglers and trafficking.[26] In 1975, another special team, the Technical Wing, was formed to tackle financial crimes.[27]

In 2003, the FIA formed an elite counter-terrorism unit to help deal with exterminating terrorism in the country.[28] Named Counter-Terrorism Wing (CTW), it acts as an Elite team in related procedures and all counter-terrorism cases.[28] Also the same year, the FIA formed the Cyber Investigation Unit (CIU) and the Computer Analysis and Forensic Laboratory.[28]

Since then, the FIA has assigned its agents, and officials have received physical training and electronic equipment from the United States.[28] In 2011, the CTW was further expanded and FIA established another Terrorist Financing Investigation Unit (TFIU) to conduct and lead operations against terrorism financing.[28] The CTW operatives have also assisted other intelligence agencies to conduct joint investigations against the terror groups. To date CTW has always been an integral part of high profile terrorist cases. It has also managed the most wanted list of individuals involved indirectly or directly in taking part in terrorism.[29] In 2008, the FIA successfully led and concluded the joint investigations on the Marriott Hotel bombing in Islamabad.[30] The FIA shared most of its findings gathered through interrogation of the arrested suspects to help hunt down the top members of al-Qaeda, with the FBI.[31]

Other FIA special teams included the Anti-Corruption Wing (ACW) which was established in 2004 to lead probes against corrupt officials and other white collar criminals.[32] In 2004, the Economic Crime Wing (ECW) was also established in 2004 but transferred to the NAB; though it was restored to the FIA in 2008.[33] In 2014, the FIA formed an elite response team with the NACTA agency to take decisive and through counter-terrorism actions, based on gained internal intelligence, against the terror groups.[34]

Criticisms and controversies

Covert operations on political groups

The FIA has used covert operations against domestic political groups since its inception; the FIA launched covert operations against the right-wing activists of the PNA.[13] In 1990s, the FIA was involved in running the active intelligence operation against the BLLF on behest of the government. Critics of FIA have called the agency "secret police".[35] In the 1980s, the FIA also targeted the leftist groups and was instrumental in conducting inquiry in preparation against Pakistan's communist party.[35]

2005 FIA scandal

In 2005, the MoJ agents successfully infiltrated the immigration wing of the FIA, leading the FIA to launch its investigation against its own department. The special agents of the FIA arrested five of FIA's immigration agents for their alleged role in human trafficking, and most of them were dismissed from the service.[36]

2008 Lahore bombings

On 11 March 2008, the TTP coordinated the twin suicide bombings to target the counter-terrorist unit of FIA based in Lahore. The building was severely damaged during the suicidal attack. The Geo News later reported that "the building also housed the offices of a special US-trained units of FBI created to counter terrorism" suggesting a motive.[37]

International access

Cooperation with foreign counterparts

In 2006, the FIA resumed operational links with its Indian counterpart, the Central Bureau of Investigation, after a gap of 17 years.[38][39]

The FIA participates in the PISCES project which was initiated by the US Department of State, Terrorist Interdiction Program (TIP) in 1997, as a system to improve their watch-listing capabilities by providing a mainframe computer system to facilitate immigration processing. The PISCES system has been installed at seven major airports of the country i.e. Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Peshawar, Quetta, Multan and Faisalabad airports. The system has provision to accommodate information on suspects from all law enforcement agencies like Immigration, Police, Narcotics Control, Anti-smuggling, and Intelligence Services.[40]

Organization

The FIA is headed by the appointed Director-General who is appointed by the Prime Minister, and confirmed by the President. Appointment for the Director of FIA either comes from the high-ranking officials of police or the civil bureaucracy.[41] The Director General of the FIA is assisted by three Additional Director-Generals and ten Directors for effective monitoring and smooth functioning of the operations spread all over the country.[42]

The FIA is headquartered in Islamabad and also maintains a separate training FIA Academy, also in Islamabad which was opened in 1976.[43] In 2002, FIA formed a specialized wing for investigating Information and Communication Technology (ICT) related crimes. This wing is commonly known as the National Response Centre for Cyber Crimes (NR3C) and has the credit of arresting 12 hackers, saving millions of dollars for the government exchequer.[44] This wing of the FIA has state-of-the-art Digital Forensic Laboratories managed by highly qualified Forensic Experts and is specialized in Computer and Cell Phone Forensics, cyber/electronic crime investigation, Information System Audits and Research & Development. Officers of the NR3C carry out training for Officers of Police and other Law Enforcement Agencies of Pakistan.[44]

Organization structure

The organizational structure of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) is as follows:

Administrative offices and wings Executive figure Commands and the area of responsibility
Immigration Wing Additional DG Director of PISCES program
Director of Immigration
Director of AHS
Dy. Director of ATU
Dy. Director of Law
Dy. Director of Legal Organization
National Response Centre for Cyber Crimes DG
Crime wing Additional DG Director of Technical Ops.
Director of Law
Director of I&M
Director of IPR
Dy. Director of Crimes
Dy. Director of Technical Ops.
Administration Wing Additional DG Commandant of FIA Academy
Director of Administration
Director of Engineering
Director of Accountings
SIG Wing Director Deputy commandant Operations
Deputy commandant Intelligence
Punjab Director
Sindh Director
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Director
Balochistan Director
Islamabad Director
National Central Bureau (Interpol) Director

Structure

The Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) has its headquarters in Islamabad. The chief presiding officer of the agency is called the director general, and is appointed by the Ministry of Interior. The headquarters provide support to 4 provincial offices, i.e. Sindh, Punjab, KPK, Balochistan and Federal Capital Islamabad. The provincial heads of agency are called "directors". Further there are about (?) smaller offices known as wings or circles e.g. Crime, Corporate Crime, Banking Crime and Anti-Human Trafficking Circles at the provincial level. They are headed by additional and deputy directors, helped by investigation officers (I.O.) like assistant directors, inspectors, sub-inspectors and assistant sub-inspectors etc. for running of bureau business. The wings are major segments of the agency known as Anti-Corruption or Crime Wing, Immigration Wing, Technical Wing, Legal Wing, Administration Wing and National Response Centre for Cyber Crimes (NR3C). Further there are branches working under the command of above-mentioned wings, viz. counter-terrorism branch (SIG), Interpol branch, legal branch, crime branch, economic crime branch, intellectual property rights branch, immigration branch, anti-human smuggling branch, PISCES branch, administration branch, implementation and monitoring branch.

FIA Director Generals

The FIA is headed by a Director-General (DG), appointed by the federal government, generally a very senior Police Officer of BPS 21/22, based at the Headquarters in Islamabad. The current FIA Director General is Ghalib Ali Bandesha of the Police Service of Pakistan who was appointed in 2014, succeeding the former DG Saud Mirza.

Notable FIA personnel

Tariq Pervaiz PSP, Tariq Khosa PSP, Mohammad Akbar Khan Hoti PSP, Inam Ghani PSP QPM (Bar) Shahid Hayat Khan, PSP, QPM.

References

  1. ↑ FIA. "Immigration Wing of FIA". Immigration Wing of FIA. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  2. ↑ Intelligence: Pakistan Tries A DNI
  3. ↑ "Mission Statement of FIA". Government of Pakistan. Mission Statement of FIA. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  4. 1 2 3 "Counter-terrorism department". FIA Counter-terrorism department. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  5. ↑ "Anti-Corruption Department". FIAAnti-Corruption Department.
  6. ↑ "FIA Economic Crime Wing". FIA Economic Crime Wing. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  7. ↑ "FIA Immigration Wing". FIA Immigration Wing. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  8. ↑ "FIA Technical Wing". FIA Technical Wing. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  9. ↑ "National Central Bureau NCB". National Central Bureau NCB. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  10. ↑ "Anti Trafficking Unit". ATU. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of FIA". FIA history. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan : between mosque and military (1. print. ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. ISBN 978-0870032141.
  13. 1 2 Hasan, Raja Anwar ; translated by Khalid (1997). The terrorist prince : the life and death of Murtaza Bhutto. London: Verso. p. 201. ISBN 1859848869. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  14. ↑ Cockburn, Alexander (1988). Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs, and the Press. u.k.: Verso, 1988. ISBN 1859841392. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Saha, ed. by Santosh C. (2004). Religious fundamentalism in the contemporary world : critical social and political issues. Lanham, Md. [u.a.]: Lexington. ISBN 0739107607.
  16. ↑ Mickolus, Susan L. Simmons, Edward F.; Simmons, Susan L. "§Pan Am Flight 73". 50 worst Terrorist attacks. ABC CLIO. ISBN 1440828288. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 Reeve, Simon (1999). The new jackals : Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the future of terrorism (1st pbk. ed., 2002 ed.). Boston: Northeastern University Press. pp. 91–96. ISBN 1555535097.
  18. ↑ Benjamin, Daniel & Steven Simon. The Age of Sacred Terror, 2002
  19. ↑ Shane, Scott (June 22, 2008). "Inside a 9/11 Mastermind’s Interrogation" The New York Times.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 et. al. Pakistan Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations.
  21. ↑ Khan, Kamran; Baker, Peter (30 January 2002), "Pakistan to Forgo Charges Against 2 Atomic Scientists,", Washington Post
  22. 1 2 Fouda, Yosri; Fielding, Nick (2003). Masterminds of terror : the truth behind the most devastating terrorist attack the world has ever seen (1st North American ed.). New York: Arcade Pub. ISBN 1559707178.
  23. 1 2 Scroggins, Deborah. Wanted women faith, lies, and the war on terror : the lives of Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Aafia Siddiqui. New York, NY: Harper. ISBN 0062097954.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Anis, Khurram (March 5, 2006). "Rainbow Centre business bombs 60% in raid aftermath". Daily Times area archives. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  25. 1 2 "Immigration Wing". IMMIGRATION WING. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  26. ↑ "Technical Wing". Technical Wing. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 FIA. "Counter-Terrorism Wing". Counter-Terrorism Wing. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  28. ↑ FIA. "Pakistan Most Wanted List" (PDF). Govt. Pakistan. CTW Listing. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  29. ↑ News reports (2008). "Timeline of Marriott Hotel bombings". Geo News archives, 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  30. ↑ Asghar, Mohd' (June 28, 2009). "FBI links Marriott bombing to Al Qaeda". Dawn area studies 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  31. ↑ "Anti-Corruption and Economic Crime Wing". Anti-Corruption and Economic Crime Wing. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  32. ↑ "ECONOMIC CRIME WING (ECW).". ECONOMIC CRIME WING (ECW). Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Webdesk (November 9, 2014). "Hamid Ali Khan named as Nacta's first full-time chief". Express Tribune, 2014. Express Tribune, 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
  34. 1 2 Sattar, Abdul (1999). CHILD LABOUR : The Cry of Innocence. Pakistan: Market Place. ISBN 1435731964.
  35. ↑ Pakistan off human smuggling list, BBC News, June 3, 2005
  36. ↑ IDual suicide bombings in Lahore kill 28, The Long War Journal, Mar 11, 2008
  37. ↑ India, Pakistan to share expertise in investigation, The Hindu, Mar 24, 2006
  38. ↑ India, Pakistan to form joint group to tackle crime, PakTribune, Mar 23, 2006
  39. ↑ Malik, Rehman (2005-03-03). "Personal Identification Secure Comparison and Evaluation System (PISCES)". Federal Investigation Agency. Retrieved 2005-07-31.
  40. ↑ "Directors of the FIA". Directors of the FIA. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  41. ↑ "FIA Organs". FIA Organs. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  42. ↑ "FIA Academy". FIA Academy. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  43. 1 2 "National Response Centre for Cyber Crimes(NR3C)". National Response Centre for Cyber Crimes(NR3C). Retrieved 24 January 2014.

Further reading

External links

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