Father of the Nation

Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes.

Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "the Helmsman", "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina.[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" nearly passed in September 2007.[6]

List

The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

Name Nation Title (native) Title (translation) Notes
Skanderbeg Albania Babai i Kombit Father of the Nation
Ahmad Shah Durrani Afghanistan Ahmad Shah Baba Father of the Nation[7][8][9] Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire
José de San Martín Argentina /
Peru		 Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10]		 Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru		 Prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (b. 1778 – d. 1850)
Sir Lynden Pindling The Bahamas Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1973.[11]
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Bangladesh Jatir Janak /
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু)		 Father of the Nation /
Friend of Bengal		 Leader at independence in 1971.[12]
George Cadle Price Belize Father of the Nation Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[13][14]
Dom Pedro I and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva Brazil Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.
Omar Ali Saifuddien III Brunei Architect of Modern Brunei Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence 28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (b. 1914 – d. 1986)
Major-General Aung San Burma Father of Nations,Father of Independence Father of Tatmadaw 5th Premier of Burma in British Era from 1946 September to 1947 July
Norodom Sihanouk Cambodia Preahmâhaviraksat The King-Father of Cambodia Leader at independence 1953
Sir John A. Macdonald Canada Prime Minister of Canada First prime minister of Canada, from 1867-1873 and 1878-1891
Bernardo O'Higgins Chile Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Prime leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain
Simón Bolívar Venezuela– Colombia– Ecuador– Peru –Bolivia and Panama Libertador Liberator Prime leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain
Ante Starčević Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[15]
Franjo Tuđman Croatia Otac domovine Father of the Homeland his leading towards the creation of modern Republic of Croatia
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes Cuba Padre de la Patria Father of the Fatherland[16] Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (Karel IV) Czech lands Otec vlasti Father of the Homeland King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral[17]
František Palacký Czech lands Otec národa Father of the Nation Politician and historian.[17] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants (see Sudeten Germans), národ "nation" comprised only Czech speakers.[18]
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Czech lands Father of the fatherland First president of Czechoslovakia[17]
Juan Pablo Duarte Dominican Republic Padre de la patria Father of the fatherland Defeated Haiti during war of independence
Kwame Nkrumah Ghana Father of the nation First president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.
Cheddi Jagan Guyana Father of the nation President of Guyana from 1992-1997.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Haiti Père de la patrie Father of the Fatherland Prime leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi India Rashtrapita Father of the Nation (Not an official declaration)[19] [20] He was also called Mahatma, "Great Soul"

This title was not an official title and has no records in the National Archives of India.

Sukarno Indonesia Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator First President of Indonesia.
Cyrus the Great Iran Father of the Nation Led the Persians in revolt against the Median Empire, established the Achaemenid Empire.
Theodor Herzl Israel חוזה המדינה Visionary of the State [21] One of the firsts who thought about retrieving the Jewish nation in the Land of Israel in modern times. Founder of the Zionist movement.
Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia Italy Padre della Patria Father of the Fatherland First king of a united Italy since the 6th century
Nursultan Nazarbayev Kazakhstan Елбасы (Elbasy) Leader of the Nation First (and currently only) President of Kazakhstan
Jomo Kenyatta Kenya Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.
Ibrahim Rugova Kosovo Baba i Kombit Father of the Nation First President of the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).
King Saint Stephen I Hungary Nemzetalapító National Founder As the first Christian king of Hungary, he is widely recognized as the founder of Hungary as a European country. His feast day, August 20, is celebrated as a national holiday.
Jonas Basanavičius Lithuania Tautos patriarchas Patriarch of the Nation Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival[22]
Krste Misirkov Macedonia Татко на нацијата Father of the Nation Prominent linguist, writer and activist.
Tunku Abdul Rahman Malaysia Bapa Kemerdekaan Father of Independence The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.
Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Mauritius Father of the Nation[23] First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Mexico Padre de la patria mexicana[24] Father of the Mexican Nation[25] First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.
Sam Nujoma Namibia Founding Father of the Namibian Nation First President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[26]
William the Silent Netherlands Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Fatherland Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic (the first independent Dutch state)[27]
Einar Gerhardsen Norway Landsfaderen Father of the Nation The post–World War II prime minister of Norway[28]
Mohammad Ali Jinnah Pakistan Quaid-e-Azam[29][30] Father of the Nation/Great Leader Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.
Sir Michael Somare Papua New Guinea Father of the Nation Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[31]
Dom Afonso Henriques Portugal Pai da Nação Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror		 Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.
Sun Yat-sen Republic of China simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù) Father of the Nation Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Kuomintang (KMT) decreed the title in 1940. The title continued after KMT moved into Taiwan.
Peter I of Russia Russia Отец Отечества (Otéc Otéčestva) Father of the Fatherland Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[32]
El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Father of the Nation Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.
Sir John Compton Saint Lucia Father of the Nation Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[33]
Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation He is the man which unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He established the House of Saud, the dynasty which rules the country. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.
Donald Dewar Scotland Father of the Nation First person elected First Minister of Scotland when the devolved Scottish Parliament was constituted in 1999.[34] Dewar was also credited with securing that constitutional reform.[34]
Saint Sava Serbia Отац Отаџбине[35] Father of the Fatherland Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church
Karađorđe Serbia Отац Отаџбине[36] Father of the Fatherland Leader of the First Serbian Uprising
Miloš Obrenović Serbia Отац Отаџбине[37] Father of the Fatherland Leader of the Second Serbian Uprising
Dobrica Ćosić Serbia Отац Нације Father of the Nation First President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, political and Serb nationalist theorist.
Lee Kuan Yew Singapore Father of Singapore First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.
Primož Trubar Slovenia Oče naroda Father of the Nation A consolidator of the Slovene language and the author of the first Slovene printed book.
Mohammed Abdullah Hassan Somalia Father of the fatherland Leader of the first Somali independence movement against the Kingdom of Italy and Great Britain.
Nelson Mandela South Africa Tata wethu Father of the Nation First President of post-apartheid South Africa.[38]
Catholic Monarchs Spain Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.
Don Stephen Senanayake Sri Lanka ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya) Father of the Nation First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[39]
Johan Ferrier Suriname Vader des Vaderlands Father of the Nation First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands)
Gustav I of Sweden Sweden Nationalhjälte National hero Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.
Julius Nyerere Tanzania Baba wa Taifa Father of the Nation First President of Tanzania[40]
Bhumibol Adulyadej Thailand His Majesty Father of the Nation
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkey Atatürk Father of the Turks Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[41]
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan United Arab Emirates والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah) Father of the Nation President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004)[42][43]
George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers United States Founding Fathers[44][45] The Signers who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Framers who were delegates to the Federal Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed Constitution of the United States
George Washington United States Father of his country[46][47] George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[46][47] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and for his tenure as the first President of the United States.
José Gervasio Artigas Uruguay Padre de la independencia uruguaya[48] Father of Uruguayan independence[49] Fought against British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial armies in Río de la Plata.
Philippines
There is no law in the country which officially recognises a single individual as the "Father of the Nation" or "National Hero". Either title may be associated with any of the following prominent historical persons, owing to their impact on the country during their respective times:
Emilio Aguinaldo Philippines Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas Inaugural President of the Philippines Leader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and first President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.
Corazon Aquino Philippines Iná ng Demokrasya Mother of Democracy
Icon of Democracy		 Three years after her husband's assassination, she became President of the Philippines on February 25, 1986 following the People Power Revolution that ended the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy.[50]
Andrés Bonifacio Philippines Pambansang Bayani
Amá ng Himagsikan		 National Hero
Father of the Revolution		 De facto President and leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.
José Rizal Philippines Pambansáng Bayani National Hero Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[51]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Triulzi, Alessandro (1996). "African cities, historical memory, and street buzz". In Iain Chambers & Lidia Curti. The Post-colonial Question. Routledge. p. 88. ISBN 0415108578.
  2. ↑ Haskin, Jeanne M. (2005). The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship. Algora Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 0-87586-417-1.
  3. ↑ Schatzberg, Michael G. (2001). Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food. Indiana University Press. pp. passim, see index; and esp. p. 8 & p. 213. ISBN 0-253-33992-8.
  4. ↑ Paczkowski, Andrzej (2003). The Spring Will be Ours: Poland and the Poles from Occupation to Freedom. translated by Jane Cave. Penn State Press. p. 210. ISBN 0271023082.
  5. ↑ "Country profile: Bangladesh". BBC News. 2009-10-23. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  6. ↑ Balogová, Beata (2007-12-17). "2007 was turbulent for the ruling coalition". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  7. ↑ Ganḍā, Singh (1959). Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan. Asia Pub. House. p. 457. ISBN 9781402172786. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  8. ↑ "Ahmad Shah and the Durrani Empire". Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan. 1997. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  9. ↑ "Aḥmad Shah Durrānī". Encyclopædia Britannica Online Version. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
  10. ↑ Archived December 2, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ "The death of Jeffrey Thompson". Freeport News (The Nassau Guardian (1844) Ltd). March 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-17. it has been well documented that Sir Lynden Pindling was the leader of the political movement that led to the attainment of majority rule on January 10, 1967, and that he is recognized as the Father of the Nation — the man who was the country's leader when The Bahamas obtained its independence from Great Britain on July 10, 1973.
  12. ↑
  13. ↑ "Rt. Hon. George Price". CARICOM.com (CARICOM). March 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-30. Rt. Honourable George Cadle Price, "Father of the Nation" of Belize
  14. ↑ "The Father of the Nation Turns 90". 7 News Belize. January 16, 2009. Retrieved 2009-05-13. Even Prime Minister Dean Barrow calls George Price the father of the nation
  15. ↑ "Povijest Oca domovine" (in Croatian). Hrvatska stranka prava dr. Ante Starčević. Retrieved 2010-05-18.
  16. ↑ Hautrive, Iliana (2004-10-10). "Cuba commemorates the 136 anniversary of the beginning of its wars of independence". Trabajadores. Retrieved 2009-01-16. Cuba commemorates this Sunday the beginning of its wars of independence, the 10 of October of 1868, when the insigne patriotic Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, considered the Father of the Motherland, gave the freedom to his slaves to begin the fight by the liberation of the Nation.
  17. 1 2 3 Roberts, Andrew Lawrence (2005). From Good King Wenceslas to the Good Soldier Švejk: A Dictionary of Czech Popular Culture. Central European University Press. p. 102. ISBN 963-7326-26-X.
  18. ↑ Sayer, Derek; Alena Sayer (2000). The Coasts of Bohemia: A Czech History. Princeton University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-691-05052-X.
  19. ↑ http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gandhi-not-formally-conferred-father-of-the-nation-title-govt/973101/
  20. ↑ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms
  21. ↑ http://www.jewishjournal.com/culture/article/herzl_a_visionary_father_of_a_nation_20120815
  22. ↑ O'Connor, Kevin (2003). The history of the Baltic States. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-313-32355-3.
  23. ↑ "Centenary of Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam.". Mauritius Post Museum. Mauritius Post. 2004. Retrieved 2009-01-20. Known as the "Father of the Nation", Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam has throughout his political career from 1940 to 1982 been closely associated with the significant emancipation of the people of Mauritius and has led the struggle for Independence.
  24. ↑ "El Grito, una tradición popular mexicana sin dueño". El Periodico de Mexico (in Spanish). 2007-09-15. Retrieved 2009-02-07. Miguel Hidalgo, considerado el "padre de la patria" mexicana
  25. ↑ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers, 1325-1997. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
  26. ↑ "Promulgation of Conferment of Status of Founding Father of the Namibian Nation Act, 2005 (Act No. 16 of 2005), of the Parliament" (PDF). Government Gazette (Windhoek: Republic of Namibia) (3567). 29 December 2005. Retrieved 2008-01-16.
  27. ↑ The Oude and Nieuwe Kerk in Delft
  28. ↑ Bjørn Talen (1987-05-09). "Gratulerer, kjære landsmann!" (in Norwegian). Aftenposten. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  29. ↑ "Quaid's 60th death anniversary being marked today". The News International. September 11, 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-09. Today the nation marks the 60th Death anniversary of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, known as Quaid-e-Azam, meaning "Great Leader" and Baba-e-Qaum meaning Father of the Nation.
  30. ↑ "Father of the Nation : Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah". Government of Pakistan. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
  31. ↑ East, Roger; Richard Thomas (2003). "Papua New Guinea". Profiles of People in Power. Routledge. p. 408. ISBN 1-85743-126-X.
  32. ↑ Anisimov, Evgeniĭ Viktorovich (1993). The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress Through Coercion in Russia. translator John T. Alexander. M.E. Sharpe. p. 143. ISBN 1-56324-047-5.
  33. ↑ "Obituary: Sir John Compton". Daily Telegraph. 10 September 2007. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
  34. 1 2 "'Father of nation' dies". BBC News (BBC). 11 October 2000. Retrieved 27 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Branko Pešić (1988). Spomen hram Sv. Save na Vračaru u Beogradu: 1895-1988. Sveti arhijerejski sinod Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Отац Отаџбине Св. Сава је надахнуо Немањи- ну државу идеалима хришћанског патриотизма и створио слободну цркву у слободној држави. Држа- ва је Отечество - земља мојих ота- ца. Држава не сме да буде импери- ја, јер где ...
  36. ↑ Durde Jelenić (1923). Nova Srbija i Jugoslavija, 1788-1921. p. 56. ОТАЦ ОТАЏБИНЕ - КАРАЂОРЂЕ ПЕТРОВИЋ
  37. ↑ Milivoj J. Malenić (1901). Posle četrdeset godina: u spomen proslave četrdesetogodišnjice Sv. Andrejske velike narodne skupštine. U Drž. štamp. Kralj. Srbije. да се на престо српски поврати њен ослободилац и оснивалац: Отац Отаџбине, Милош Обреновић Велики,
  38. ↑ "Nelson Mandela International Day, July 18, For Freedom, Justice and Democracy". Un.org. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  39. ↑ Phadnis, Urmila; Rajat Ganguly (2001). Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia (revised ed.). SAGE. p. 181. ISBN 0-7619-9439-4.
  40. ↑ Duval Smith, Alex (20 October 1999). "Tanzania weeps for father of the nation". The Independent. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  41. ↑ Parla, Taha; Andrew Davison (2004). Corporatist Ideology in Kemalist Turkey: Progress Or Order?. Syracuse University Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0-8156-3054-9.
  42. ↑ "Abu Dhabi's Zayed Mosque tours to take on special Ramadan significance" (Press release). August 20, 2008. Retrieved 2009-01-17. His Highness Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan Al Nahyan, the late UAE President and Ruler of Abu Dhabi, a man affectionately known as 'The Father of The Nation' for his work as an architect of the UAE Federation.
  43. ↑ Wheeler, Julia (2 November 2004). "Obituary: Sheikh Zayed". BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 2009-01-17. He was frequently referred to as the father of the nation.
  44. ↑ "America's Founding Fathers". National Archives. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  45. ↑ Stanfield, Jack. America's Founding Fathers: Who Are They? Thumbnail Sketches of 164 Patriots (Universal-Publishers, 2001).
  46. 1 2 Grizzard (2002, pp. 105–107)
  47. 1 2 Rupert Cornwell, "George Washington: The father of the nation" (January 17, 2009).
  48. ↑ "Efemérides Culturales Argentinas: Junio 19" (in Spanish). Ministry of Education, Argentina. 2009. Retrieved 2009-01-20. 1764: Nace en Montevideo (Uruguay) José Gervasio Artigas, iniciador rioplatense del federalismo y padre de la independencia uruguaya. Falleció cerca de Asunción el 23 de septiembre de 1850.
  49. ↑ Edelmann, Alexander Taylor (1965). Latin American Government and Politics: The Dynamics of a Revolutionary Society. Dorsey Press. p. 309. José Gervasio Artigas, who doggedly led his guerrilla bands against the Spanish armies and raised the flag of a free Uruguay, is affectionately remembered by his fellow countrymen as "the father of Uruguayan independence.
  50. ↑ "Icon of Philippine Democracy : Corazon Aquino". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2014-05-10.
  51. ↑ "Jose Rizal". Retrieved 2014-05-10.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, February 10, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.