Fantastic Voyage

Fantastic Voyage

Film poster by Tom Beauvais
Directed by Richard Fleischer
Produced by Saul David
Written by Story:
Jerome Bixby
Otto Klement
Screenplay:
Harry Kleiner
Adaptation:
David Duncan
Starring Stephen Boyd
Raquel Welch
Edmond O'Brien
Donald Pleasence
Music by Leonard Rosenman
Cinematography Ernest Laszlo
Edited by William B. Murphy
Distributed by Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation
Release dates
  • August 24, 1966 (1966-08-24) (U.S.)
Running time
 100 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $5.1 million[1]
Box office $12 million[2]

Fantastic Voyage is a 1966 science fiction film written by Harry Kleiner, based on a story by Otto Klement and Jerome Bixby. The film is about a submarine crew who shrink to microscopic size and venture into the body of an injured scientist to repair the damage to his brain.[3][4][5][6] The original story took place in the 19th century and was meant to be a Jules Verne–style adventure with a sense of wonder. Kleiner abandoned all but the concept of miniaturization and added a Cold War element. It was directed by Richard Fleischer, and starred Stephen Boyd, Raquel Welch, Edmond O'Brien and Donald Pleasence. It was 20th Century-Fox's final film to use the CinemaScope process.

Bantam Books obtained the rights for a paperback novelization based on the screenplay and approached Isaac Asimov to write it.[7] Because the novelization was released six months before the movie, many people mistakenly believed the film was based on Asimov's book.[8] The movie inspired an animated television series.

Plot

The United States and the Soviet Union have both developed technology that can miniaturize matter by shrinking individual atoms, but only for a limited amount of time, depending on how small the item is miniaturized.

The scientist Dr. Jan Benes, working behind the Iron Curtain, has figured out how to make the process work indefinitely. With the help of the CIA, he escapes to the West, but an attempted assassination leaves him comatose with a blood clot in his brain.

To save his life, agent Charles Grant (Stephen Boyd), pilot Captain Bill Owens (William Redfield), Dr. Michaels (Donald Pleasence), surgeon Dr. Peter Duval (Arthur Kennedy) and his assistant Cora Peterson (Raquel Welch) are placed aboard a specially designed submarine at the C.M.D.F. (Combined Miniaturized Deterrent Forces) facilities. The submarine, named the Proteus, is then miniaturized and injected into Benes. The ship is reduced to one micrometer, giving the team one hour to remove the clot. After 60 minutes the submarine will begin to revert to its normal size, become vulnerable to Benes's immune system, and (in the words of Asimov's novelization) "kill Benes regardless of the success of the surgery."

The crew faces many obstacles during the mission. An arteriovenous fistula forces them to detour through the heart, where cardiac arrest must be induced to avoid turbulence, through the inner ear (all outside personnel have to remain silent to prevent turbulence) and replenish their supply of oxygen in the lungs. When the surgical laser needed to destroy the clot is damaged, it becomes obvious there is a saboteur on the mission. They cannibalize their wireless telegraph to repair the device. By the time they finally reach the clot, they have only six minutes remaining to operate and then exit the body.

Before the mission, Grant had been briefed that Duval was the prime suspect as a potential surgical assassin. But as the mission progresses, he pieces the evidence together and begins to suspect Michaels. During the critical phase of the operation, Dr. Michaels knocks Owens out and takes control of the Proteus while the rest of the crew is outside for the operation. Duval successfully removes the clot with the laser, but Michaels tries to crash the sub into the clot area to kill Benes. Grant fires the laser at the ship causing it to veer away and crash. Michaels is trapped in the wreckage and killed when white blood cells attack and destroy the Proteus. Grant saves Owens from the ship and they all swim desperately to one of Benes's eyes, where they escape through a tear duct seconds before returning to normal size.

In the original screenplay, there was a follow-up scene where we learn that, because of brain damage caused by the submarine, Benes no longer remembers the formula for unlimited miniaturization. Surviving stills suggest this scene was filmed but never used and does not tell how the Proteus failed to return to normal size.

Cast

Production

Isaac Asimov, asked to write the novel from the script, declared that the script was full of plot holes, and received permission to write the book the way he wanted. The novel came out first because he wrote quickly and because of delays in filming.[9] Director Richard Fleischer originally studied medicine and human anatomy in college before choosing to be a movie director.

For the technical and artistic elaboration of the subject, Richard Fleischer asked for the collaboration of two people of the crew he had worked with on the production of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, the film he directed for Walt Disney in 1954. The designer of the Nautilus from the Jules Verne adaptation, Harper Goff, also designed the Proteus; the same technical adviser, Fred Zendar, collaborated on both productions.

The military headquarters is 100×30 metres, the Proteus 14×8. The artery, in resin and fiberglass, is 33 metres long and 7 metres wide; the heart is 45×10; the brain 70×33. The plasma effect is produced by chief operator Ernest Laszlo via the use of multicolored turning lights, placed on the outside translucent decors.[10]

Frederick Schodt's book The Astro Boy Essays: Osamu Tezuka, Mighty Atom, and the Manga/Anime Revolution claims that FOX had wanted to use ideas from an episode of Japanese animator Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy in the film, but it never credited him.

Biological issues and accuracy

In the original movie, the crew (apart from the saboteur) manage to leave Benes's body safely before reverting to normal size, but the Proteus remains inside, as do the remains of the saboteur's body (albeit digested by a white blood cell), and several gallons (full scale) of a carrier solution (presumably saline) used in the injection syringe. Isaac Asimov pointed out that this was a serious logical flaw in the plot,[11] since the submarine (even if reduced to bits of debris) would also revert to normal size, killing Benes in the process. Therefore, in his novelization Asimov had the crew provoke the white cell into following them, so that it drags the submarine to the tear duct, and its wreckage expands outside Benes's body. Asimov solved the problem of the syringe fluid by having the staff inject only a very small amount of miniaturized fluid into Benes, minimizing its effect on him when it expands.

Asimov also dealt with another logical flaw in the original, involving extra oxygen needed by the submarine's crew members. In the film, the submarine enters the lung and crew members pump oxygen into the submarine's stores. However, Asimov knew that the miniaturized crew members would not be able to breathe unminiaturized oxygen molecules. So, in the novel, the oxygen from the lung is processed through a miniaturizing device installed on board the submarine; there is no such device in the original film script.

There is also a flaw when the laser runs out. Grant uses it to stop the Proteus. After he fails to save Michaels, the four survivors swim for Benes's optic nerve, leaving the laser behind in Benes's head. No mention is made regarding this serious flaw, meaning the laser should have grown back, killing Benes. In the novel, this is slightly corrected, having Cora carry the laser when Grant pushes her through the tear duct.

Music

The score was composed and conducted by Leonard Rosenman. The composer deliberately wrote no music for the first four reels of the film, before the protagonists enter the human body. Rosenman wrote that "the harmony for the entire score is almost completely atonal except for the very end when our heroes grow to normality".[12]

The complete film score was released in 1998 on compact disc, on Film Score Monthly records.

Reception

The film received mostly positive reviews and a few criticisms. The weekly entertainment-trade magazine Variety gave the film a positive pre-release review, stating, "The lavish production, boasting some brilliant special effects and superior creative efforts, is an entertaining, enlightening excursion through inner space—the body of a man."[13]
Bosley Crowther of the New York Times summarized, "Yessir, for straight science-fiction, this is quite a film—the most colorful and imaginative since Destination Moon" (1950).[14]
Richard Schickel of Life Magazine wrote that the rewards would be "plentiful" to audiences who get over the "real whopper" of suspended disbelief required. He found that though the excellent special effects and sets could distract from the scenery's scientific purpose in the story, the "old familiar music of science fiction" in lush new arrangements was a "true delight," and the seriousness with which screenwriter Kleiner and director Fleischer treated the story made it more believable and fun. Schickel made note of, but dismissed, other critics's allegations of "camp."[15]

As of 2012, the film holds a 92% approval rating at the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: "The special effects may be a bit dated today, but Fantastic Voyage still holds up well as an imaginative journey into the human body."[16]

Awards and honors

The film won two Academy Awards and was nominated for three more:[17]

Won: Best Art Direction – Color (Jack Martin Smith, Dale Hennesy, Walter M. Scott, Stuart A. Reiss)
Won: Best Special Effects (Art Cruickshank)
Nominated: Best Cinematography (Ernest Laszlo)
Nominated: Best Film Editing (William B. Murphy)
Nominated: Best Sound Editing (Walter Rossi)

Adaptations

Novelization

After acquiring the film's paperback novelization rights, Bantam Books approached Isaac Asimov to write the novelization, offering him a flat sum of $5,000 with no royalties involved. In his autobiography In Joy Still Felt, Asimov writes, "I turned down the proposal out of hand. Hackwork, I said. Beneath my dignity."[9] However, Bantam Books persisted, and at a meeting with Marc Jaffe and Marcia Nassiter on April 21, 1965, Asimov agreed to read the screenplay.

In the novelization's introduction, Asimov states that he was rather reluctant to write the book because he believed that the miniaturization of matter was physically impossible. But he decided that it was still good fodder for story-telling and that it could still make for some intelligent reading. In addition, 20th Century Fox was known to want someone with some science-fiction clout to help promote the film. To his credit, aside from the initial "impossibility" of the shrinking machine, Asimov made extensive use of his background in hard science and went to great lengths to portray with great accuracy what it would actually be like to be shrunk to that scale, such as the lights on the sub being highly penetrating to normal matter, time distortion, and other side effects that are completely ignored in the movie.

As noted above, Asimov was bothered by the way the Proteus was left in Benes, and in a subsequent meeting with Jaffe he insisted that he would have to change the ending so that the submarine was brought out. Asimov also felt the need to gain permission from his usual science fiction publisher, Doubleday, to write the novel. Doubleday did not object, and had suggested his name to Bantam in the first place. Asimov began work on the novel on May 31, and completed it on July 23.[21]

Asimov did not want any of his books, even a film novelization, to appear only in paperback, so in August he persuaded Austin Olney of Houghton Mifflin to publish a hardcover edition, assuring him that the book would sell at least eight thousand copies, which it did.[22] However, since the rights to the story were held by Otto Klement, who had co-written the original story treatment, Asimov would not be entitled to any royalties. By the time the hardcover edition was published in March 1966, Houghton Mifflin had persuaded Klement to allow Asimov to have a quarter of the royalties.[23] Klement also negotiated for The Saturday Evening Post to serialize an abridged version of the novel, and he agreed to give Asimov half the payment for it. Fantastic Voyage appeared in the February 26 and March 12, 1966 issues of the Post.[24]

Bantam Books released the paperback edition of the novel in September 1966 to coincide with the release of the film.[25]

Harry Harrison, reviewing the Asimov novelization, called it a "Jerry-built monstrosity," praising the descriptions of science-fiction events as "Asimov at his best" while condemning the narrative framework as "inane drivel."[26]

Related novels and comics

Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain was written by Isaac Asimov as an attempt to develop and present his own story apart from the 1966 screenplay. This novel is not a sequel to the original, but instead is a separate story taking place in the Soviet Union with an entirely different set of characters.

Fantastic Voyage: Microcosm is a third interpretation, written by Kevin J. Anderson, published in 2001. This version has the crew of the Proteus explore the body of a dead alien that crash-lands on earth, and updates the story with such modern concepts as nanotechnology (replacing killer white cells).

A comic book adaptation of the film was released by Gold Key Comics in 1967. Drawn by industry legend Wally Wood, the book followed the plot of the movie with general accuracy, but many scenes were depicted differently and/or outright dropped, and the ending was given an epilogue similar as that seen in some of the early draft scripts for the film.

A parody of the film titled Fantastecch Voyage was published in Mad Magazine. It was illustrated by Mort Drucker and written by Larry Siegel, two members of "The Usual Gang Of Idiots," in regular issue #110, April 1967.[27] The advertising-business-themed spoof has the crew—from L.S.M.F.T. (Laboratory Sector for Making Folks Tiny)—sent to inject decongestant into a badly plugged-up nose.

1968 animated television series

Two years after the film was released, ABC aired an animated series of the same name on Saturday mornings. The series was produced by Filmation. Gold Key published a comic book based on the series.

In the series, a different team of experts performed their missions in a craft called the Voyager, a submarine which featured wedge-shaped wings and a large, swept T-tail, and was capable of flight. A model kit of the Voyager was offered by Aurora Model Company for several years, and has become a sought-after collectors' item since then.

As of June 2008, the Voyager kit has been re-released by the Moebius model company.

Similarly-themed movies

Innerspace (1987)

Main article: Innerspace

In 1987, director Joe Dante made Innerspace, which reworked the story of Fantastic Voyage, but remade it as a comedy starring Dennis Quaid, Martin Short, and Meg Ryan. A test miniaturized sub and pilot are injected into a grocery store clerk in error, instead of a test rabbit as planned. Now trapped in an unwitting human's body, the pilot needs to work with the clerk to escape and stop the bad guys from trying to steal the prototype technology.

Osmosis Jones (2001)

Main article: Osmosis Jones

Antibody (2002)

Main article: Antibody (film)

Antibody, a movie closely based on Fantastic Voyage, was released on the SciFi channel in 2002. In this film a submarine with its crew is miniaturized and injected into the body of a terrorist, to prevent an attack on Washington D.C.

Sequel/remake plans

Plans for a sequel or remake have been in discussion since at least 1984, but as of the beginning of July of 2015, the project remained stuck in development hell. In 1984, Isaac Asimov was approached to write Fantastic Voyage II, out of which a movie would be made.[28] Asimov "was sent a suggested outline" that mirrored the movie Innerspace and "involved two vessels in the bloodstream, one American and one Soviet, and what followed was a kind of submicroscopic version of World War III."[28] Asimov was against such an approach. Following a dispute between publishers, the original commissioners of the novel approached Philip José Farmer, who "wrote a novel and sent [in] the manuscript" that was rejected despite "stick[ing] tightly to the outline [that was sent to Asimov]."[28] "It dealt with World War III in the bloodstream, and it was full of action and excitement."[28] Although Asimov urged the publisher to accept Farmer's manuscript, it was insisted that Asimov write the novel. So, Asimov eventually wrote the book in his own way (completely different in plot from what [Farmer] had written), which was eventually published by Doubleday in 1987 as Fantastic Voyage II and "dealt not with competing submarines in the bloodstream, but with one submarine, with [an] American hero cooperating (not entirely voluntarily) with four Soviet crew members."[28] The novel was not made into a movie, however.

James Cameron was also interested in directing a remake (since at least 1997),[29] but decided to devote his efforts to his Avatar project. He still remained open to the idea of producing a feature based on his own screenplay, and in 2007, 20th Century Fox announced that pre-production on the project was finally underway. Roland Emmerich agreed to direct, but rejected the script written by Cameron.[29][30] Marianne and Cormac Wibberley were hired to write a new script, but the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike delayed filming, and Emmerich began working on 2012 instead.[30][31]

In spring 2010, Paul Greengrass was considering directing the remake from a script written by Shane Salerno and produced by James Cameron, but later dropped out to be replaced by Shawn Levy. It is intended that the film be shot in native stereoscopic 3D.[32]

In January 2016, The Hollywood Reporter has reported that Guillermo del Toro is in talks to direct the reboot by reteaming with David S. Goyer who's writing the film's script with Justin Rhodes and Cameron's still on the film by his production company Lightstorm Entertainment.[33]

In popular culture

Many films, television shows, cartoons and video games parodied Fantastic Voyage:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1. p. 254
  2. ↑ "Fantastic Voyage, Box Office Information". The Numbers. Retrieved April 16, 2012.
  3. ↑ Menville, Douglas Alver; R. Reginald (1977). Things to Come: An Illustrated History of the Science Fiction Film. Times Books. p. 133. ISBN 0-8129-0710-8.
  4. ↑ Fischer, Dennis (2000). Science Fiction Film Directors, 1895–1998. McFarland. p. 192. ISBN 0-7864-0740-9.
  5. ↑ Maltin, Leonard (2008). Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide (2009 ed.). Penguin Group. p. 438. ISBN 0-452-28978-5. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  6. ↑ "Full cast and crew for 'Fantastic Voyage'". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-11-23.
  7. ↑ Asimov, Isaac (1980). In Joy Still Felt: The Autobiography of Isaac Asimov, 1954–1978. New York: Avon. p. 363. ISBN 0-380-53025-2.
  8. ↑ Asimov 1980:390.
  9. 1 2 Asimov 1980:363
  10. ↑ Brodesco, Alberto (2011). "I’ve Got you under my Skin: Narratives of the Inner Body in Cinema and Television". Nuncius. Journal of the material and visual history of science 26: 206. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  11. ↑ Asimov 1980:363–364
  12. ↑ Bond, Jeff (1998). Fantastic Voyage (CD insert notes). Leonard Rosenman. Los Angeles, California: Film Score Monthly. p. 2. Vol. 1, No. 3.
  13. ↑ "Fantastic Voyage Review". Variety. Reed Business Information. December 31, 1965. Retrieved 2010-08-01. (extract)
  14. ↑ Crowther, Bosley (September 8, 1966). "Screen: 'Fantastic Voyage' Is All That". New York Times. Viewed 2010-09-09. (registration required)
  15. ↑ Schickel, Richard (September 23, 1966). "A Wild Trip in a Blood Vessel". Movie Review. Life Magazine. p. 16. Retrieved 2010-09-09. (archive)
  16. ↑ "Fantastic Voyage Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2012-11-08.
  17. ↑ "NY Times: Fantastic Voyage – Awards". NY Times. All Movie Guide. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
  18. ↑ AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies Nominees
  19. ↑ AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees
  20. ↑ AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot
  21. ↑ Asimov 1980:366–370
  22. ↑ Asimov 1980:371
  23. ↑ Asimov 1980:390
  24. ↑ Asimov 1980:388–389
  25. ↑ Asimov 1980:407
  26. ↑ "Critique, Impulse, September 1966, p. 159.
  27. ↑ MAD Cover Site, MAD #110 April 1967.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Asimov, Isaac (1994). I, Asimov. Bantam Books. p. 501. ISBN 0-553-56997-X.
  29. 1 2 Sciretta, Peter (September 26, 2007). "Roland Emmerich Tries To Explain Why James Cameron's Fantastic Voyage Script Sucked". /Film. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  30. 1 2 "Exclusive: Emmerich On Fantastic Voyage". empireonline.com (Bauer Consumer Media). September 25, 2007. Retrieved 2009-11-24.
  31. ↑ Fleming, Michael (August 15, 2007). "Emmerich to Captain 'Voyage'". variety.com (Reed Business Information). Retrieved 2007-08-15.
  32. ↑ Leins, Jeff (April 4, 2010). "Paul Greengrass Eyes ‘Fantastic Voyage’ in 3D". News in Film. Retrieved 2010-04-04.
  33. ↑ Kit, Borys (January 7, 2016). "Guillermo del Toro in Talks to Direct 'Fantastic Voyage' Remake (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  34. ↑ "SNL Transcripts: Kirk Douglas: 02/23/80". Retrieved 13 July 2012.
  35. ↑ List of Teen Titans episodes

External links

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