Fanny Crosby

Fanny Crosby
Crosby in 1872
Background information
Birth name	Frances Jane Crosby
Born	(1820-03-24)March 24, 1820 Brewster, New York, U.S.
Died	February 12, 1915(1915-02-12) (aged 94) Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S.
Genres	Hymns, gospel songs
Occupation(s)	Lyricist, poet, composer
Instruments	Piano, harp, guitar, organ
Years active	1844–1915
Associated acts	George F. Root William B. Bradbury William Howard Doane Robert Lowry Phoebe Palmer Knapp Ira D. Sankey George C. Stebbins William J. Kirkpatrick Philip P. Bliss Silas Jones Vail Hart Pease Danks

Frances Jane van Alstyne (née Crosby; March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915), more commonly known as Fanny Crosby, was an American mission worker, poet, lyricist, and composer. A member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York, she wrote many hymns together with her pastor, Robert Lowry. She was one of the most prolific hymnists in history, writing over 8,000 hymns and gospel songs,^[1][2] with over 100 million copies printed, despite being blind from shortly after birth.^[3] She is also known for her teaching, and her rescue mission work. By the end of the 19th century, she was "a household name".^[4]

Known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers",^[5] and as the "Mother of modern congregational singing in America",^[6] with most American hymnals containing her work,^[7] as "with the possible exception of Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley, Crosby has generally been represented by the largest number of hymns of any writer of the twentieth century in nonliturgical hymnals".^[8] Her gospel songs were "paradigmatic of all revival music",^[8] and Ira Sankey attributed the success of the Moody and Sankey evangelical campaigns largely to Crosby's hymns.^[9] Some of Crosby's best-known songs include "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", "Blessed Assurance", "Jesus Is Tenderly Calling You Home", "Praise Him, Praise Him", "Rescue the Perishing", and "To God Be the Glory". Because some publishers were hesitant to have so many hymns by one person in their hymnals, Crosby used nearly 200 different pseudonyms during her career.^[10][11][12]

Crosby wrote over 1,000 secular poems,^[13] and had four books of poetry published, as well as two best-selling autobiographies. Additionally, she co-wrote popular secular songs, as well as political and patriotic songs, and at least five cantatas on biblical and patriotic themes, including The Flower Queen, the first secular cantata by an American composer. Crosby was committed to Christian rescue missions, and was known for her public speaking.

Early life and education

Frances Jane "Fanny" Crosby was born on March 24, 1820, in the village of Brewster, about 50 miles (80 km) north of New York City.^[14] She was the only child of John Crosby, a widower who had a daughter from his first marriage,^[15] and his second wife, Mercy Crosby, both of whom were relatives of Revolutionary War spy Enoch Crosby. According to C. Bernard Ruffin, John and Mercy were possibly first cousins, however "by the time Fanny Crosby came to write her memoirs [in 1906], the fact that her mother and father were related... had become a source of embarrassment, and she maintained that she did not know anything about his lineage".^[16]

Crosby was proud of her Puritan heritage.^[17] Crosby traced her ancestry from Anna Brigham and Simon Crosby who arrived in Boston in 1635,^[18][19] and was one of the founders of Harvard College,^[20] whose descendants later married into Mayflower families,^[17] making Crosby a descendant of Elder William Brewster, Edward Winslow, and Thomas Prence, and later a member of the exclusive Daughters of the Mayflower.^[21] Crosby was also later a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Bridgeport, Connecticut,^[22] writing the verses of the state song of the Connecticut branch.^[23] Through Simon Crosby, Fanny was also a relative of Presbyterian minister Howard Crosby and his son, neoabolitionist Ernest Howard Crosby,^[24] as well as singers Bing Crosby and his brother, Bob.^[25]

At six weeks old, Crosby caught a cold and developed inflammation of the eyes. Mustard poultices were applied to treat the discharges.^[26] According to Crosby, this procedure damaged her optic nerves and blinded her but modern physicians think that her blindness was more likely congenital and, given her age, may simply not have been noticed by her parents.^[27][28] In November of 1820, when Fanny was only six months old, John Crosby died, so she was raised by her mother and maternal grandmother, Eunice Paddock Crosby (born about 1778; died about 1831).^[29] These women grounded Crosby in Protestant Christian principles, helping her, for example, memorize long passages from the Bible, and she became an active member of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City.

When Crosby was aged three, the family moved to North Salem, New York, where Eunice had been raised.^[30] In April 1825 Crosby was examined by Valentine Mott, who concluded that Crosby's condition was inoperable and that her blindness was permanent.^[31]

At the age of eight Crosby wrote her first poem, which described her condition.^[32] Crosby later remarked: "It seemed intended by the blessed providence of God that I should be blind all my life, and I thank him for the dispensation. If perfect earthly sight were offered me tomorrow I would not accept it. I might not have sung hymns to the praise of God if I had been distracted by the beautiful and interesting things about me."^[33] Crosby also once said, "when I get to heaven, the first face that shall ever gladden my sight will be that of my Savior".^[34] When asked about her blindness, Crosby was reported as saying that "had it not been for her affliction she might not have so good an education or have so great an influence, and certainly not so fine a memory".^[35]

In 1828, Mercy and Fanny moved to the home of a Mrs. Hawley in Ridgefield, Connecticut.^[36] While residing in Ridgefield, they attended the Presbyterian church on the Village Green.^[37] Crosby's mother and grandmother grounded Crosby in Protestant Christian principles, helping her, for example, memorize long passages from the Bible. Historian Edith L. Blumhofer described the Crosby home environment as sustained by "an abiding Christian faith".^[38] With the encouragement of her grandmother, and later Mrs. Hawley, from the age of ten, Crosby had memorized five chapters of the Bible each week, until by the age of fifteen Crosby had memorized the four gospels, the Pentateuch,^[35] the Book of Proverbs, the Song of Solomon, and many of the Psalms.^[39] From 1832, a music teacher came to Ridgefield twice a week to give singing lessons to Crosby and some of the other children.^[40] Around the same time, Crosby attended her first Methodist church services at the Methodist Episcopal Church where she was delighted by their hymns.^[41]

In 1835, just before her 15th birthday, Crosby enrolled at the New York Institution for the Blind (NYIB),^[42] a state-financed school. She remained there for eight years as a student, and another two years as a graduate pupil,^[43] during which she learned to play the piano, organ, harp, and guitar, and became a good soprano singer. While Crosby was studying at NYIB, in 1838 her mother Mercy Crosby remarried and the couple had three children together.^[44] Mercy's husband abandoned her in 1844.^[45]

Early career (1843–1858)

After graduation from the NYIB in 1843, Crosby joined a group of lobbyists in Washington, D.C. arguing for support of education for the blind. Crosby was the first woman to speak in the United States Senate when she read a poem there.^[46] When Crosby appeared before the joint houses of Congress, she recited these lines:

1. ^ "FANNY CROSBY IS DEAD AT HER HOME: Noted Hymn Writer, Blind Since Youth, Lives To Age of Ninety-Five", The Lincoln Daily Star, February 12, 1915.

On January 24, 1844, Crosby was among the students from the NYIB who gave a concert for Congress. She recited an original composition that called for the creation of an institution for the education of the blind in every state.^[47] This was praised by, among others, John Quincy Adams.^[48] Two days later, she was among a group of Blind Institution students who gave a presentation to notable people at Trenton, New Jersey, where she recited an original poem calling for the aid and education of the blind.^[49] When President James K. Polk visited the NYIB in 1845, Crosby recited a poem she composed for the occasion that praised "republican government".^[50]

In April 1846, Crosby spoke before a joint session of the United States Congress, with delegations from the Boston and Philadelphia Institutions for the Blind,^[51] "to advocate support for the education of the blind in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York".^[52] She also testified before a special congressional subcommittee, and sang a song she composed in the music room at the White House for Polk and his wife.^[52] Among the songs she sang as she accompanied herself on the piano was her own composition:

Our President! We humbly turn to thee –

Are not the blind the objects of thy care?^[50][53]

In 1846 Crosby was an instructor at the NYIB, and was listed as a "graduate pupil".^[35] She subsequently joined the school's faculty, teaching grammar, rhetoric, and history;^[54] she remained there until three days before her wedding on March 5, 1858. In 1851, Crosby addressed the New York state legislature.^[55] While teaching at the NYIB Crosby befriended future US president Grover Cleveland^[56] then aged 17.^[57] Cleveland and Crosby spent many hours together at the end of each day, and Cleveland often transcribed the poems Crosby dictated to him.^[57][58] Cleveland wrote a recommendation for Crosby which was published in her 1906 autobiography.^[57] Being unable to attend due to her health, Crosby wrote a poem that was read at the dedication of Cleveland's birthplace in Caldwell, New Jersey in March 1913.^[57][59]

Religion

Crosby was a longtime member of the Sixth Avenue Bible Baptist Church in Brooklyn, New York, which has been in existence continuously since 1867. Together with her pastor, Robert Lowry, she wrote such hymns as All the Way My Saviour Leads Me, and many others. From May to November 1849, there was a cholera epidemic in New York City. Crosby remained at the NYIB to nurse the sick, rather than leaving the city. Subsequently, according to Blumhofer, "Crosby seemed worn, languid, even depressed" when the Institution re-opened in November, forcing her to teach a lighter load.^[60] According to Bernard Ruffin:

In this atmosphere of death and gloom, Fanny became increasingly introspective over her soul’s welfare. She began to realize that something was lacking in her spiritual life. She knew that she had gotten wrapped up in social, political, and educational reform, and did not have a true love for God in her heart.

Until spring 1887 Crosby attended churches of various denominations, including the Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims in Brooklyn Heights pastored by Congregationalist abolitionist Henry Ward Beecher who was an innovator with church music.^[61] She also attended the Fourth Avenue Presbyterian Church, pastored by her distant cousin Howard Crosby, and the Trinity Episcopal church.^[62] Crosby also liked to worship at the North West Dutch Reformed church and the Central Presbyterian Church (later known as the Brooklyn Tabernacle).^[62]

In later life Crosby nominated Theodore Ledyard Cuyler, who pastored the North East Dutch Reformed Church, as one of her favourite preachers.^[62] While tradition insists Crosby was a member "in good standing" of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church in New York City,^[63] there are no contemporaneous records to confirm this.^[64] By 1869 Crosby attended the Chelsea Methodist Episcopal Church.^[65]

While not identified publicly with the American holiness movement of the second half of the 19th century, and despite having left no record of an experience of entire sanctification, Crosby was a fellow traveler of the Wesleyan holiness movement, including in her circle of friends prominent members of the American Holiness movement and attending Wesleyan/Holiness camp meetings.^[66] For example, Crosby was a friend of Walter and Phoebe Palmer, "the mother of the holiness movement",^[67] and "arguably the most influential female theologian in Christian history",^[68] and their daughter Phoebe Knapp, with whom she wrote "Blessed Assurance", often visiting the Methodist camp grounds at Ocean Grove, New Jersey,^[69] as their guest.^[66] For many years (from at least 1877 until at least 1897), Crosby vacationed each summer at Ocean Grove,^[69] where she would speak in the Great Auditorium and hold receptions in her cottage to meet her admirers.^[70][71][72]

In 1877 Crosby met William J. Kirkpatrick, one of the most prolific composers of gospel song tunes,^[73] and "the most prominent publisher in the Wesleyan/Holiness Movement",^[66] whom she called "Kirkie",^[74] with whom she wrote many hymns.^[66] Some of her hymns reflected her Wesleyan beliefs, including her call to consecrated Christian living in "I Am Thine, O Lord" (1875):^[75]

1. ^ Stanza 2, "I Am Thine, O Lord"

In 1887 Crosby joined by "confession of faith" the Cornell Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church.^[62]

Early writing career (1841–1865)

Poetry

Crosby's earliest published poem was on the theme of a dishonest miller, which was sent without her knowledge to P.T. Barnum, who published it in his The Herald of Freedom.^[76] After some temporary opposition by the faculty of the Blind Institution, Crosby's inclination to versify was encouraged after she was examined by George Combe, a visiting Scottish phrenologist, who pronounced her a "born poetess".^[74] The Institution found Hamilton Murray, who admitted his own inability to compose poetry, to teach her poetic composition.^[77]

In 1841 New York Herald published Crosby's eulogistic poem on the death of President William Henry Harrison, thus beginning her literary career. Crosby's poems were published frequently in The Saturday Evening Post, the Clinton Signal, and the Fireman's Journal,^[78] and the Saturday Emporium.^[79]

While Crosby was reluctant to have her poems published, as she considered them to be "unfinished productions", she acquiesced eventually as it would both publicise the Institution and raise funds for it.^[80] She had suffered an illness that caused her to leave the NYIB in order to recuperate, and her first book, A Blind Girl and Other Poems, was published after encouragement by the Institution in April 1844, including what Crosby describes as her first published hymn, “An Evening Hymn",^[81] based on Psalm 4:8. In 1853, Crosby’s Monterey and Other Poems was published. In her 1903 autobiography edited by Will Carleton, Crosby indicates that she "was under a feeling of sadness and depression at this time".^[82] It included poems focusing on the recent Mexican-American War,^[82] and a poem pleading for the US to help those affected by the Irish Potato Famine.^[83]

In 1853 Crosby’s poem "The Blind Orphan Girl" was included in Caroline M. Sawyer’s The History of the Blind Vocalists.^[84] About the time Crosby resigned from the Blind Institution and was married, in 1858, her third book, A Wreath of Columbia's Flowers, containing four short stories and 30 poems was published.^[85]

Popular songs

Inspired by the success of the melodies of Stephen Foster,^[86] between August 1851 and 1857 Crosby and George F. Root, who had taught music at the Blind Institution from 1845–50,^[87] wrote at least sixty secular "people’s songs" or parlour songs,^[88] some for the popular minstrel shows. Due to the negative reputation of the minstrel shows among some Christians and classical musicians, both Root's and Crosby's participation in these compositions was deliberately obscured.^[89] According to Ruffin, "Like many cultured people of the day, [Root] considered native American music rather crude", and like many American artists and musicians of that era, chose to "Europeanize" his name^[90] to ‘George Friederich Wurzel’ (German for Root),^[88] while Crosby’s name was sometimes omitted altogether.^[91]

For many years Crosby was usually paid only US$1 or $2 per poem with all rights to the song being retained by the composer or publisher of the music.^[39]

In the summer of 1851 George Root and Crosby both taught at the North Reading Musical Institute in North Reading, Massachusetts.^[92] Crosby and Root's first song was "Fare Thee Well, Kitty Dear" (1851),^[87] a song that endeavoured to evoke "Old-South imagery", with Crosby's lyrics based on a suggestion by Root,^[93] which Crosby described as "the grief of a colored man on the death of his beloved",^[94] and was written for and performed exclusively by Henry Wood’s Minstrels.^[95] Published by John Andrews, who specialized in printing "Neat, quick & cheap",^[96] according to Karen Linn, "this song was not a hit, and had no lasting influence", as "its style is far too literary, the words not in dialect, the cause of sorrow seems to be a lover (rather than 'massa', or Little Eva, or homesickness: all more appropriate causes for slave sorrow according to the popular culture)".^[93] In 1852 Root signed a three-year contract with William Hall & Son.^[97]

Despite this initial setback, during her vacations in 1852 and 1853, Crosby continued to teach at North Reading, where she wrote the lyrics for many of her collaborations with Root.^[98] Among their joint compositions was "Bird of the North" (1852); and "Mother, Sweet Mother, Why Linger Away?" (1852).^[97]

Crosby and Root’s first successful popular song was "The Hazel Dell" (1853),^[57] a "sentimental ballad" described by its publisher as "a very pretty and easy song, containing the elements of great popularity", which was released as the work of G.F. Wurzel toward the end of 1853,^[99][100] and was a hit,^[86] that was "one of the most popular songs in the country",^[89] because of its performance by both Henry Wood’s Minstrels and Christy's Minstrels,^[101] selling more than 200,000 copies of sheet music,.^[102] It is described as being on "the fringes of blackface minstrelsy, although it lacks dialect or any hint of buffoonery",^[103] was about a beautiful girl who died young:^[89]

In December 1854 in an article proclaiming the death of "Negro minstrelsy", the "Hazel Dell", along with Stephen Foster's songs, "Old Folks at Home" (1851) and "My Old Kentucky Home" (1853), were mentioned as popular songs that were evidence of the "bleaching process,... observable in the gradual rejection of the plantation, and the adoption of sentiments and poetic forms of expression, characteristic rather of the intelligent Caucasian".^[104]

Toward the end of 1853, William Hall & Son released "Greenwood Bell", at the same time as "Hazel Dell", but credited it to Root and Crosby.^[105][106] It describes the funeral of a child, a young man, and an aged person, and the tolling of the bell at the Greenwood Cemetery.^[54] Other songs written by Crosby and Root included "O How Glad to Get Home";^[107][108] "They Have Sold Me Down the River (The Negro Father's Lament)" (1853);^[109] Their song "There's Music in the Air" (1854) became a "hit song",^[110] and was listed in Variety Music Cavalcade as one of the most popular songs of 1854,^[111] and was in songbooks until at least the 1930s,^[112] becoming a college song at Princeton University.^[99]

After the expiration of Root's contract with William Hall & Son in 1855, Crosby-Root songs were published by other publishers, including Six Songs by Wurzel published in 1855 by S. Brainard's Sons of Cleveland, Ohio, after being rejected by Nathan Richardson of Russell & Richardson of Boston.^[113] These six Root-Crosby songs were "O How Glad to Get Home";^[114] "Honeysuckle Glen";^{[115][116][117]} "The Church in the Wood"; "All Together Now";^[118] and "Proud World, Good-by".^[119] The most popular of these songs was "Rosalie, the Prairie Flower",^[120][121] about the death of a young girl,^[122] popularized in the 1850s by the Christy Minstrels,^[123] which sold more than 125,000 copies of sheet music that earned nearly $3,000 in royalties for Root,^[124] and almost nothing for Crosby,^[125] after they failed to sell it originally for $100 to Richardson;^[123] Crosby also wrote the words for popular songs for other composers, including "There is a Bright and Sunny Spot" (1856) for Clare W. Beames.^[126]

Cantatas

Between 1852 and 1854 Crosby wrote the librettos of three cantatas for Root. Their first cantata was The Flower Queen; The Coronation of the Rose, (1852),^[127] often described as "the first secular cantata written by an American",^[128] an opera "in all but name",^[129] described as a "popular operetta",^[130] which "illustrated nineteenth-century American romanticism".^[131] In her 1906 autobiography Crosby explained the theme of this cantata:

the story of which is as follows: an old man becoming tired of the world, decides to become a hermit; but, as he is about to retire to his lonely hut, he hears a chorus singing, "Who shall be queen of the flowers?" His interest is at once aroused; and on the following day he is asked to act as judge in a contest where each flower urges her claims to be queen of all the others. At length the hermit chooses the rose for her loveliness; and in turn she exhorts him to return to the world and to his duty.^[132]

Written as "a work for teenage girls (scored for first and second soprano and alto)",^[133] The Flower Queen was performed first on March 11, 1853 by the young ladies of Jacob Abbott's Springer Institute,^[134] and almost immediately repeated by Root's students at the Rutgers Female Institute, and was praised by R. Storrs Willis.^[135] It was subsequently performed an estimated 1,000 times throughout the United States in the first four years after its publication.^[136] The success of The Flower Queen and subsequent cantatas, brought great acclaim and fortune to Root, with little of either for Crosby.^[137]

The second Root-Crosby cantata was Daniel, or the Captivity and Restoration, based on the Old Testament story of Daniel, that was composed in 1853 for Root's choir at the Mercer Street Presbyterian Church in Manhattan.^[138][139] This cantata comprised 35 songs, with music composed with William Batchelder Bradbury, and words by Union Theological Seminary student Chauncey Marvin Cady and Crosby;^[140] Some of its principal choruses were first performed on July 15, 1853 by the students at Root's New-York Normal Institute.^[141]

In 1854 Root and Crosby collaborated to compose The Pilgrim Fathers, with Lowell Mason assisting with the music. Described as an "antebellum landmark" in dramatic cantatas,^[142] according to Blumhofer it "featured the contemporary evangelical reading of American history".^[143] Crosby wrote the libretto for a cantata entitled, The Excursion,^[144] with Baptist music professor Theodore Edson Perkins, one of the founders of New York music publishing house Brown & Perkins,^[145] writing the music.^[146] In 1886 Crosby and William Howard Doane wrote Santa Claus' Home; or, The Christmas Excursion, a Christmas cantata, published by Biglow & Main.^[147]

Political songs

In addition to poems of welcome to visiting dignitaries, Crosby wrote songs of a political nature, such as about the major battles of the Mexican-American War and the American Civil War.^[148]

By the 1840 US Presidential election, Crosby was "an ardent Democrat" and wrote verse against the Whig candidate (and ultimate winner), William Henry Harrison.^[149] By 1852, she switched her political allegiance from support for the Jacksonian Democrats to the anti-slavery Whigs,^[150] writing the poem "Carry Me On" for the Whigs in 1852.^[151] After the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as US President in November 1856, she wrote:

1. ^ Spann & Williams (2008), p. 95.

A "strict abolitionist", Crosby supported Abraham Lincoln and the newly created Republican Party.^[151] After the Civil War, Crosby was a devoted supporter of the Grand Army of the Republic and its political aims.^[148]

Patriotic songs

According to one source, Crosby "was so patriotic that when the Civil War broke out, she often pinned the Union flag to her blouse. When a southern lady found this offensive and snapped, ’Take that dirty rag away from here!’ Fanny was incensed and told the woman to ‘Repeat that remark at your risk!’ The restaurant manager arrived on the scene just in time to prevent the two women from coming to blows".^[33]

During the American Civil War, Crosby "vented patriotism in verse", and it "evoked from Crosby an outpouring of songs -- some haunting, some mournful, some militaristic, a few even gory", but "her texts testified to her clear moral sense about the issues that fomented in the war years".^[150] Crosby wrote many poems supporting the Union cause, including "Dixie for the Union" (1861),^[152] a poem written before the outbreak of hostilities to the tune of Dixie,^[153] a tune adopted later by the Confederate States of America as a patriotic anthem.^[154] The first of the five stanzas is:

1. ^ Dixie For the Union, NPR, retrieved December 11, 2014 .

Soon after they met in February 1864,^[155] Crosby wrote the words and William B. Bradbury composed the music for a popular patriotic Civil War song "There is a Sound Among the Forest Trees".^{[156][157][158][159]} Crosby's text encourages volunteers to join the Union forces and incorporates references to the past of the United States including the Pilgrim Fathers and the Battle of Bunker Hill.^[160]

Also during the American Civil War, Crosby wrote "Song to Jeff Davis", directed at Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederate States of America, which expressed her belief in the morality of the Union cause: "Our stars and stripes are waving, And Heav'n will speed our cause".^[161] Crosby also wrote "Good-By, Old Arm", a tribute to wounded soldiers with music by Philip Philips;^[151] "Our Country";^[162] and "A Tribute (to the memory of our dead heroes)".^[151][163]

As late as September 1908, Crosby wrote patriotic poems for the Daughters of the American Revolution,^[164] including "The State We Honor",^[165] that extolled the virtues of her adopted state of Connecticut.^[166]

Marriage and family

In the summer of 1843 Crosby met her future husband, Alexander van Alstyne, Jr. (sometimes spelled van Alstine or van Alsteine)^[167] Alexander was blind and enrolled at the NYIB, where he was a casual acquaintance of Crosby and sometimes a student in her classes.^[93][168] From 1855, he was a teacher at NYIB for two years.^[93] During this time Crosby and van Alstyne, whom his friends called "Van", were engaged to be married, necessitating her resignation from NYIB three days prior to their wedding at Maspeth, New York, on March 5, 1858.^[93][169]

After their wedding, the van Alstynes lived in a small home in the then-rural village of Maspeth, New York (present-day Maspeth, Queens, New York), then with a population of about 200 people.^[170][171]

At "Van"'s insistence, Crosby continued to use her maiden name as her literary name for her compositions,^[172] but she chose to use her married name on all legal documents.^[173] However, according to Crosby biographer Edith Blumhofer: "Despite her education, her handwriting was barely legible, and on legal documents she signed her name with an X witnessed by friends".^[174]

In 1859, the van Alstynes had one child, a daughter Frances, who died in her sleep soon after birth.^[175] While some believe the cause was typhoid fever,^[176] Darlene Neptune speculates that it may have been SIDS, and that Crosby's hymn, "Safe in the Arms of Jesus" was inspired by her daughter's death.^[177]

After the death of their daughter, "Van" became increasingly reclusive,^[178] and Crosby never spoke publicly about being a mother aside from mentioning it in a few interviews towards the end of her life, when she said: "Now I am going to tell you of something that only my closest friends know. I became a mother and knew a mother's love. God gave us a tender babe but the angels came down and took our infant up to God and to His throne".^[170] In late 1859, the van Alstynes moved frequently, "establishing a pattern that continued for the rest of their lives", and never owned their own home, living in rented accommodation without a lease.^[179]

In addition to Crosby's income as a poet and lyricist, Van played the organ at two churches in New York City, and gave private music lessons.^[173] Although Crosby and Van could have lived comfortably on their combined income, Crosby "had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival".^[33] "Van" and Fanny organized concerts, with half the proceeds given to aid the poor, in which Crosby gave recitations of her poems and sang and van Alstyne played various instruments.^[180] While Alexander provided the music for some of her poetry,^[181] Crosby indicated that "his taste was mostly for the wordless melodies of the classics".^[93] The van Alstynes collaborated on the production of a hymnal featuring only hymns written by them, but it was rejected by Biglow and Main, ostensibly because the directors believed the public would not buy a hymnal featuring only two composers, but probably due to the complexity of the melodies.^[182] In 1874, Crosby was reported to be "living in a destitute condition".^[183]

For many years the van Alstynes had "a most unusual married life",^[184] and lived together only intermittently.^[185] By 1880 Crosby and her husband had separated,^[186] with them living both separately and independently due to a rift in their marriage of uncertain origin.^[187] At one point soon after, she moved to a "dismal flat" at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of Manhattan's worst slums in the Lower East Side.^[188] Thereafter, she lived at several different addresses in and around Manhattan.^[187]

Van Alstyne rarely accompanied Crosby when she traveled, and she vacationed without him.^[189] Despite living separately for more than two decades, Crosby insisted that they "maintained an amiable relationship", kept in contact with one another, and even ministered together on occasions in this period.^[189] For example, on June 15, 1895 in Yonkers, New York, Alexander played a piano solo, and Crosby read an ode to Captain John Underhill, the progenitor of the American branch of the Underhill family, at the third annual reunion of the Underhill Society of America.^[190] Crosby's only recorded admission of marital unhappiness was in 1903, when she commented on her late husband in Will Carleton's This is My Story: "He had his faults—and so have I mine, but notwithstanding these, we loved each other to the last".^[189]

In 1896, Crosby moved from Manhattan to an apartment in a poor section of Brooklyn,^[191] living with friends at South Third Street, Brooklyn, near the home of Ira D. Sankey and his wife, Fannie,^[187] and near the mansion owned by Phoebe Knapp.^[191]

Career in writing hymns (1864–1915)

Crosby was "the most prolific of all nineteenth-century American sacred song writers".^[73] By the end of her career she had written almost 9,000 hymns,^[2][33] using scores of noms de plume assigned to her by publishers who wanted to disguise the proliferation of her compositions in their publications.^[10][192]

It is estimated that books containing her lyrics sold 100 million copies.^[193] However, due to the low regard for lyricists in the popular song industry during her lifetime,^[194] and what June Hadden Hobbs sees as "the hypocrisy of sacred music publishers" which resulted for Crosby in "a sad and probably representative tale of exploitation of female hymn writers",^[194] and the contemporary perception that "Crosby made a very profitable living off writing songs that were sung (and played) by the masses",^[195] "like many of the lyricists of the day, Crosby was exploited by copyright conventions that assigned rights not to the lyricist but to the composer of the music... Crosby was paid a flat fee of one or two dollars a hymn".^[196] In her 1906 autobiography, Crosby insisted she wrote her hymns "in a sanctified manner", and never for financial or commercial considerations, and that she had donated her royalties to "worthy causes".^[197]

Crosby set a goal of winning a million people to Christ through her hymns, and whenever she wrote a hymn she prayed it would bring women and men to Christ, and kept careful records of those reported to have been saved through her hymns.^[198]

Referring to Crosby’s songs, the Dictionary of American Religious Biography indicated: "by modern standards her work may be considered mawkish or too sentimental. But their simple, homey appeal struck a responsive chord in Victorian culture. Their informal ballad style broke away from the staid, formal approach of earlier periods, touching deep emotions in singers and listeners alike. Instead of dismissing her words as maudlin or saccharine, audiences thrilled to them as the essence of genuine, heartfelt Christianity".^[199] Crosby’s hymns were popular because they placed "a heightened emphasis on religious experiences, emotions, and testimonies" and reflected "a sentimental, romanticized relationship between the believer and Christ", rather than using the negative descriptions of earlier hymns that emphasised the sinfulness of people.^[200]

Ann Douglas argues that Crosby was one of the female authors who "emasculated American religion" and helped shift it from "a rigorous Calvinism" to "an anti-intellectual and sentimental mass culture".^[201] Feminist scholars have suggested that "emphases in her hymns both revealed and accelerated the feminizing of American evangelicalism".^[202]

Her hymns were published by many notable publishers and publishing companies:

• William B. Bradbury published her hymns in his Golden Censer (1864),^[203] a book of Sunday School hymns that sold three million copies.^[204]
• For several years Crosby contracted to write three hymns a week for Hubert Main, whose Biglow and Main Co. was formed after Bradbury’s death.^[205] The company purchased 5900 poems from her for use in the Sunday School publications, and published nearly 2000 of them.^[39] By 1889, Crosby may have written over 2500 hymns for the combined publishing houses of Bradbury, and Biglow and Main.^[54]
• Methodist song publisher Philip Phillips, for whom Crosby wrote a cycle of forty poems based on the Pilgrim's Progress,^[125] and the lyrics for an estimated 525 hymns.^[206]

Musical and lyrical collaborators

Howard Doane was an industrialist who became Crosby’s principal collaborator in writing gospel music,^[207] composing melodies for an estimated 1,500 Crosby’s lyrics.^[206] Doane and Crosby collaborated through Biglow and Main, and also privately through Doane’s Northern Baptist endeavours.^[208] Eventually Crosby entrusted to Doane the business aspects of her compositions.^[209]

In early 1868 Crosby met wealthy Methodist Phoebe Palmer Knapp,^[210] who was married to Joseph Fairchild Knapp, co-founder of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company.^[211] The Knapps published hymnals initially for use in the Sunday School of Saint John’s Methodist Episcopal Church in Brooklyn, which was superintended by Joseph F. Knapp for 22 years,^[212] while Phoebe Knapp took responsibility for 200 children in the infants’ department.^[213] They first collaborated on Notes of Joy,^[214] the first hymnal edited by Knapp,^[215] who also contributed 94 of the 172 tunes, and published by her brother, Walter C. Palmer, Jr., in 1869.^[216] Of the 21 hymns Crosby contributed to Notes of Joy, including eight as "The Children’s Friend",^[217] Knapp provided the music for fourteen of them. Their best-known collaboration was "Blessed Assurance", for which Crosby wrote words in the Knapps' music room for a tune written by Knapp,^[218] while Crosby was staying at the Knapp Mansion in 1873.^[4]

From 1871 to 1908, Crosby worked with Ira Sankey, who helped make her "a household name to Protestants around the world".^[219] While Sankey was "the premier promoter" of gospel songs, "Crosby ranked first as their provider".^[179] The evangelist team of Sankey and Dwight L. Moody brought many of Crosby's hymns to the attention of Christians throughout the United States and Britain.^[39] Crosby was close friends with Sankey and his wife, Frances, and often stayed with them at their home in Northfield, Massachusetts from 1886 for the annual summer Christian Workers’ Conferences,^[189] and later in their Brooklyn.^[89] After Sankey’s eyesight was destroyed by glaucoma in March 1903,^[220] their friendship deepened and they often continued to compose hymns together at Sankey’s harmonium in his home.^[221]

Crosby's process

Crosby described her hymn-writing process: 'It may seem a little old-fashioned, always to begin one’s work with prayer, but I never undertake a hymn without first asking the good Lord to be my inspiration.'^[33] Her capacity for work was incredible and often she would compose six or seven hymns a day.^[222] Her poems and hymns were composed entirely in her mind and she worked on as many as twelve hymns at once before dictating them to an amenuensis. On one occasion Crosby composed 40 hymns before they were transcribed.^[223] Her lyrics would usually be transcribed by "Van" or later by her half-sister, Carolyn "Carrie" Ryder or her secretary Eva C. Cleaveland, as Crosby herself could write little more than her name. While Crosby had musical training, she did not compose the melody for most of her lyrics.^[222] In 1903 Crosby claimed that "Spring Hymn" was the only hymn she wrote both the words and music.^[224]

In 1906 Crosby composed both the words and music for "The Blood-Washed Throng", which was published and copyrighted by gospel singer Mary Upham Currier,^[225] who was a distant cousin who had been a well-known concert singer.^[226] While teaching at the NYIB, Crosby studied music under George F. Root, until his resignation in November 1850.^[227]

In 1921, Edward S. Ninde wrote: "None would claim that she was a poetess in any large sense. Her hymns... have been severely criticised. Dr. Julian, the editor of the Dictionary of Hymnology, says that 'they are, with few exceptions, very weak and poor,' and others insist that they are 'crudely sentimental'. Some hymn books will give them no place whatever".^[228] According to Glimpses of Christian History, Crosby's "hymns have sometimes been criticized as 'gushy and mawkishly sentimental' and critics have often attacked both her writing and her theology. Nonetheless, they were meaningful to her contemporaries and hymn writer George C. Stebbins stated, 'There was probably no writer in her day who appealed more to the valid experience of the Christian life or who expressed more sympathetically the deep longings of the human heart than Fanny Crosby.' And many of her hymns have stood the test of time, still resonating with believers today".^[33]

Rescue missions

While Crosby will probably always be best known for her hymns, she wanted to be seen primarily as a rescue mission worker. According to Keith Schwanz, "At the end of her life, Fanny’s concept of her vocation was not that of a celebrated gospel songwriter, but that of a city mission worker. In an interview that was published in the March 24, 1908, issue of the New Haven Register, Fanny said that her chief occupation was working in missions.^[66] Although, according to Schwanz: "Many of Fanny’s hymns emerged from her involvement in the city missions",^[66] including "More Like Jesus" (1867);^[229] "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour" (1868);^[230] and "Rescue the Perishing" (1869),^[231] which became the "theme song of the home missions movement",^[232] and was "perhaps the most popular city mission song", with its "wedding of personal piety and compassion for humanity".^[233] Crosby celebrated the rescue mission movement in her 1895 hymn, "The Rescue Band".^[234][235]

As Crosby had lived for decades in such areas of Manhattan as Hell's Kitchen, the Bowery, and the Tenderloin, she was aware of the great needs of immigrants and the urban poor, and was passionate to help those around her through urban rescue missions and other compassionate ministry organizations. Crosby indicated "from the time I received my first check for my poems, I made up my mind to open my hand wide to those who needed assistance".^[236] Throughout her life, Crosby was described as having "a horror of wealth", never set prices to speak, often refused honoraria, and "what little she did accept she gave away almost as soon as she got it".^[237] After her marriage, Crosby "had other priorities and gave away anything that was not necessary to their daily survival".^[33] The Van Alstynes also organized concerts, with half the proceeds given to aid the poor.^[238] Throughout New York City, Crosby's sympathies for the poor were well-known, but consisted primarily of indirect involvement by giving contributions from the sale of her poems, and by writing and sending poems for special occasions for these missions to the dispossessed, as well as sporadic visits to those missions.^[239]

1865–1880

Among those Crosby supported was the American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friendless (founded in 1834) at 29 East 29th Street,^[240] for whom she wrote a hymn in 1865 that was sung by some of the Home’s children:

O, no, we are not friendless now,

For God hath reared a home.^[241]

"More Like Jesus Would I Be", her first hymn written for Doane in June 1867, expressly for the sixth anniversary of the Howard Mission and Home for Little Wanderers,^[229][242] a nondenominational mission at New Bowery, Manhattan.^[229]

After speaking at a service at the Manhattan prison in spring 1868,^[243] Crosby was inspired to write “Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour” after comments by some prisoners for the Lord not to pass them by, with Doane setting it to music and publishing it in Songs of Devotion in 1870.^[244] “Pass Me Not” became her first hymn to have global appeal, after it was used by Sankey in is crusades with Moody in Britain in 1874.^[245] Sankey said, “No hymn was more popular at the meetings in London in 1875 (sic) than this one.”^[246]

In April 1868, Crosby wrote "Fifty Years Ago" for the semi-centennial of the New-York Port Society, which was founded in 1818 "for the promotion of the Gospel among the seamen in the Port of New-York".^[247]

By July 1869, Crosby was attending at least weekly meetings organized by the interdenominational New York City Mission; after a young man was converted through her testimony, Crosby was inspired to write the words for "Rescue the Perishing" based on a title and a tune given to her by William Howard Doane a few days earlier.^[248][249]

In his 1907 book, My Life and the Story of the Gospel Hymns, Ira Sankey recalled the origins of “Rescue the Perishing”:

Fanny Crosby returned, one day, from a visit to a mission in one of the worst districts in New York City, where she had heard about the needs of the lost and perishing. Her sympathies were aroused to help the lowly and neglected, and the cry of her heart went forth in this hymn, which has become a battle cry for the great army of Christian workers throughout the world. It has been used very extensively in temperance work, and has been blessed to thousands of souls.^[250]

1880–1900

In 1880, aged 60, Crosby "made a new commitment to Christ to serve the poor",^[251] and to devote the rest of her life to home missionary work.^[232] Crosby continued to live in a dismal flat at 9 Frankfort Street, near one of the worst slums in Manhattan, until about 1884.^[252] From this time Crosby increased her involvement in various missions and homes.^[239]

During the next three decades, Crosby would dedicate her time as "Aunty Fanny" to work at various city rescue missions, including the McAuley Water Street Mission, the Bowery Mission, the Howard Mission, the Cremore Mission, the Door of Hope, and other skid row missions. Additionally, Crosby spoke at YMCAs, churches, and prisons about the needs of the urban poor.^[253] Additionally, Crosby was a passionate supporter of Frances Willard and the Women's Christian Temperance Union and its endeavors to urge either abstinence or moderation in the use of alcohol.^[231] For example, before 1879 Crosby wrote the words for the song "The Red Pledge",^[254] which advocated total abstinence from imbibing alcohol.^[255]

From about 1880, Crosby attended and supported the Helping Hand for Men (better known as the Water Street Mission),^[256] "America's first rescue mission",^[33] in Manhattan, which was founded to minister to alcoholics and the unemployed by a couple: Jerry McAuley, a former alcoholic and thief, who became a Christian in Sing Sing prison in 1864, and Maria McAuley, a former prostitute.^[257][258] Crosby often attended the Water Street Mission, "conversing and counseling with those she met".^[33]

For two decades From November 1881,^[259] Crosby supported the Bowery Mission in Manhattan.^[260] As the Bowery Mission welcomed the ministry of women, Crosby worked actively at the Mission, often attending and speaking in the evening meetings.^[231]

Each year until the building was razed in a fire in 1897,^[261] Crosby addressed the large crowds attending the anniversary service, where she would also recite one of her poems written for the occasion, many of which were set to music by Victor Benke, the Mission's volunteer organist from 1893-97.^[262] Among the songs Crosby and Benke collaborated on were six songs published in 1901: "He Has Promised", "There's a Chorus Ever Ringing", "God Bless Our School Today", "Is There Something I Can Do?", "On Joyful Wings", and "Keep On Watching".

When Jerry and Maria McAuley started the Cremorne Mission in 1882,^[263] in the Cremorne Garden,^[264] at 104 West 32nd Street,^[265] as a "beachhead in a vast jungle of vice and debauchery known as Tenderloin" (near Sixth Avenue), Crosby began supporting this new mission. Crosby attended the nightly 8.00 pm services, where gospel songs written by her and Doane were often sung, including "ballads recalling mother's prayers, reciting the evils of intemperance, or envisioning agonizing deathbed scenes intending to arouse long-buried memories and strengthen resolves".^[266] After the death of Jerry McAuley in 1884,^[267] Crosby was inspired to write a prayer, later included in rescue song books:

1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Blumhofer2005pp291-293 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

After McAuley's death, Crosby continued to support the Cremorne Mission, now led by Samuel Hopkins Hadley.^[264]

Of the several city missions with which Crosby worked, some were operated by proponents of Wesleyan/Holiness doctrine,^[66] including the Door of Hope rescue home founded on October 25, 1890,^[268][269] in a house belonging to A.B. Simpson,^[270] to be "a refuge and a home for girls of the better class who have been tempted from home and right",^[271][272] and to rescue "fallen girls" by socialite Emma Whittemore.^[273][274]

Later years (1900–1915)

Though her hymn writing declined in later years, Crosby was active in speaking engagements and missionary work among America's urban poor almost until she died.^[39] She was well known and often met with presidents, generals, and other dignitaries. According to Blumhofer, "The popularity of Fanny Crosby's lyrics as well as her winsome personality catapulted her to fame".^[275]

By May 1900 Crosby had been ill with a serious heart condition for a few months,^[276] and still showed some effects from a fall,^[277] which prompted her half-sisters to travel to Brooklyn to convince her to move from her room in the home of poet Will Carleton^[278] in Brooklyn, New York to Bridgeport, Connecticut, to live with Julia "Jule" Athington, her widowed half-sister and Jule's widowed younger sister, Caroline "Carrie" W. Rider.^{[279][280][281]} Soon after Crosby and Rider rented a room together,^[282] before both moving to a rented apartment, where they lived until 1906.^[282] In 1904, after moving to Bridgeport, Crosby transferred her church membership from Cornell Memorial Methodist Church in Manhattan to the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport.^[282] On July 18, 1902, Crosby’s husband, "Van", who had been living in Brooklyn, died. Crosby did not attend the funeral due to her own poor health.^[283] Phoebe Knapp paid for his burial at Mount Olivet Cemetery, Queens, New York.^[284]

Carleton controversy (1904–1905)

Some of Crosby’s wealthy friends, such as Doane, Sankey, and Phoebe Knapp,^[285] contributed often to her financial needs, although Crosby still tended to give generously to those she saw as less fortunate than herself.^[286] Even after Crosby submitted fewer lyrics to them, The Biglow and Main Company, Crosby's long-time publisher, paid her a small stipend of $8 each week in recognition of her contributions to their business over the years.^[286][287] However, Knapp and others believed Biglow and Main had made enormous profits because of Crosby without compensating her adequately for her contributions, and that she should be living more comfortably in her advanced years.^[286]

Another wealthy friend of Crosby was American poet, author, and lecturer Will Carleton,^[288] with whom Crosby had lived in her last years in Brooklyn, and who had been giving lectures on Crosby’s hymns and life, and had published a series of articles on Crosby in his Every Where magazine (which had a peak circulation of 50,000 copies a month) in 1901, for which he paid her $10 an article.^[289] In 1902, Carleton wrote a tribute to Crosby that was published in his Songs of Two Centuries.^[290]

At Knapp's instigation, Carleton revised those articles and wrote Fanny Crosby's Life-Story, a biography authorized initially by Crosby, which was published by July 1903, and reviewed favorably by The New York Times on July 25.^[291] Carleton’s book sold for $1 a copy.^[292] This was the first full-length biographical account of Crosby’s life, although Robert Lowry had written a sixteen-page biographical sketch that was published in 1897 in her last book of poems, Bells of Evening and Other Verses. In the advertisement at the front of the book, the following statement from “the author” was signed with a facsimile of Crosby’s signature: “‘Fanny Crosby’s Life-Story’ is published and sold for my benefit, and I hope by its means to be a welcome guest in many homes”.^[293] Carleton added:

It is sincerely hoped by the publishers of this book may have as large a sale as possible, in order that the story of its loved author may be an inspiration to many people, and that she may be enabled to have a home of her own, in which to pass the remainder of her days.^[194]

According to Ruffin, Carleton’s book "went over like a lead balloon with Fanny’s publishers", although there was nothing negative written explicitly about Biglow and Main, but little praise for the firm and its members.^[294] Crosby is quoted as referring to Biglow and Main: "with whom I have maintained most cordial and even affectionate relations, for many years past".^[295] Carleton’s book did not use any of Crosby’s hymns owned by Biglow and Main. Hubert Main believed "Will Carleton wanted to ignore the Biglow & Main Company and all its writers as far as possible and set himself up as the one of her friends who was helping her". Biglow and Main believed Carleton and Knapp were guilty of "a brutal attack on Fanny", and were plotting to "take over" Crosby.^[287] At the 40th anniversary reception and dinner held in Manhattan to celebrate Crosby's association with Bradbury and Biglow and Main in February 1904, Knapp was not invited as she was persona non grata at Biglow and Main.^[296]

Biglow and Main were concerned that the book would diminish sales of Crosby's Bells at Evening and Other Verses, which they had published in 1897, and which contained Lowry's biographical sketch of Crosby.^[297] They convinced Crosby to write to both Carleton and Knapp, and to threaten to sue Carleton in April 1904. The latter was in order to obtain information regarding sales of the book, for which she had been promised a royalty of 10 cents per copy, and to seek an injunction preventing further publication. The proposed injunction was on the grounds that she had been misrepresented by Carleton, whom she believed had described her as living alone in poor health and extreme poverty, when in fact she was receiving $25 a week from Biglow and Main, and was living with relatives who cared for her.^{[277][298][299]} Crosby indicated she had no desire to be a homeowner, and that if she ever lived in poverty, it was by her own choice.^[300]

In response to Crosby's letter and threats, Carleton wrote in a letter to The New York Times that he was motivated to write his "labor of love" for Crosby in order to raise money that she might have a home of her own for the first time in her life; that he had interviewed Crosby and transcribed the details of her life; had paid her for her time and materials; had secured her permission to publish the material in his magazine Every Where, and in a book; had paid all the expenses for publishing and printing out of his own pocket; had promoted the book in his own time and at his own expense; and had remitted to her $235.20 for the royalties owing for the previous eight months at the agreed rate, and had sent additional contributions given by admirers at his lectures to her.^[301] Sankey, who paid the rent on the Bridgeport house where Crosby lived with her half-sister Carrie,^[302] implied in an article in The Christian that "the Carleton business had been of Satanic origin and commented, echoing the wheat and tares passage in scripture, 'An enemy hath done this'".^[303]

In 1904 Knapp contacted Methodist Episcopal Church Bishop Charles Cardwell McCabe and enlisted his assistance in publicising Crosby’s poverty and raising funds to ameliorate that situation.^[302] After securing Crosby’s permission to solicit funds for her benefit, in June 1904 the religious press (including The Christian Advocate), carried McCabe's request for money for Crosby under the heading "Fanny Crosby in Need".^[304] McCabe indicated that Crosby’s "hymns have never been copyrighted in her own name, she has sold them for small sums to the publishers who hold the copyright themselves, and the gifted authoress has but little monetary reward for hymns that have been sung all over the world".^[305]

By July 1904 newspapers reported that Crosby's publishers had issued a statement denying Crosby was in need of funds, and indicated she never would be "as they have provided abundantly for her during her entire life", and that "Bishop McCabe, who issued an appeal for assistance for Miss Crosby has been grossly deceived by somebody".^[306] In response to Bishop McCabe’s fundraising on her behalf, Crosby also wrote a letter to him which was published at her instigation, which permitted him to solicit funds from her friends as "a testimonial of their love", but reiterated that she was not living in poverty, nor was she dying or in poor health.^[307] After Crosby and her representatives contacted him, a week later, McCabe wrote to The Christian Advocate explaining his rationale for raising funds for Crosby, but that he was now withdrawing the appeal at her request.^[308]

In July 1904, the matter was still not settled,^[277] however it came to an end before Fanny Crosby Day in March 1905,^[287] after Carleton's wife, Adora, died suddenly.^[309]

In 1905 Carleton issued a new edition of Fannie Crosby, Her Life Work, which was both expanded and "newly illustrated", and despite "the greater expense of production, the price remains One Dollar a copy", with Crosby to "receive the same liberal royalty", as the book was "SOLD FOR THE BLIND AUTHOR'S BENEFIT".^[310] In December 1905 Crosby issued a card protesting the continued sale of Carleton’s book, again denying she was "in distress", as she was in "comfortable circumstances and very active", giving lectures nearly once a week.^[311] Crosby indicated she had received less than $325 from the sale of the book, that her "requests had been disregarded", but that "when these facts are fully known to all, the publishers can sell the book as they desire; only I have no wish to increase its sale for my own benefit, which, of course, is very small".^[303]

Despite Crosby’s efforts, Carleton continued to advertise the book for sale until at least 1911.^[312] In 1911 Carleton serialised and updated Crosby’s life story in Every Where.^[313] The 1906 publication of Crosby’s own autobiography, Memories of Eighty Years, which, in contrast to Carleton’s book, focused on Crosby’s hymn-writing years, was sold by subscription and door-to-door, and promoted in lectures by Doane, raised $1,000 for Crosby.^[314] For a period Crosby and Knapp were estranged because of the Carleton book,^[299] but by early 1905 they had reconciled.^[315]

Fanny Crosby Day (1905)

On Sunday, March 26, 1905, Fanny Crosby Day was celebrated in churches of many denominations around the world, with special worship services in honour of her 85th birthday, two days earlier.^[316] On that day Crosby attended the First Baptist Church in Bridgeport where Carrie Rider was a member, and spoke in the evening service, and was given $85.^[317] Because of Carrie Rider’s cancer, in summer 1906 Crosby and Rider moved to 226 Wells Street, Bridgeport, Connecticut.^[318] Carrie died of intestinal cancer in July 1907. On July 10, 1908, Phoebe Knapp died.^[89] Weeks later, Ira Sankey died having just sung "Saved by Grace", one of Crosby’s most popular compositions.^[319] On May 2, 1911, Crosby spoke to 5,000 people at the opening meeting of the Evangelistic Committee’s seventh annual campaign held in Carnegie Hall, after the crowd sang her songs for thirty minutes.^[320] On Crosby’s 94th birthday in March 1914, Alice Rector and the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut organized a Violet Day to honor Crosby,^[321] which was publicized nationally by Hugh Main.^[322]

Death and legacy

After a six-month illness, Crosby died of arteriosclerosis and a cerebral hemorrhage on February 12, 1915 at Bridgeport, aged 94.^[78] She was buried at Mountain Grove Cemetery there.^[259] near her mother and other members of her family.^[323] At Crosby's request, her family erected a very small tombstone, which carried the words: "Aunt Fanny: She hath done what she could; Fanny J. Crosby".^[324]

In March 1925, about 3,000 churches throughout the United States observed Fanny Crosby Day to commemorate the 105th anniversary of her birth.^[325]

Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged (1925–1996)

Crosby left money in her will for "the sheltering of senior males who had no other place to live, with these men to pay a nominal fee to the home for their living expenses".^[326] In 1923, the King's Daughters of the First Methodist Church of Bridgeport, Connecticut honored Crosby's request to memorialize her by beginning to raise the additional funds needed to establish the Fanny Crosby Memorial Home for the Aged.^[327] The nondenominational home was established in the former Hunter house at 1008 Fairfield Avenue, Bridgeport, Connecticut,^[328] and opened on November 1, 1925, after a national drive by the Federation of Churches to raise $100,000 to operate it.^[329]

It operated until 1996 when it was given to the Bridgeport Rescue Mission.^[330] On Monday October 8, 1934, the Enoch Crosby chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution dedicated an historic roadside marker commemorating the birthplace of Crosby on the western side of Route 22, in Doansburg, New York, just north of Brewster.^[331]

Despite her specific instructions not to erect a large marble monument,^[330] on May 1, 1955,^[332] a large memorial stone that "dwarfed the original gravestone" was dedicated by Crosby's "friends to whom her life was an inspiration".^[333] It contained the first stanza of "Blessed Assurance".^[334]

Other honors

Crosby was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 1975.^[335] Known as the "Queen of Gospel Song Writers",^[5] During 2010 songwriter George Hamilton IV toured Methodist chapels celebrating Fanny's outstanding contribution to gospel music. His presentation included stories of her productive and charitable life, some of her hymns, and a few of his own uplifting songs. The liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in the United States remembers Crosby with an annual feast day on February 11.^[7] While she is not mentioned in The Hymnal 1982, her hymns are included in several more recent hymnals, including Lift Every Voice and Sing II^[336] and the African American Heritage Hymnal.^[337]

See also

• List of works by Fanny Crosby

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Blumhofer, Edith L. (2005). Her Heart Can See: The Hymns and Life of Fanny Crosby. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0-8028-4253-4. 
• ——— (2006). "Fanny Crosby, William Doane, and the Making of Gospel Hymns in the Late Nineteenth Century". In Noll, Mark A.; Blumhofer, Edith L. Sing Them Over Again to Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America. University of Alabama Press. 
• ——— (2006). "Fanny Crosby in Protestant Hymnody". In Bohlman, Philip Vilas; Blumhofer, Edith Waldvogel; Chow, Maria M. Music in American Religious Experience. Oxford University Press. 
• Burger, Delores T. (1997). "Home Missionary: Fanny Crosby". Women Who Changed the Heart of the City: The Untold Story of the City Rescue Mission Movement. Kregel. 
• Carder, Polly (2008). George F. Root, Civil War Songwriter: A Biography. McFarland. 
• Carleton, Will (1903). Fanny Crosby’s Life Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Co. 
• Crawford, Richard (2000). "George Frederick Root (1820–1895) and American Vocal Music". The American Musical Landscape: The Business of Musicianship from Billings to Gershwin. University of California Press. 
• Crosby, Fanny (1905). Fanny Crosby’s Life-Story. New York, NY: Every Where Publishing Co. 
• ——— (1906). Memories of Eighty Years. Boston, MA: James H. Earle & Co. 
• ———; Lowry, Robert (1899). Bells at Evening and Other Verses; with Biographical Sketch by Robert Lowry (3rd ed.). New York/Chicago: Biglow & Main. 
• Dunlap, David W. (2004). From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan’s Houses of Worship. Columbia University Press. 
• Hobbs, June Hadden (1997). I Sing for I Cannot Be Silent: The Feminization of American Hymnody, 1870–1920. University of Pittsburgh Press. 
• Hall, Jacob Henry (1914). "Dr. W. H. Doane: Composer of Hymns". Biography of Gospel Song and Hymn Writers. New York, NY: Fleming H. Revell. 
• Knapp, Phoebe Palmer (Mrs Jos. K. Knapp) (1869). Notes of Joy. New York, NY: W.C. Palmer, Jr. hdl:2027/mdp.39015024127469. 
• Morgan, Robert J. (2003). Then Sings My Soul: 150 of the World’s Greatest Hymn Stories. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 978-1-41857824-4. 
• Neptune, Darlene (2001). Fanny Crosby Still Lives. Pelican. ISBN 978-1-931600-00-2. 
• ——— (2002) [2001], Fanny Crosby Still Lives, Pelican 
• Phillips, Philip, ed. (1870). Hallowed Songs (Newly Revised): for Prayer and Social Meetings: Containing Hymns and Tunes, Carefully Selected from All Sources, Both Old and New (rev. ed.). Philip Phillips. 
• Root, George Frederick (1891). The Story of a Musical Life: An Autobiography. John Church Co. 
• Ruffin, Bernard (1976). Fanny Crosby. United Church Press. 
• ——— (1995). Fanny Crosby: The Hymn Writer. Barbour. ISBN 978-1-55748-731-5. 
• Sawyer, Caroline Mehetabel (1853). The History of the Blind Vocalists. New York, NY: J.W. Harrison. 
• Smucker, David Joseph Rempel (1981). Philip Paul Bliss and the Musical, Cultural and Religious Sources of the Gospel Music Tradition in the United States, 1850–1876. Boston University. 
• Spann, C. Edward; Williams, Michael Edward (2008). Presidential Praise: Our Presidents and their Hymns. Mercer University Press. 
• Wilhoff, Mel R. (2005). "Crosby, Fanny Jane". In McNeil, W. K. Encyclopedia of American Gospel Music. Routledge. 

External links

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Fanny Crosby

• Papers of Fanny Crosby

Articles

• Fanny Crosby at HymnTime
• Fanny Crosby at the Hymnary
• Fanny Crosby at Find a Grave

Books

• Works by or about Fanny Crosby at Internet Archive
• Works by Fanny Crosby at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Discography

• Fanny Crosby (lyricist)

Sheet music

• Fanny Crosby at Duke University
• Fanny Crosby at Indiana University
• Fanny Crosby 01 at the Library of Congress
• Fanny Crosby 02 at the Library of Congress

Streaming audio

• Fanny Crosby on Victor Records
• Fanny Crosby on Edison Records

Authority control WorldCat VIAF: 72258669 LCCN: n50082180 ISNI: 0000 0000 7375 4875 GND: 121799670 SELIBR: 182936 MusicBrainz: 9f6fbe26-6fa2-4a37-96c4-36fdd507fa70