This is a family tree of Chinese kings before the establishment of the title emperor (皇帝) by Shi Huangdi.
Chinese emperors family tree (ancient) → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)
Five Emperors
The legendary Five Emperors were traditionally regarded as the founders of the Chinese state. The Records of the Grand Historian states that Shaohao did not acceded to the throne while Emperor Zhi’s ephemeral and uneventful rule disqualify him from the Five Emperors in all sources.[1] Other sources name Yu the Great, the founder of the Xia dynasty, as the last of the Five.[2] Pretenders are italicized.[3]
Xia dynasty
This is a family tree for the Xia dynasty which ruled circa 2100–1600 BC. The historicity of the dynasty has sometimes been questioned, but circumstantial archaeological evidence supports its existence.[5]
Shang dynasty
This is a family tree for the Shang dynasty, which ruled China proper between circa 1600 BC and 1046 BC.[8] The Shang rulers bore the title Di(帝)
Zhou dynasty
This is a family tree for the Zhou dynasty, descendants of Duke Wu of Zhou who overthrew the last Shang ruler, thereby establishing the dynasty. Ruling from 1046 BC to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou.
Spring and Autumn period
Jin
Cai
Wu
Warring States period
In 771 BC, a coälition of feudal lords and the Western Rong tribes overthrew King You and drove the Zhou out of the Wei valley. During the following Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the major states pursued independent policies and eventually declared full independence claiming the title 王 borne by Zhou rulers.
All claimed descent from the Yellow Emperor through cadet lines of the royal houses above, although the historicity of such claims is usually doubted.
Qin
The kings of Qin claimed descent from the Lady Xiu, "the granddaughter" of "a remote descendant" of the Emperor Zhuanxu, the grandson of the Yellow Emperor. Similarly, in the next generation, Lady Hua was said to be descended from Shaodian,[9] the legendary figure who is sometimes the father and sometimes the foster father of the Yellow and Flame Emperors. Although Nüfang (lit. "Lady Fang") is counted as Elai's son, some scholars have claimed the figure was Elai's daughter and, along with the numerous important women in the early pedigree, indicates that early Qin was matriarchal.[10]
The surname Ying (lit."Abundance") was said to have been bestowed by Shun upon Dafei (the husbandman Yi). If it was ever held by any of his descendants, it had fallen out of use by the time of Feizi, who was granted the name anew by King Xiao of the Zhou.[9]
The Three Jins
Han
Wei
Zhao
Zhao state |
| | | | | | | | | | | | (1)Shu Dai 叔帶 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (4)Duke Ming 公明 |
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| | | | (5)耿氏 Zhao Su 趙夙 | | | | | | Zhao Shuai (6)Viscount Cheng 趙成子 ?-622 BC |
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| | | | Gòng Mèng 共孟 | | | | | | Zhao Dun (7)Viscont Xuan of Zhao 趙宣子 ?-601 BC | | Zhao Tong 趙同 原氏 ?-583 BC | | (8)Zhao Kuo 趙括 屏氏 ?-583 BC | | Zhao Yingqi 趙嬰齊 楼氏 |
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| | | | Zhao Chuan 趙穿 邯郸氏 | | 赵旃叔父 | | Zhao Shuo Viscount Zhuang of Zhao 赵庄子 ?-597 BC |
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Zhào Zhān Xiōng 赵旃兄 | | Zhao Dan 趙旃 | | | | | | Zhao Wu (9)Viscount Wen of Zhao 趙文子 ?-541 |
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| | | | Zhao Sheng 趙勝 | | Zhào Huò 赵获 | | Ying Cheng (10)Viscount Jing of Zhao 趙景子 ?-518 BC |
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Zhao Wu 趙午 ?-497 | | □ | | | | | | Zhao Yang (11)Zhao Jianzi 趙簡子 ?-476 BC |
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Zhào Jì 赵稷 | | □ | | | | | | Zhào Bólŭ 趙伯魯 | | 趙毋卹 (12)Viscount Xiāng of Zhao 趙襄子 ?-425 BC |
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| | | | Zhào Cháo 赵朝 | | | | | | 代成君 Zhào Zhōu 赵周 | | 趙嘉 (13)Viscount Hua of Zhao 趙桓子 ?-424 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | 趙浣 (14)Xian of Zhao 趙獻侯 Marquess of Zhao ?-409 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhào Jí (15)Lie of Zhao 趙烈侯 Marquess of Zhao ?-409-400 BC | | (16)Duke Wu of Zhào 趙武公 ?-400-387 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhào Zhāng (17)Jing of Zhao 趙敬侯 Marquess of Zhao c.410-387-375 BC | | Ducal Son Zhao 公子朝 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhào Zhòng (18)Cheng 趙成侯 Marquess of Zhao ?-375-350 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | 趙語 (19)Su of Zhao 趙肅侯 Marquess of Zhao ?-350-326 BC | | Lord Anping 安平君 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhao Yong (20)Wuling 趙武靈王 King of Zhao 340-326- 298-295 BC |
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| | | | | | | | 安阳君 Ying Zhang 嬴章 Lord of Anying 安陽君 ?-295 | | Zhao He (21)Huiwen 趙惠文王 King of Zhao 310-298-266 BC | | Zhao Bao Lord Yangwen 陽文君 | | Zhao Sheng 趙勝 Lord Pingyuan 平原君 ?-251 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhao Dan (22)Xiaocheng 趙孝成王 King of Zhao ?-266-245 BC | | Prince Chang'an 長安君 | | Lord Luling 廬陵君 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Zhao Yan (23)Daoxiang 趙悼襄王 King of Zhao ?-245-236 BC |
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| | | | | | | | Zhao Jia (25)Prince Jia of Dai 代王嘉 250-228- 222-? BC | | Zhao Qian (24)Youmiu 趙幽繆王 King of Zhao 245-236- 228-? BC |
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Qi
House of Jiang
Qi state - House of Jiang |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (1)Jiang Ziya Duke Tai of Qi 齐太公 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (2)Lü Ji 呂伋 Ding of Qi 齐丁公 Duke of Qi c. 10th cent. BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (3) Lü De 呂得 Yǐ of Qi 齐乙公 Duke of Qi 10th cent. BC | | Jìzi 季子 崔氏 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (4)Lü Cimu 呂慈母 Gui of Qi 齐癸公 Duke of Qi 10th cent. BC |
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| | | | | | | | (5)Lü Buchen 呂不辰 Ai of Qi 齐哀公 Duke of Qi ?-?-878 BC | | (6)Lü Jing 呂靜 Hu of Qi 齐胡公 Duke of Qi ?-878-860 BC | | (7)Lü Shan 呂山 Xian of Qi 齐献公 Duke of Qi ?-860-851 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (8)Lü Shou 呂壽 Wu of Qi 齐武公 Duke of Qi ?-851-825 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (9)Lü Wuji 呂無忌 Li of Qi 齐厉公 Duke of Qi ?-825-816 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (10)Lü Chi 呂赤 Wen of Qi 齐文公 Duke of Qi ?-816-804 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (11)Lü Yue 呂說 Cheng of Qi 齐成公 Duke of Qi ?-804-795 BC | | Gāo Shì 高氏 公子高 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (12)Lü Gou 呂購 Zhuang I of Qi 齐庄公 Duke of Qi ?-795-731 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Dé Chén 得臣 | | (13)Lü Lufu 呂祿甫 Xi of Qi 齐僖公 Duke of Qi ?-731-698 BC | | | | | | | | | | Yi Zhongnian 夷仲年 ?-699 | | Prince Liào 公子廖 Xí Shì 隰氏 |
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| | | | | | | | (14)Lü Zhu'er 呂諸兒 Xiang of Qi 齐襄公 Xiang of Qi ?-698-686 BC | | Prince Jiu 公子纠 ?-685 | | (16)Lü Xiǎobái 呂小白 Huan of Qi 齐桓公 Duke of Qi ?-685-643 BC | | Wen Jiang 文姜 d. 673 BC | | Huan of Lu 魯桓公 Duke of Lu 711–694 BC | | (15)Lü Wuzhi 呂無知 729-686-685 BC | | |
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(17)Lü Wúkuī 呂無虧 Duke of Qi BC ?-643-642 BC | | (18)Lü Zhao 呂昭 Xiao of Qi 齐孝公 Duke of Qi ?-642-633 BC | | (19)Lü Pan 呂潘 Zhao of Qi 齐昭公 Duke of Qi ?-633-613 BC | | (21)Lü Shangren 呂商人 Yì of Qi 齐懿公 Duke of Qi ?-613-609 BC | | (22)Lü Yuan 呂元 Hui of Qi 齐惠公 Duke of Qi ?-609-599 BC | | Prince Yong 公子雍 | | Zhuang of Lu Duke of Lu 693–662 BC |
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| | | | | | | | (20)Lü She 呂舍 ?-609 BC | | | | | | (23)Lü Wuye 呂無野 Qing of Qi 齐顷公 Duke of Qi ?-599-582 BC | | Luán Shì栾氏 Prince Jiān 公子坚 | | Gāo Shì 高氏 Prince Qí 公子祁 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | Prince Jiǎo 公子角 | | (24)Lü Huan 呂環 Ling of Qi 齐灵公 Duke of Qi ?-582-554 BC | | Zǐ Chéng | | Zi Gòng | | Zi Xiàshèng | | □ |
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| | | | | | | | (25)Lü Guāng 呂光 Zhuang II of Qi 齐庄公 Duke of Qi ?-554-548 BC | | Prince Ya 公子牙 | | (26)Lü Chujiu 呂杵臼 Jing of Qi 齐景公 Duke of Qi ?-548-490 BC | | | | | | | | | | Prince Qīng 公孙青 | | Prince Jié 公孙捷 |
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| | | | | | | | Prince Jia 公子嘉 | | Yàn Jīzi 燕姬子 | | (28)Lü Yangsheng Dao of Qi 齐悼公 Duke of Qi ?-489-485 BC | | (27) Lü Tu 呂荼 An Ruzi 安孺子 Duke of Qi ?-490-489 BC | | Prince Qian 公子黔 | | Prince Chu 公子鉏 | | Prince Ju 公子驹 |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (29)Lü Ren 呂壬 Jian of Qi 齐简公 Duke of Qi ?-485-481 BC | | (30)Lü Ao 呂驁 Ping of Qi 齐平公 Duke of Qi ?-481-456 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (31)Lü Ji 呂積 Xuan of Qi 齐宣公 Duke of Qi ?-456-405 BC |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | (32)Lü Dai 呂貸 Kang of Qi 齐康公 Duke of Qi ?-405-386-379 BC |
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House of Tian
Qi state - House of Tian |
| | | | | | | | | | | | (1)Chen Wanm 陳完 Tian Jingzhong 田敬仲 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (2)Tian Zhi 田穉 Tian Mengyi 田孟夷 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (3)Tian Min 田湣 Tian Mengzhuang 田孟莊 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (4)Tian Xuwu 田須無 Tian Wenzi 田文子 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | | | | | | | | | (5)Tian Wuyu 田無宇 Tian Huanzi 田桓子 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(6)Tian Kai 田開 Tian Wuzi 田武子 ?–516 BC | | (7)Tian Qi 田乞 Tian Xizi 田僖子 | | Chén Zhāozi 陈昭子 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 孙书 孙氏 | | Zi Mén 子亹 |
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陈瓘 | | (8)Tian Heng 田恆 Tian Chengzi 田成子 | | | Zi Zhì 子士 | | Viscount Xuān 宣子 | | 廪邱子 | | | | | | Sūn Píng 孙凭 | | Viscount Xiàn 子献 |
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| | | | (9)Tian Pan 田盤 Tian Xiangzi 田襄子 | | Viscount Jiǎn 简子 | | Viscount Mù 穆子 | | Viscount Máng 芒子 | | Viscount Huì 惠子 | | Sūnwǔ 孙武 | | Zhū Yùyāng 诸御鞅 |
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| | | | (10)Tian Bai 田白 Tian Zhuangzi 田莊子 ?–411 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(11)Tian Daozi 田悼子 410–405 BC | | (12)Tian He 田和 Tai of Tian Qi 齐太公 Duke of Tian Qi ?-386-384 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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(13)Tián Yǎn 田剡 Marquis of Tian ?-383-375 BC | | (14)Tian Wu 田午 Huan of Tian Qi 田齊桓公 Duke of Tian Qi 400-374-357 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Tian Xi 田喜 | | (15)Tian Yinqi 田因齊 Wei of Qi 齐威王 King of Qi ?-356-320 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | (16)Tian Bijiang 田辟疆 Xuan of Qi 齐宣王 King of Qi ?-319-301 BC | | Jiāo Shī 郊师 | | Tian Ying 田嬰 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | (17)Tian Di 田地 Min of Qi 齐湣王 King of Qi c.323 -300-284 BC | | | | | | Tian Wen 田文 Lord Mengchang 孟尝君 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | (18)Tian Fazhang Xiang of Qi 齐襄王 King of Qi ?-283-265 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | (19)Tian Jian 田建 Jian of Qi 齐王建 King of Qi ?-264-221 BC | | (20)Tian Jia 田假 King of Qi ?-208-205 BC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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| | | | Tian An 田安 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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Chu
Yue
References
- ↑ Yang, 99.
- ↑ Mungello, David E. The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 Rowman & Littlefield; 3 edition (28 Mar 2009) ISBN 978-0-7425-5798-7 p.97
- ↑ Book of Han, which is originate from《帝系》。
- ↑ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian
- ↑ Liu, L. & Xiu, H., "Rethinking Erlitou: legend, history and Chinese archaeology", Antiquity, 81:314 (2007) pp. 886–901.
- ↑ Mungello, David E. The Great Encounter of China and the West, 1500–1800 Rowman & Littlefield; 3 edition (28 March 2009) ISBN 978-0-7425-5798-7 p.97.
- ↑ Wang Quangen 王泉根, (1993). Huaxia Quming Yishu 華夏取名藝術. (Taipei: Zhishu-fang Chuban Jituan 知書房出版集團), 42.
- ↑ Bamboo Annals
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian translated by Nienhauser, William Jr.The Grand Scribe's Records: The Basic Annals of Pre-Han China, pp. 87 ff. Indiana University Press, 1994. Accessed 4 December 2013.
- ↑ E.g., Lao Kan in his commentary on the Records of the Grand Historian,[11] although note Nienhauser's disagreement with that assessment.[9]
- ↑ Lao Kan. Shih Chih Chin-chu, p. 106. (Chinese)
- ↑ Sima Qian calls it a 玄鸟,[13] where 玄 can mean "black"[9] or "mysterious". Lao Kan identified the bird as a swallow.[9]
- ↑ Sima Qian. Records of the Grand Historian, 《秦本纪第五》 ["The Qin Chronicles, Part Five"]. Guoxie, 2003. Accessed 7 Dec 2013. (Chinese)
- ↑ Not Zhongyu.[9]
- ↑ Recorded as "Duke Ning of Qin" (秦寧公) in Sima Qian, but inscriptions on excavated bronzeware from the period has shown this to have been a mistranscription of the original "Xian".[16]
- ↑ Han Zhaoqi. Annotated Shiji, "Annals of Qin", pp. 353–359. Zhonghua Book Company, 2010. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3. (Chinese)
- ↑ Yap, Joseph. Wars with the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zhizhi Tongjian, p. 51. AuthorHouse, 2009. Accessed 8 Dec 2013.
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