Freddie Mac

For the boxer and singer, see Freddie Mack.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac)
Government-sponsored enterprise and public company
Traded as OTCQB: FMCC
Industry Financial services
Founded 1970
Headquarters Tysons Corner, Virginia, U.S.
(McLean mailing address)
Key people
 Donald H. Layton, CEO
Products Diversified Financials
Revenue Decrease US$14.263 billion (2014)[1]
Decrease US$7.690 billion (2014)[1]
Total assets Decrease US$1,945.539 billion (2014)[1]
Total equity Decrease US$2.651 billion (2014)[1]
Number of employees
 4,957 (2014)[1]
Slogan We make home possible.
Website FreddieMac.com

The Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), known as Freddie Mac, is a public government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), headquartered in the Tyson's Corner CDP in unincorporated Fairfax County, Virginia.[2][3]

The FHLMC was created in 1970 to expand the secondary market for mortgages in the US. Along with the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), Freddie Mac buys mortgages on the secondary market, pools them, and sells them as a mortgage-backed security to investors on the open market. This secondary mortgage market increases the supply of money available for mortgage lending and increases the money available for new home purchases. The name, "Freddie Mac", is a variant of the initialism of the company's full name that had been adopted officially for ease of identification.

On September 7, 2008, Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) director James B. Lockhart III announced he had put Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under the conservatorship of the FHFA (see Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). The action has been described as "one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades".[4][5][6]

Moody's gave Freddie Mac's preferred stock an investment grade rating of A1 until August 22, 2008, when Warren Buffett said publicly that both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae had tried to attract him and others. Moody's changed the credit rating on that day to Baa3, the lowest investment grade credit rating. Freddie's senior debt credit rating remains Aaa/AAA from each of the major ratings agencies Moody's, S&P, and Fitch.[7]

As of the start of the conservatorship, the United States Department of the Treasury had contracted to acquire US$1 billion in Freddie Mac senior preferred stock, paying at a rate of 10% per year, and the total investment may subsequently rise to as much as US$100 billion.[8]

Home loan interest rates may go down as a result and owners of Freddie Mac debt and the Asian central banks who had increased their holdings in these bonds may be protected. Shares of Freddie Mac stock, however, plummeted to about one U.S. dollar on September 8, 2008, and dropped a further 50% on June 16, 2010, when the Federal Housing Finance Agency ordered the stocks delisted.[9] In 2008, the yield on U.S Treasury securities rose in anticipation of increased U.S. federal debt.[10]

For a comprehensive list of articles discussing Freddie Mac, see Bibliography of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

History

From 1938 to 1968, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) was the sole institution that bought mortgages from depository institutions, principally savings and loan associations, which encouraged more mortgage lending and effectively insured the value of mortgages by the US government. In 1968, Fannie Mae split into a private corporation and a publicly financed institution. The private corporation was still called Fannie Mae and its charter continued to support the purchase of mortgages from savings and loan associations and other depository institutions, but without an explicit insurance policy that guaranteed the value of the mortgages. The publicly financed institution was named the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae) and it explicitly guaranteed the repayments of securities backed by mortgages made to government employees or veterans (the mortgages themselves were also guaranteed by other government organizations).

To provide competition for the newly private Fannie Mae and to further increase the availability of funds to finance mortgages and home ownership, Congress then established the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) as a private corporation through the Emergency Home Finance Act of 1970. The charter of Freddie Mac was essentially the same as Fannie Mae's newly private charter: to expand the secondary market for mortgages and mortgage backed securities by buying mortgages made by savings and loan associations and other depository institutions. Initially, Freddie Mac was owned by the Federal Home Loan Bank System and governed by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board.

In 1989, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989 ("FIRREA") revised and standardized the regulation of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. It also severed Freddie Mac's ties to the Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board (FHLBB) was abolished and replaced by different and separate entities. An 18-member board of directors for Freddie Mac was formed, and subjected to oversight by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Separately, The Federal Housing Finance Board (FHFB) was created as an independent agency to take the place of the FHLBB, to oversee the 12 Federal Home Loan Banks (also called district banks).

In 1995, Freddie Mac began receiving affordable housing credit for buying subprime securities, and by 2004, HUD suggested the company was lagging behind and should "do more."[11]

Freddie Mac was put under a conservatorship of the U.S. Federal government on Sunday, September 7, 2008.

Business

Freddie Mac's primary method of making money is by charging a guarantee fee on loans that it has purchased and securitized into mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds. Investors, or purchasers of Freddie Mac MBS, are willing to let Freddie Mac keep this fee in exchange for assuming the credit risk, that is, Freddie Mac's guarantee that the principal and interest on the underlying loan will be paid back regardless of whether the borrower actually repays. Because of Freddie Mac's financial guarantee, these MBS are particularly attractive to investors and, like other Agency MBS, are eligible to be traded in the "to-be-announced," or "TBA" market.[12]

Conforming loans

The GSEs are allowed to buy only conforming loans, which limits secondary market demand for non-conforming loans. The relationship between supply and demand typically renders the non-conforming loan harder to sell (fewer competing buyers); thus it would cost the consumer more (typically 1/4 to 1/2 of a percentage point, and sometimes more, depending on credit market conditions). OFHEO, now merged into the new FHFA, annually sets the limit of the size of a conforming loan in response to the October to October change in mean home price. Above the conforming loan limit, a mortgage is considered a jumbo loan. The conforming loan limit is 50 percent higher in such high-cost areas as Alaska, Hawaii, Guam and the US Virgin Islands,[13] and is also higher for 2–4 unit properties on a graduating scale. Modifications to these limits were made temporarily to respond to the housing crisis, see Jumbo loan for recent events.

Guarantees and subsidies

No actual guarantees

The FHLMC states, "securities, including any interest, are not guaranteed by, and are not debts or obligations of, the United States or any agency or instrumentality of the United States other than Freddie Mac."[14] The FHLMC and FHLMC securities are not funded or protected by the US Government. FHLMC securities carry no government guarantee of being repaid. This is explicitly stated in the law that authorizes GSEs, on the securities themselves, and in public communications issued by the FHLMC.

Assumed guarantees

There is a widespread belief that FHLMC securities are backed by some sort of implied federal guarantee and a majority of investors believe that the government would prevent a disastrous default. Vernon L. Smith, 2002 Nobel Laureate in economics, has called FHLMC and FNMA "implicitly taxpayer-backed agencies." [15] The Economist has referred to "the implicit government guarantee"[16] of FHLMC and FNMA.

The then-director of the Congressional Budget Office, Dan L. Crippen, testified before Congress in 2001, that the "debt and mortgage-backed securities of GSEs are more valuable to investors than similar private securities because of the perception of a government guarantee."[17]

Federal subsidies

The FHLMC receives no direct federal government aid. However, the corporation and the securities it issues are thought to benefit from government subsidies. The Congressional Budget Office writes, "There have been no federal appropriations for cash payments or guarantee subsidies. But in the place of federal funds the government provides considerable unpriced benefits to the enterprises. Government-sponsored enterprises are costly to the government and taxpayers. The benefit is currently worth $6.5 billion annually." [18]

The mortgage crisis from late 2007

As mortgage originators began to distribute more and more of their loans through private label MBS, GSEs lost the ability to monitor and control mortgage originators. Competition between the GSEs and private securitizers for loans further undermined GSEs power and strengthened mortgage originators. This contributed to a decline in underwriting standards and was a major cause of the financial crisis.[19]

Investment bank securitizers were more willing to securitize risky loans because they generally retained minimal risk. Whereas the GSEs guaranteed the performance of their MBS, private securitizers generally did not, and might only retain a thin slice of risk.[19] Often, banks would offload this risk to insurance companies or other counterparties through credit default swaps, making their actual risk exposures extremely difficult for investors and creditors to discern.[20]

From 2001-2003, financial institutions experienced high earnings due to an unprecedented re-financing boom brought about by historically low interest rates. When interest rates eventually rose, financial institutions sought to maintain their elevated earnings levels with a shift toward riskier mortgages and private label MBS distribution. Earnings depended on volume, so maintaining elevated earnings levels necessitated expanding the borrower pool using lower underwriting standards and new products that the GSEs would not (initially) securitize. Thus, the shift away from GSE securitization to private-label securitization (PLS) also corresponded with a shift in mortgage product type, from traditional, amortizing, fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) to nontraditional, structurally riskier, nonamortizing, adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs), and in the start of a sharp deterioration in mortgage underwriting standards.[21] The growth of PLS, however, forced the GSEs to lower their underwriting standards in an attempt to reclaim lost market share to please their private shareholders. Shareholder pressure pushed the GSEs into competition with PLS for market share, and the GSEs loosened their guarantee business underwriting standards in order to compete. In contrast, the wholly public FHA/Ginnie Mae maintained their underwriting standards and instead ceded market share.[21]

The growth of private-label securitization and lack of regulation in this part of the market resulted in the oversupply of underpriced housing finance[21] that led, in 2006, to an increasing number of borrowers, often with poor credit, who were unable to pay their mortgages—particularly with adjustable rate mortgages (ARM)—caused a precipitous increase in home foreclosures. As a result, home prices declined as increasing foreclosures added to the already large inventory of homes and stricter lending standards made it more and more difficult for borrowers to get mortgages. This depreciation in home prices led to growing losses for the GSEs, which back the majority of US mortgages. In July 2008, the government attempted to ease market fears by reiterating their view that "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac play a central role in the US housing finance system". The U.S. Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve took steps to bolster confidence in the corporations, including granting both corporations access to Federal Reserve low-interest loans (at similar rates as commercial banks) and removing the prohibition on the Treasury Department to purchase the GSEs' stock. Despite these efforts, by August 2008, shares of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had tumbled more than 90% from their one-year prior levels.

Company

Awards

Credit rating

As of October 14, 2008.[22]

Standard & Poor's Moody's Fitch
Senior Long-Term Debt AAA Aaa AAA
Short-Term Debt A-1+ Prime-1 F-1+
Subordinated Debt BBB+/Watch Positive Aa2 AA-
Preferred Stock C Ca C/RR6
Risk-To-The-Government NR (Not Rated) Not Applicable Not Applicable
Bank Financial Strength Not Applicable E+ Not Applicable

Investigations

In 2003, Freddie Mac revealed that it had understated earnings by almost $5 billion, one of the largest corporate restatements in U.S. history. As a result, in November, it was fined $125 million—an amount called "peanuts" by Forbes.[23]

On April 18, 2006, Freddie Mac was fined $3.8 million, by far the largest amount ever assessed by the Federal Election Commission, as a result of illegal campaign contributions. Freddie Mac was accused of illegally using corporate resources between 2000 and 2003 for 85 fundraisers that collected about $1.7 million for federal candidates. Much of the illegal fund raising benefited members of the House Financial Services Committee, a panel whose decisions can affect Freddie Mac. Notably, Freddie Mac held more than 40 fundraisers for House Financial Services Chairman Michael Oxley, R-Ohio.[24]

Government subsidies and bailout

Both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac often benefited from an implied guarantee of fitness equivalent to truly federally backed financial groups.[25]

As of 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac owned or guaranteed about half of the U.S.'s $12 trillion mortgage market.[26] This made both corporations highly susceptible to the subprime mortgage crisis of that year. Ultimately, in July 2008, the speculation was made reality, when the US government took action to prevent the collapse of both corporations. The US Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve took several steps to bolster confidence in the corporations, including extending credit limits, granting both corporations access to Federal Reserve low-interest loans (at similar rates as commercial banks), and potentially allowing the Treasury Department to own stock.[27] This event also renewed calls for stronger regulation of GSEs by the government.

President Bush recommended a significant regulatory overhaul of the housing finance industry in 2003, but many Democrats opposed his plan, fearing that tighter regulation could greatly reduce financing for low-income housing, both low- and high-risk.[28] Bush opposed two other acts of legislation:[29][30] Senate Bill S. 190, the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005, which was introduced in the Senate on January 26, 2005, sponsored by Senator Chuck Hagel and co-sponsored by Senators Elizabeth Dole and John Sununu. S. 190 was reported out of the Senate Banking Committee on July 28, 2005, but never voted on by the full Senate.

On May 23, 2006, the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac regulator, the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, issued the results of a 27-month-long investigation.[31]

On May 25, 2006, Senator McCain joined as a co-sponsor to the Federal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005 (first put forward by Sen. Charles Hagel [R-NE])[32] where he pointed out that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's regulator reported that profits were "illusions deliberately and systematically created by the company's senior management".[33] However, this regulation too met with opposition from both Democrats and Republicans.[34]

Several executives of Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac include Kenneth Duberstein, former Chief of Staff to President Reagan, advisor to John McCain's Presidential Campaign in 2000, and President George W. Bush's transition team leader (Fannie Mae board member 1998–2007);[35] Franklin Raines, former Budget Director for President Clinton, CEO from 1999 to 2004—statements about his role as an advisor to the Obama presidential campaign have been determined to be false;[36] James Johnson, former aide to Democratic Vice-President Walter Mondale and ex-head of Obama's Vice-Presidential Selection Committee, CEO from 1991 to 1998; and Jamie Gorelick, former Deputy Attorney General to President Clinton, and Vice-Chairman from 1998 to 2003. In his position, Johnson earned an estimated $21 million; Raines earned an estimated $90 million; and Gorelick earned an estimated $26 million.[37] Three of these four top executives were also involved in mortgage-related financial scandals.[38][39]

The top 10 recipients of campaign contributions from Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae during the 1989 to 2008 time period include 5 Republicans and 5 Democrats. Top recipients of PAC money from these organizations include Roy Blunt (R-MO) $78,500 (total including individuals' contributions $96,950), Robert Bennett (R-UT) $71,499 (total $107,999), Spencer Bachus (R-AL) $70,500 (total $103,300), and Kit Bond (R-MO) $95,400 (total $64,000). The following Democrats received mostly individual contributions from employees, rather than PAC money: Christopher Dodd, (D-CT) $116,900 (but also $48,000 from the PACs), John Kerry, (D-MA) $109,000 ($2,000 from PACs), Barack Obama, (D-IL) $120,349 (only $6,000 from the PACs), Hillary Clinton, (D-NY) $68,050 (only $8,000 from PACs).[40] John McCain received $21,550 from these GSEs during this time, mostly individual money.[41] Freddie Mac also contributed $250,000 to the 2008 Republican National Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota according to FEC filings.[42] The organizers of the Democratic National Convention have not yet submitted their filings on how much they received from Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae.[42]

On Oct 21, 2010 government estimates revealed that the bailout of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae will likely cost taxpayers $154 billion.[43]

Conservatorship

Wikinews has related news: Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae placed into US government conservatorship

On September 7, 2008, Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) Director James B. Lockhart III announced pursuant to the financial analysis, assessments and statutory authority of the FHFA, he had placed Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac under the conservatorship of the FHFA. FHFA has stated that there are no plans to liquidate the company.[4][5]

The announcement followed reports two days earlier that the Federal government was planning to take over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and had met with their CEOs on short notice.[44][45][46]

Under the reported plan, the federal government, via the FHFA, would place the two firms into conservatorship and for each entity, dismiss the chief executive officer, the present board of directors, elect a new board of directors, and cause to be issued new common stock to the federal government. The value of the common stock to pre-conservatorship holders would be greatly diminished, in the effort to maintain the value of company debt and of mortgage-backed securities.[6][44][45][46]

The authority of the U.S. Treasury to advance funds for the purpose of stabilizing Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac is limited only by the amount of debt that the entire federal government is permitted by law to commit to. The July 30, 2008, law enabling expanded regulatory authority over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac increased the national debt ceiling by US$800 billion, to a total of US$ 10.7 trillion in anticipation of the potential need for the Treasury to have the flexibility to support the federal home loan banks.[47][48][49]

On September 7, 2008, the U.S. Government took control of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Daniel Mudd, CEO of Fannie Mae and Richard Syron, CEO of Freddie Mac have been replaced. Herbert M. Allison former vice chairman of Merrill Lynch will take over Fannie Mae, and David M Moffett, former vice chairman of US Bancorp, will take over Freddie Mac.

Related legislation

On May 8, 2013, Representatives Scott Garrett introduced the Budget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 (H.R. 1872; 113th Congress) into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. The bill, if it were passed, would modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.[50] The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.[50] The changes made by the bill would mean that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt.[51] These programs themselves would not be changed, but how they are accounted for in the United States federal budget would be. The goal of the bill is to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget.[52]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation Form 10-K (Annual Report) for fiscal year ended December 31, 2014" (PDF). Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  2. ↑ "Tysons Corner CDP, Virginia." United States Census Bureau. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
  3. ↑ "Contact Us." Freddie Mac. Retrieved on May 12, 2009.
  4. 1 2 Lockhart III, James B. (2008-09-07). "Statement of FHFA Director James B. Lockhart". Federal Housing Finance Agency. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  5. 1 2 "Fact Sheet: Questions and Answers on Conservatorship" (PDF). Federal Housing Finance Agency. 2008-09-07. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2008. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  6. 1 2 Goldfarb, Zachary A.; David Cho; Binyamin Appelbaum (2008-09-07). "Treasury to Rescue Fannie and Freddie: Regulators Seek to Keep Firms' Troubles From Setting Off Wave of Bank Failures". Washington Post. pp. A01. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  7. ↑ 22, 2008 "Freddie Mac courts investors, Buffett passes" Check |url= value (help). Associated Press via International Herald Tribune via Internet Archive. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  8. ↑ Christie, Rebecca (September 7, 2008). "Paulson Engineers U.S. Takeover of Fannie, Freddie (Update4)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-09-07.
  9. ↑ Adler, Lynn (June 16, 2010). "Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac to delist shares on NYSE". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  10. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael and Jolly, David (September 8, 2008). "U.S. Takeover of Mortgage Giants Lifts Stock Markets". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  11. ↑ Leonnig, Carol D. (June 10, 2008). "How HUD Mortgage Policy Fed The Crisis". Washington Post.
  12. ↑ Lemke, Lins and Picard, Mortgage-Backed Securities, Chapters 2 and 4 (Thomson West, 2013 ed.).
  13. ↑ "Conforming Loan Limit". FHFA. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
  14. ↑ "Freddie Mac Debt Securities: Freddie Notes FAQ". Freddiemac.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  15. ↑ Vernon L. Smith, "The Clinton Housing Bubble", Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2007, pA20
  16. ↑ The Economist, "Fannie and Freddie ride again", July 5, 2007
  17. ↑ ""CBO TESTIMONY Statement of Dan L. Crippen Director, Federal Subsidies for the Housing GSEs before the Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises Committee on Financial Services U.S. House of Representatives, May 23, 2001"". Cbo.gov. 2001-05-23. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  18. ↑ Congressional Budget Office, Assessing the Public Costs and Benefits of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, May 1996
  19. 1 2 Michael Simkovic “Competition and Crisis in Mortgage Securitization”, online at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1924831
  20. ↑ Michael Simkovic, "Secret Liens and the Financial Crisis of 2008," http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1323190
  21. 1 2 3 A. J. Levitin, S. M. Wachter “Explaining the Housing Bubble”, online at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1669401)
  22. ↑ "Freddie Mac Credit Ratings". Freddiemac.com. 2014-03-24. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  23. ↑ "Shaking Steady Freddie". Forbes. 2003-12-11.
  24. ↑ "Freddie Mac pays record $3.8 million fine - Business - US business | NBC News". MSNBC. 2006-04-18. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  25. ↑ Goodman, Wes and Shenn, Jody (February 20, 2009). "Fannie Mae Rescue Hindered as Asians Seek Guarantee (Update2)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
  26. ↑ Duhigg, Charles, "Loan-Agency Woes Swell From a Trickle to a Torrent", The New York Times, Friday, July 11, 2008
  27. ↑ Luhby, Tami, , CNN Money, Monday, July 14, 2008
  28. ↑ Labaton, Steven (2003-09-11). "New Agency Proposed to Oversee Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  29. ↑ "Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 1461". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  30. ↑ "Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 1427". Presidency.ucsb.edu. 2007-05-16. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  31. ↑ "Report of the Special Examination of Fannie Mae May 2006" (PDF). Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight. May 2006.
  32. ↑ govtrack.us
  33. ↑ govtrack.us, May 25, 2006 Archived October 10, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "Associated Press, Oct 20, 2008". MSNBC. 2008-10-19. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  35. ↑ PEU Report/State of the Division (2008-09-19). "State of the Division: Knowing McCain's Ken Duberstein". Stateofthedivision.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  36. ↑ "The Washington Post, Sept 19, 2008". Voices.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  37. ↑ NationalPost, Jul 11, 2008
  38. ↑ "The Washington Post, Apr 6, 2005". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  39. ↑ The New York Times, Apr 19, 2008
  40. ↑ OpenSecrets.org
  41. ↑ Lindsay Renick Mayer (2008-09-11). "OpenSecrets.org, Sep 11, 2008". Opensecrets.org. Retrieved 2014-06-19.
  42. 1 2 Yahoo! News Archived October 25, 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  43. ↑ Davidson, Paul (2010-10-22). "Fannie, Freddie bailout to cost taxpayers $154 billion". USA Today.
  44. 1 2 Hilzenrath, David S.; Zachary A. Goldfarb (2008-09-05). "Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac to be Put Under Federal Control, Sources Say". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  45. 1 2 Labaton, Stephen; Andres Ross Sorkin (2008-09-05). "U.S. Rescue Seen at Hand for 2 Mortgage Giants". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
  46. 1 2 Hilzenrath,, David S.; Neil Irwin; Zachary A. Goldfarb (2008-09-06). "U.S. Nears Rescue Plan For Fannie And Freddie Deal Said to Involve Change of Leadership, Infusions of Capital". Washington Post. pp. A1. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  47. ↑ Herszenhorn, David (2008-07-27). "Congress Sends Housing Relief Bill to President". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  48. ↑ Herszenhorn, David M. (2008-07-31). "Bush Signs Sweeping Housing Bill". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-09-06.
  49. ↑ See HR 3221, signed into law as Public Law 110-289: A bill to provide needed housing reform and for other purposes.
    Access to Legislative History: Library of Congress THOMAS: A bill to provide needed housing reform and for other purposes.
    White House pre-signing statement: Statement of Administration Policy: H.R. 3221 – Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (July 23, 2008 ). Executive office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington DC.
  50. 1 2 "H.R. 1872 - CBO" (PDF). United States Congress. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  51. ↑ Kasperowicz, Pete (28 March 2014). "House to push budget reforms next week". The Hill. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  52. ↑ Kasperowicz, Pete (4 April 2014). "Next week: Bring out the budget". The Hill. Retrieved 7 April 2014.

Further reading

External links

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