Expletive attributive
An expletive attributive is an adjective or adverb (or adjectival or adverbial phrase) that does not contribute to the propositional meaning of a sentence, but is used to intensify its emotional force. Often such words or phrases are regarded as profanity or "bad language", though there are also inoffensive expletive attributives.
Usage
There are a large number of attributive adjectives and adverbs in English that function as expletives, indicating a speaker's anger, irritation, or in some cases strong approval or other emotion, without otherwise modifying the meaning of the phrase in which they occur.[1]
An example of an expletive attributive is the word bloody as used in the following sentences.
- "You'd better pray for a bloody miracle if you want to avoid bankruptcy."
- "That was a bloody good meal."
- "You'd better bloody well make it happen!"
An expletive attributive is an intensifier. Unlike other adjective or adverb usage, bloody or bloody well in these sentences do not modify the meaning of miracle, good meal, or make it happen. The expletive attributives here suggest that the speaker feels strongly about the proposition being expressed.
Other vulgar words may also be used in this way.
- "The goddamn policeman tailed me all the goddamn way home."
- "I fucking hope he fucking chokes on his motherfucking peanuts."
Bloody, bloody well, goddamn and fucking do not contribute anything to the meaning. Rather, they suggest the strength of feeling of the speaker.
Other words that are never thought of as offensive can be used in similar ways. For example:
- "I forgot to pay the phone bill twice running, so the wretched line was cut off."
The phone line discussed may (before it was cut off) have been just as good as any other, and therefore would not have been wretched in the literal senses of "extremely shoddy", "devoid of hope" or similar. Rather, wretched serves here as a politer equivalent of expletive bloody and the like.
Infixation
In English, an expletive attributive can be infixed (inserted within another word, for "un-bloody-believable", etc.); see expletive infixation.
The term "expletive"
Expletive comes from the Latin verb explere, meaning "to fill", via expletivus, "filling out". It was introduced into English in the seventeenth century for various kinds of padding—the padding out of a book with peripheral material, the addition of syllables to a line of poetry for metrical purposes, and so forth. Use of expletive for such a meaning is now rare. Rather, expletive is a linguistics term for a meaningless word filling a syntactic vacancy (see syntactic expletive). Outside linguistics, the word is commonly used to refer to "bad language". Some linguists use it as shorthand for "expletive attributive".
References
- ↑ Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.
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