Trans-Europe Express (album)

Trans-Europe Express

German album cover
Studio album by Kraftwerk
Released March 1977
Recorded 1976
Studio Kling Klang Studio
(Düsseldorf, Germany)
Genre Electronic
Length 42:45
Label Kling Klang
Producer
Kraftwerk chronology
Radio-Activity
(1975)		 Trans Europe Express
(1977)		 The Man-Machine
(1978)
Alternative album cover
Album cover used in most international editions of the album
Singles from Trans-Europe Express
  1. "Trans-Europe Express"
    Released: April 1977
  2. "Showroom Dummies"
    Released: August 1977

Trans-Europe Express (German: Trans Europa Express) is the sixth studio album by German electronic music band Kraftwerk. Recorded in mid-1976 in Düsseldorf, Germany, the album was released in March 1977 on Kling Klang Records. The album's themes were influenced by friends who suggested writing songs about the Trans Europ Express to reflect Kraftwerk's electronic music style. Critics have described the album as having two specific themes: celebration of Europe and the disparities between reality and image. Musically, the songs on this album differ from the group's earlier Krautrock style with a focus on electronic mechanized rhythms, minimalism, and occasional manipulated vocals.

Trans-Europe Express charted at 119 on the American charts and was placed number 30 on the Village Voice's 1977 Pazz & Jop critics poll. Two singles were released from Trans-Europe Express: "Trans-Europe Express" and "Showroom Dummies". The album has been re-released in several formats and continued to receive acclaim from modern critics.

Background

Krafwerk performing in Zurich on March 10, 1976, before starting production on Trans-Europe Express

After the release and tour for the album Radio-Activity, Kraftwerk continued to move further away from their earlier Krautrock style of improvised instrumental music, refining their work more into the format of melodic electronic songs.[1] During the tour for Radio-Activity the band began to make performance rules such as not to be drunk on stage or at parties. Karl Bartos wrote that about these rules, stating that "it's not easy to turn knobs on a synthesizer if you are drunk or full of drugs. ... We always tried to keep very aware of what we were doing while acting in public."[1] During this tour, early melodies that would later evolve into the song "Showroom Dummies" were being performed.[2]

In mid-1976, Kraftwerk began to work on the album which was then called Europe Endless.[3][4] Paul Alessandrini suggested that Kraftwerk write a song about the Trans-Europ Express to reflect their electronic music style. Hütter and Schneider met with musicians David Bowie and Iggy Pop prior to recording which influenced song lyrics. Maxime Schmitt encouraged the group to record a French language version of the song "Showroom Dummies" which led the group to later record several songs in French. The album was recorded at Kling Klang Studio in Düsseldorf.[4] Artistic control over the songs was strictly in the hands of members Ralf Hütter and Florian Schneider with Bartos and Wolfgang Flür contributing sequenced electronic percussion.[5] Kraftwerk went to railway bridges to listen to the sounds the train would actually produce. The group found the sound the train made was not danceable and changed it slightly.[6]

Recording

An important piece of new equipment used on the album was the Synthanorma Sequenzer, a customized 32-step 16-channel analogue sequencer made for the band by Matten & Wiechers. This allowed the construction of more elaborate sequenced synthesizer lines, which are featured prominently in the tracks "Europe Endless", "Franz Schubert" and "Endless Endless",[7][8] and liberated the player from the chore of playing repetitive keyboard patterns.

Whereas Radio-Activity had featured a mixture of German and English lyrics throughout the album, Trans-Europe Express went further and was mixed as two entirely separate versions, one sung in English, the other in German. At the recommendation of Maxime Schmitt, a French version of the song "Showroom Dummies", titled "Les Mannequins", was also recorded. "Les Mannequins" was the group's first song in French and would influence decisions to record songs in French on later albums.[3] After recording the album in Düsseldorf, Hütter and Schneider visited Los Angeles to mix the tracks at the Record Plant Studio.[4] Elements of the mixing sessions that were done in Los Angeles were dropped from the album, including the use of more upfront vocals in order to do more mixing in Düsseldorf and Hamburg later.[9]

The artwork for the album cover of Trans-Europe Express was originally going to be a monochrome picture of the group reflected in a series of mirrors. This idea was dropped for a photo by New York-based celebrity photographer Maurice Seymour, with the group dressed in suits to resemble mannequins.[10] J. Stara's image of the group was taken in Paris and is a highly retouched photo-montage of Kraftwerk from their shoulders up again posed as mannequins which is shown on the American album cover.[10][11] On the inside sleeve, a color collage of the group sitting at a small cafe table designed by Emil Schult was used. The photo for this scene was from the session by Maurice Seymour, taken on the group's American tour. Other photos were taken by Schult that show the group laughing and smiling. These were not used for the album's release.[11]

Composition
"Trans-Europe Express"
A thirty-second sample of "Trans-Europe Express" featuring the references to meeting with Iggy Pop and David Bowie.
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Wolfgang Flür has stated Kraftwerk were influenced by music of the Weimar Germany era: "we were children who were born straight after World War Two ... we had no musical or pop culture of our own ... there was the war, and before the war we had only the German folk music. In the 1920s or 1930s melodies were developed and these became culture that we worked from".[12] Karl Bartos also spoke of post-war influence as the group thought that they "had this development in the 1920s which was very, very strong and was audio visual. We had the Bauhaus school before the war and then after the war we had tremendous people like Karlheinz Stockhausen and the development of the classical and the electronic classical. This was very strong and it all happened very close to Düsseldorf in Cologne and all the great composers at that time came there."[6] Paul Alessandrini is credited for helping contribute to the album's concept. Alessandrini told Hütter and Schneider that "with the kind of music you do, which is kind of like an electronic blues, railway stations and trains are very important in your universe, you should do a song about the Trans Europe Express".[13] Kraftwerk believed critics in the United Kingdom and United States associated them with Nazi Germany, with tracks such as "Autobahn" inextricably linked with the Nazis who built the high-speed roads in the 1930s and 1940s. At the same time the band were keen to move away from their German heritage towards a new sense of European identity and felt that the Trans Europ Express could be used to symbolize this.[6] Allmusic referred to Trans-Europe Express as a concept album with two different themes. The first being the disparities between reality and image, represented by the songs "Hall of Mirrors" and "Showroom Dummies", and the others about the glorification of Europe.[14] Slant Magazine described the album as "a sonic poem to Europe".[15]

The musical style of Trans-Europe Express was described by AllMusic as melodic themes which are "repeated often and occasionally interwoven over deliberate, chugging beats, sometimes with manipulated vocals" and "minimalism, mechanized rhythms, and crafted, catchy melodies".[14] Hütter has commented on the minimalist nature of the album, stating that "If we can convey an idea with one or two notes, it is better than to play a hundred or so notes".[13] The first side of Trans-Europe Express has three songs. The song "Hall of Mirrors" has been described as containing deadpan vocals with lyrics that speculate how stars look at themselves in a looking glass.[3] Hütter and Schneider have described the song as auto-biographical.[3] The third track "Showroom Dummies" was described by Allmusic as "bouncily melodic in a way that most of Trans-Europe Express isn't" and with lyrics which are "slightly paranoid".[16] The idea for the song came from Flür and Bartos being compared to showroom dummies in a British concert review. Some versions of the song contain a spoken introduction starting with a count-in of "eins zwei drei vier" as a parody of the band Ramones who started some songs with a quick count-in of "one two three four".[3] The second side of Trans-Europe Express is a suite with "Trans-Europe Express" continuing through to "Metal on Metal" and "Franz Schubert" before closing with a brief reiteration of the main theme from "Europe Endless".[17] Allmusic described the musical elements of the suite as having a haunting theme with "deadpan chanting of the title phrase" which is "slowly layered over that rhythmic base in much the same way that the earlier "Autobahn" was constructed".[17] The song's lyrics reference the album Station to Station and meeting with musicians Iggy Pop and David Bowie.[18] Hütter and Schneider had previously met up with Bowie in Germany and were flattered with the attention they received from him.[19] Ralf Hütter was interested in Bowie's work as he had been working with Iggy Pop, who was the former lead singer of The Stooges; one of Hütter's favorite groups.[20]

Release

Trans-Europe Express was originally released in March 1977.[21] With the help of Günther Fröhling, Kraftwerk made a promotional music video for the song "Trans-Europe Express". The video features the group wearing long coats on a train trip from Düsseldorf to nearby Duisburg. Photo stills from this video were later used on the single sleeve for "Showroom Dummies".[18] Fröhling would work with Kraftwerk again on their album The Man-Machine doing the photography for the album cover.[22] To promote the album to the press in France, EMI Records hired a train with old fashioned carriages from the 1930s to travel from Paris to Rheims while the songs from the album were played over the train's announcement system for the critics.[5]

In October 2009, a remastered edition of the album was released by EMI Records in Germany, Mute Records in the European Union and Astralwerks Records in the United States.[23][24][25][26] This re-release was available on compact disc, digital download and vinyl and features a different album cover from previous versions of the album. This new version features a black background with white Trans Europ Express train in the center.[27] The track listing on the 2009 re-release amends the titles of the songs to match the original German release. This change has "Metal on Metal" being credited for two minutes of the music with the remainder being a track titled "Abzug" (English: "Departure").[28][29]

Commercial performance

Trans-Europe Express charted higher in the United States than Kraftwerk's previous album Radio-Activity by peaking at number 117 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart.[30][31] "Trans-Europe Express" and "Showroom Dummies" were released as singles from the album.[32] "Trans-Europe Express" charted in the Billboard Hot 100 in 1977 where it peaked at number 67.[33] Trans-Europe Express began charting in the United Kingdom in the 1980s. The album entered the charts on February 6, 1982, staying in the charts for seven weeks and peaking at number 49.[34] The single for "Showroom Dummies" entered the charts on February 20, 1982, staying in the charts for five weeks and peaking at number 25.[35]

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[14]
Robert ChristgauA−[36]
Drowned In Sound(10/10)[27]
The Independent[37]
Mojo[38]
Q[39]
Rolling Stone[40]
Slant Magazine[15]
Spin Alternative Record Guide(9/10)[41]
Uncut[42]

Initial reviews for the Trans-Europe Express were positive. Music critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A- rating, stating that the album's "textural effects sound like parodies by some cosmic schoolboy of every lush synthesizer surge that's ever stuck in your gullet—yet also work the way those surges are supposed to work".[36] Trans-Europe Express charted in the Village Voice's 1977 Pazz & Jop critics poll, placing at number 30.[43]

Modern reception has been very favorable. Trans-Europe Express has the highest possible ratings from publications including AllMusic, Mojo, Rolling Stone and Slant Magazine.[14][15][38][40] Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote that the album "is often cited as perhaps the archetypal (and most accessible) Kraftwerk album ... Overall, Trans-Europe Express offers the best blend of minimalism, mechanized rhythms, and crafted, catchy melodies in the group's catalog".[14] The British press also looked favorably on the album. Q gave the album four stars out of five, stating that the album "changed the face of American dance music" and that it was one of the most compelling beats of this or any other era".[39] In 2009 Drowned in Sound gave the album a perfect rating of 10 out of 10, stating that "Trans-Europe Express is all at once antique, timeless, retro and contemporary. Its status as modern electronic music's birth certificate is well-earned, but its hallowed reputation should never be allowed to disguise its true value and power as a work of art. Nor should it obscure a longevity that, 32 years on, we might as well start calling by its real name: immortality".[27]

Trans-Europe Express has also appeared on top album lists from a variety of sources. In 2001, TV network VH1 placed Trans-Europe Express at number 56 on their list of "100 Greatest Albums (of Rock & Roll) of All Time".[44] In 2002, Slant Magazine placed the album at number one on their list of the greatest electronic albums of the 20th century.[45] In 2003, Rolling Stone placed the album at number 253 on their list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[46] Channel 4 placed the album at number 71 on their list of top 100 Greatest albums.[47] In 2004, the online music website Pitchfork Media listed Trans-Europe Express as 6th best album of the 1970s, stating that "the day will soon come, if it hasn't already, that Trans-Europe Express joins the ranks of Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and Exile on Main Street as a record that simply cannot be written about".[48]

Legacy

Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine described the album's influence as "unprecedented, reaching as wide as rock (Radiohead's Kid A), hip-hop (Afrika Bambaataa's classic "Planet Rock", Jay Dee's recent "Big Booty Express") and pop (Madonna's Drowned World Tour, which incorporated samples of "Metal on Metal")".[15]

In the late 1970s, the album had an impact on post-punk band Joy Division as bassist Peter Hook related it: "We were introduced to Kraftwerk by [singer] Ian Curtis, who insisted we play Trans Europe Express before we went on stage every time. The tape was played in the venue over the PA system, to be heard by everyone. The first time was Pips [a Manchester club well known for its ‘Bowie Room’]. Ian got thrown out for kicking glass around the dance floor in time to the track. It took us ages of pleading to get him back in."[49] Drummer Stephen Morris also confirmed that Joy Division "used to play Trans-Europe Express before we went on stage, to get us into the zone. It worked because it gets up a lot of momentum. Trans-Europe Express just seemed to express an optimism - even if people see it as machine music". Morris also said: "It reminds me of Cabaret, the film, with all of the 1920s singing. [...] When you get that marriage between humans and machines, and you get it right, it's fantastic. I have to say it's my favourite Kraftwerk album."[50]

Accolades

The information regarding accolades attributed to Trans-Europe Express is adapted from AcclaimedMusic.net, except where otherwise noted.[51]

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Blender United States 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die 2003 *
Fast 'n' Bulbous The 500 Best Albums Since 1965 2012 240
Paste The 70 Best Albums of the 1970s 2012 47
Pitchfork Media Top 100 Albums of the 1970s 2004 6
Robert Dimery 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die 2005 *
Rolling Stone The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2003 253
The Essential 200 Rock Records 1997 *
Slant Magazine Top 25 Electronic Albums 2005 1
Tom Moon 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die 2008 *
VH1 The 100 Greatest Albums of Rock & Roll 2001 56
Vibe 100 Essential Albums of the 20th Century 1999 *
Channel 4 United Kingdom 125 Nominations for the 100 Greatest Albums 2005 *
GQ The 100 Coolest Albums in the World Right Now! 2005 86
Gary Mulholland 261 Greatest Albums Since Punk and Disco 2006 *
Mojo The 100 Greatest Albums Ever Made 1995 48
The Mojo Collection: The Greatest Albums of All Time... and How They Happened 2003 *
70 of the Greatest Albums of the 70s 2006 *
Muzik Top 50 Dance Albums of All Time 2002 9
The 50 Most Influential Records of All Time 2003 *
NME Albums of the Year 1977 38
All Times Top 100 Albums 1985 38
Top 100 Albums of All Time 2003 36
The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time 2013 81
Paul Morley Words and Music, 5 x 100 Greatest Albums of All Time 2013 *
Q The 50 Best Albums of the 70s 1998 9
Sounds Albums of the Year 1977 13
The 100 Best Albums of All Time 1986 48
The Observer 50 Albums That Changed Music 1956-2006 2006 3
The Times The 20 Most Influential Albums 2008 11
Uncut 100 Rock and Movie Icons 2005 23
The Wire The 100 Most Important Records Ever Made 1992 *
Adresseavisen Norway The 100 (+23) Best Albums of All Time 1995 15
Panorama The 30 Best Albums of the Year 1970-98 1999 16
Pop Sweden The World's 100 Best Albums + 300 Complements 1994 101
Max Germany The 50 Best Albums of All Time 1997 22
Musik Express/Sounds The 100 Masterpieces 1993 94
The 50 Best German Records 2001 15
RoRoRo Rock-Lexicon Most Recommended Albums 2003 *
Rolling Stone The Best Albums of 5 Decades 1997 101
The 500 Best Albums of All Time 2004 325
Sounds The 50 Best Albums of the 1970s 2009 10
Spex The 100 Albums of the Century 1999 35
(*) designates lists that are unordered.

Track listing

Side one
No. TitleLyricsMusic Length
1. "Europe Endless" ("Europa Endlos")Ralf Hütter, Florian SchneiderHütter 9:40
2. "The Hall of Mirrors" ("Spiegelsaal")Hütter, Schneider, Emil SchultHütter, Schneider 7:56
3. "Showroom Dummies" ("Schaufensterpuppen")HütterHütter 6:15
Side two
No. TitleLyricsMusic Length
4. "Trans-Europe Express" ("Trans Europa Express")Hütter, SchultHütter 6:52
5. "Metal on Metal[a]" ("Metall auf Metall") Hütter 6:43
6. "Franz Schubert"   Hütter 4:26
7. "Endless Endless" ("Endlos Endlos") Hütter, Schneider 0:55
Notes

Personnel

Adapted from Trans-Europe Express liner notes.[28][52]

Kraftwerk
Technical
  • Peter Bollig – engineer
  • Bill Haverson – engineer (The Record Plant, Hollywood)
  • Thomas Kuckuck – engineer (Rüssl Studio, Hamburg)
Graphical
  • Maurice Seymour – photography
  • J. Stara – photography
  • Günther Fröhling – photography (2009 remaster only)
  • Ink Studios – typographic design
  • Johann Zambryski – artwork reconstruction (2009 remaster)

Charts positions

Weekly Charts (1977)[53][54] Peak
position
France (SNEP)[55][56] 2
Germany (Media Control Charts)[57][58] 32
Italy (FIMI)[59][60] 8
Sweden (GLF)[61] 32
United Kingdom (Official Charts Company)[62] 49
United States (Billboard Top LPs & Tapes)[63] 119

References

Footnotes
  1. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 82.
  2. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 81.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bussy 2004, p. 93.
  4. 1 2 3 Bussy 2004, p. 83.
  5. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 92.
  6. 1 2 3 Doran, John (March 11, 2009). "Karl Bartos Interviewed: Kraftwerk And The Birth Of The Modern". The Quietus. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  7. ↑ Matten, Dirk. "Synthanorma Modell 316" (PDF) (in German). Retrieved October 23, 2009.
  8. ↑ Flür 2003, pp. 133–134.
  9. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 86.
  10. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 88.
  11. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 89.
  12. ↑ Thompson, Dave. "Song Review: Europe Endless". Allmusic. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  13. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 90.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Huey, Steve. "Trans-Europe Express: Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Cinquemani, Sal (November 2, 2002). "Kraftwerk: Trans-Europe Express review". Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  16. ↑ Mason, Stewart. "Showroom Dummies: Song review". Allmusic. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  17. 1 2 Mason, Stewart. "Song review: Trans-Europe Express". Allmusic. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  18. 1 2 Bussy 2004, p. 94.
  19. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 84.
  20. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 85.
  21. ↑ Nusser 1997, p. 67.
  22. ↑ "The Man-Machine: Credits". Allmusic. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  23. ↑ "Kraftwerk - Digital Remasters 2009". Astralwerks. Archived from the original on August 14, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  24. ↑ "Mute.com: Kraftwerk - Trans-Europe Express". Mute Records. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  25. ↑ "Kraftwerk // Trans-Europa Express Remastered CD". EMI. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Kraftwerk // Trans-Europa Express Remaster-Vinyl". EMI. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
  27. 1 2 3 Power, Chris (October 13, 2009). "Review: Kraftwerk – Trans-Europe Express Remastered". Drowned In Sound. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  28. 1 2 Trans-Europe Express (Digital Remaster) (CD). Kraftwerk. Mute Records. 2009. CDSTUMM305.
  29. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 212.
  30. ↑ "Trans-Europe Express: Charts & Awards: Billboard albums". Allmusic. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  31. ↑ Bussy 2004, p. 95.
  32. ↑ Strong 1998, p. 454.
  33. ↑ "Trans-Europe Express: Charts & Awards: Billboard Singles". Allmusic. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  34. ↑ Kraftwerk albums Official charts
  35. ↑ Warwick 2004, pp. 612–613.
  36. 1 2 Christgau, Robert. "Robert Christgau:CG:Kraftwerk". Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  37. ↑ Gill, Andy (October 13, 2009). "Album: Kraftwerk, Trans Europe Express (Mute)". The Independent. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  38. 1 2 Snow, Mat (November 2009). "Gut Vibrations". Mojo (London: Bauer Media Group) (192): 110. ISSN 1351-0193.
  39. 1 2 "Trans-Europe Express - review". Q: 140. October 1995. 4 Stars – Excellent – "...changed the face of American dance music...one of the most compelling beats of this or any other era..."
  40. 1 2 Blashill, Pat. "Kraftwerk: Trans-Europe Express Review". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 8, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  41. ↑ Weisbard 1995, p. 215.
  42. ↑ Cavanagh, David. "Kraftwerk – Reissues". Uncut. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  43. ↑ Christgau, Robert (January 23, 1978). "The 1977 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll". Village Voice.
  44. ↑ "100 Greatest Albums of Rock & Roll". VH1. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  45. ↑ Cinquemani, Sal (2002). "2520: The 25 Greatest Electronic Albums of the 20th Century". Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  46. ↑ "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time: 253 Trans-Europe Express". Rolling Stone. November 1, 2003. Archived from the original on June 26, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Channel4–100 Greatest Albums". Channel 4. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  48. ↑ Leone, Dominique (June 23, 2004). "Top 100 Albums of the 1970s". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  49. ↑ Albiez 2011, p. 172.
  50. ↑ Hewitt, Ben (7 December 2010). "Bakers Dozen: Joy Division & New Order's Stephen Morris On His Top 13 Albums". The Quietus. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  51. ↑ Acclaimed Music – Trans-Europa Express/Trans Europe Express. acclaimedmusic.net. Retrieved on 4 August 2015.
  52. ↑ Trans-Europe Express (Compact disc). Kraftwerk. Capitol Records. 1987. CDP 7 46473 2.
  53. ↑ "Album artist 365 - Kraftwerk". tsort.info. Retrieved 2010-09-30.
  54. ↑ "Kraftwerk - Music Charts". acharts.us. Retrieved 2011-07-11.
  55. ↑ "Tous les Albums classés par Artiste". www.infodisc.fr (in French). Retrieved 2011-07-10.
  56. ↑ "Discographie Kraftwerk". lescharts.com (in French). Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  57. ↑ "Liedsuche". www.charts-surfer.de (in German). Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  58. ↑ "Chartverfolgung / KRAFTWERK / Longplay". www.musicline.de (in German). Retrieved 2009-09-18.
  59. ↑ "Top Annuali Album". www.hitparadeitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 2009-10-14.
  60. ↑ Salvatori 1997, p. 280.
  61. ↑ "Discography Kraftwerk". swedishcharts.com. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
  62. ↑ "Kraftwerk". www.officialcharts.com. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  63. ↑ "allmusic ((( Kraftwerk > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums )))". www.allmusic.com. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
Bibliography
  • Bussy, Pascal (2004), Kraftwerk: Man, Machine and Music, SAF Publishing Ltd, ISBN 0-946719-70-5, retrieved October 20, 2009 
  • Warwick, Neil; Jon Kutner, & Tony Brown (2004), The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles and Albums, Omnibus Press, ISBN 1-84449-058-0, retrieved October 21, 2009  Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  • Strong, M. C. (1998), The Great Rock Discography, Giunti, ISBN 88-09-21522-2, retrieved October 21, 2009 
  • Flür, Wolfgang (May 2003), Kraftwerk: I Was a Robot, Sanctuary, ISBN 1-86074-417-6 
  • Weisbard, Eric; Craig Marks (1995), Spin Alternative Record Guide, Vintage Books, ISBN 0-679-75574-8  Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthors= (help)
  • Salvatori, Dario (1997). 40 anni di Hit Parade in Italia. 
  • Albiez, Sean; Pattie, David (2011). Kraftwerk: Music Non-Stop. Continuum. ISBN 978-1441191366.  Cite uses deprecated parameter |coauthor= (help)
  • Nusser, Dick (22 October 1997). "Kraftwerk's Electric Plant Pulsating Funky Success". Billboard Magazine. 

External links

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