Pope Eugene III

Blessed Pope Eugene III
Papacy began	15 February 1145
Papacy ended	8 July 1153
Predecessor	Lucius II
Successor	Anastasius IV
Orders
Ordination	1135 by Pope Innocent II
Consecration	18 December 1145
Personal details
Birth name	Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno[1]
Born	Late 1080s[2] Pisa, Republic of Pisa, Holy Roman Empire
Died	8 July 1153(1153-07-08) Tivoli, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire
Previous post	Abbot of San Anastasio alle Tre Fontane (1140–45)
Sainthood
Feast day	8 July
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church
Title as Saint	Blessed
Beatified	28 December 1872 Rome, Papal States by Pope Pius IX
Attributes	Papal vestments Papal tiara
Patronage	Tre Fontane Abbey Cistercians
Other popes named Eugene

Papal styles of Pope Eugene III
Reference style	His Holiness
Spoken style	Your Holiness
Religious style	Holy Father
Posthumous style	Blessed

Pope Eugene III (Latin: Eugenius III; ca. 1080 – 8 July 1153), born Pietro dei Paganelli di Montemagno , was Pope from 15 February 1145 to his death in 1153. He was the first Cistercian to become Pope. After he became a Cistercian he took the name of "Bernardo" in honor of his friend and founder Bernard of Clairvaux.

He was beatified on 28 December 1872 by Pope Pius IX on the account of his sanctity.

Biography

Early life

Bernardo was born in Pisa. Little is known about his origins and family except that he was son of a certain Godius.^[3] From the 16th century he is commonly identified as member of the family of Paganelli di Montemagno, which belonged to the Pisan aristocracy, but this has not been proven and contradicts earlier testimonies that suggest he was a man of rather humble origins.^[4] In 1106 he was a canon of the cathedral chapter in Pisa and from 1115 is attested as subdeacon.^[5] 1133–1138 he acted as vicedominus of the archdiocese of Pisa.^[6]

Between May 1134 and February 1137 he was ordained into the priesthood by Pope Innocent II, who resided at that time in Pisa.^[7] Under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux he entered the Cistercian Order in the monastery of Clairvaux in 1138. A year later he returned to Italy as leader of the Cistercian community in Scandriglia. In Autumn 1140, Pope Innocent II named him abbot of the monastery of S. Anastasio alle Tre Fontane outside Rome.^[8] Some chronicles indicate that he was also elevated to the College of Cardinals,^[9] but these testimonies probably resulted from a confusion because Bernardo is not attested as cardinal in any document and from the letter of Bernard of Clairvaux addressed to the cardinals shortly after his election clearly appears that he was not a cardinal.^[10]

Papal election

Bernardo was elected pope in February 1145 and took the pontifical name of "Eugene III". He owed his elevation partly to the fact that no one was eager to accept an office the duties of which were at the time so difficult and dangerous, but chiefly to his being the friend and pupil of Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential ecclesiastic of the Western Church and a strong assertor of the pope's temporal authority. The choice did not have the approval of Bernard, however, who remonstrated against the election on account of the "innocence and simplicity" of Eugene III. But after the choice was made, he took advantage of the qualities in Eugene III which he objected to, so as to virtually rule in his name.

Pontificate

The episcopal consecration of Pope Eugene III.

During nearly the whole of his pontificate, Eugene III was unable to reside in Rome. Hardly had he left the city to be consecrated in the monastery of Farfa (about 40 km north of Rome), when the citizens, under the influence of Arnold of Brescia, the great opponent of the Pope's temporal power, established the old Roman constitution, the Commune of Rome and elected Giordano Pierleoni to be Patrician. Eugene III appealed for help to Tivoli, Italy, to other cities at feud with Rome, and to King Roger II of Sicily (who sent his general Robert of Selby), and with their aid was successful in making such conditions with the Roman citizens as enabled him for a time to hold the semblance of authority in his capital. But as he would not agree to a treacherous compact against Tivoli, he was compelled to leave the city in March 1146. He stayed for some time at Viterbo, and then at Siena, but went ultimately to France.

On hearing of the fall of Edessa to the Turks, he had, in December 1145, addressed the bull Quantum praedecessores to Louis VII of France, calling on him to take part in another crusade. At a great diet held at Speyer in 1146, Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III and many of his nobles were also incited to dedicate themselves to the crusade by the eloquence of Bernard.

Eugene III held synods in northern Europe at Paris, Rheims, and Trier in 1147 and 1149 that were devoted to the reform of clerical life. He also considered and approved the works of Hildegard of Bingen. In 1149, Eugene III returned to Italy and took up his residence at Viterbo. He fled to Prince Ptolemy's fortress in Tusculum on 8 April and remained there, where he met the returning Crusader king Louis VII of France and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. He stayed there until 7 November. In 1150, through the aid of the King of Sicily, he was again able to enter Rome, but the jealousy of the republicans soon compelled him to retire.

The death of Pope Eugene III.

The Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa had promised to aid him against his revolted subjects, but the death of Eugene III at Tivoli, on 8 July 1153, prevented the fulfillment of the engagement. Though the citizens of Rome were jealous of the efforts of Eugene III to assert his temporal authority, they were always ready to recognize him as their spiritual lord. Besides that, they deeply reverenced his personal character. Accordingly, he was buried in the Vatican with every mark of respect, and his tomb soon acquired an extraordinary fame for miraculous cures.

Beatification

The people of Rome were quick to recognize Eugene III as a pious figure who was meek and spiritual. His tomb acquired considerable fame due to the miracle purported to have occurred there and his cause for sainthood commenced. Pope Pius IX beatified him in 1872.

Bibliography

• M. Horn, Studien zur Geschichte Papst Eugens III.(1145–1153), Peter Lang Verlag 1992
• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, On Consideration, (addressed to Pope Eugene III), George Lewis, trans., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1908.

References

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Original text from the 9th edition (1879) of an unnamed encyclopedia. Original referred to him as Eugene – modified to match spelling on Popes list. Please update article as needed.