Ernst Leitz GmbH

Ernst Leitz GmbH was a German corporation now divided into three independent companies:

• Leica Camera, manufacturer of cameras
• Leica Geosystems, manufacturer of geodetic equipment
• Leica Microsystems, manufacturer of microscopes and owner of the Leica brand

History

Carl Kellner, mechanic and self-taught mathematician, published his treatise Das orthoskopische Ocular, eine neu erfundene achromatische Linsencombination (The orthoscopic ocular, a newly invented achromatic lens combination) in 1849, describing a new optical formula he had developed. The ocular was capable of rendering an image with correct perspective, free of the distortions typical of other microscopes at the time. Following his early death on 13 May 1855, his widow continued the business he had left behind, the "Optisches Institut" (optical institute).

The fine mechanic Ernst Leitz I. (1843–1920) from Baden arrived at Wetzlar in 1864 and entered service at the Optisches Institut. He was trained as an instrument maker for physical and chemical apparatus and had several years' experience making watches in Switzerland. Initially, Leitz was a part shareholder of the business (in 1865), but took over as sole owner in 1869 and continued it under his own name. Leitz introduced serial production, raising sales volume rapidly after 1871. Consulting with his clients, he continued to refine the microscopes to their needs.

The microscopes were produced for biomedical as well as industrial purposes, including mineralogy. Leitz microscopes improved on other models of their day in several ways, including lighting and optics, particularly with orthoscopic eyepieces. By 1880, the company had reached an annual production numbering 500. 1887 the 10,000th microscope was shipped, four years later the 20,000th, and in 1899 the 50,000th was completed. Bacteriologist Robert Koch was given the company's 100,000th microscope in 1907.^[1] Paul Ehrlich, inventor of chemotherapy, received the 150,000th one, and Nobel laureate Gerhard Domagk, discoverer of sulfonamides the 400,000th Leica instrument.

By the end of the 19th century, the company had a worldwide reputation. Its product range by this point included several optical instruments besides microscopes. At the beginning of the new century, Leitz introduced eight hour days and founded a health insurance society for employees. 1913 it introduced a first fully functional binocular microscope. After the first world war, the economic situation of Leitz was dire. Ernst Leitz died in July 1920 and the leadership of the company passed to his son, Ernst Leitz II.

Around 1920 Leitz employed around 1400 people, and by 1956, 6000. In 1924 Ernst Leitz II. decided that in spite of the weak economy, the apparatus designed by his employee Oskar Barnack should enter serial production.

As part of working on cinematic gear, Barnack had customised 35mm film for use in photographic cameras. Since he felt a ratio of 2:3 to be aesthetic, the resulting format was 24mm in height and 36mm wide. Around this he constructed a camera designed for casual snapshots. This design formed the basis of the original Leica camera, as presented at the spring fair 1925 in Leipzig. The success of that camera was enormous and well beyond expectation.

In 1925 the first polarising microscope was made, and in 1931 the first comparative macroscope for criminological applications. In 1932, Leitz pioneered a fluorescent microscope, and three years later a photometer developed by Max Berek.

In the late 1930s, Ernst Leitz II. assisted a number of Jewish employees in fleeing Germany. In 1942, the Ernst Leitz GmbH employed a total of 195 foreign citizens. By January 1945, there were 989 forced laborers, 643 of them "Ostarbeiter", predominantly from Ukraine, and 316 "Westarbeiter" from France and the Benelux.^[2]

Besides cameras and microscopes, Leitz developed further optical products that would define the mid-20th century, such as slide projectors of the "Prado" series and Leitz episcopes that were frequently used in schools.

References