Ernest Gruening

The Honorable Ernest Gruening
United States Senator from Alaska
In office January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1969
Preceded by	None (one of the first two senators following statehood)
Succeeded by	Mike Gravel
7th Governor of Alaska Territory
In office December 6, 1939 – April 10, 1953
Nominated by	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Preceded by	John Weir Troy
Succeeded by	Benjamin Franklin Heintzleman
Personal details
Born	Ernest Henry Gruening (1887-02-06)February 6, 1887 New York City
Died	June 26, 1974(1974-06-26) (aged 87) District of Columbia
Political party	Democratic
Spouse(s)	Dorothy Elizabeth Smith
Children	Ernest Gruening, Jr. ("Sonny"), Huntington Sanders Gruening ("Hunt"), Peter Brown Gruening
Alma mater	Harvard University
Profession	Journalist, Politician
Religion	Judaism

Ernest Henry Gruening (/ˈɡriːnɪŋ/ GREEN-ing; February 6, 1887 – June 26, 1974) was an American journalist and Democrat who was the Governor of the Alaska Territory from 1939 until 1953, and a United States Senator from Alaska from 1959 until 1969.

Early life

Born in New York City, Gruening attended The Hotchkiss School, and he graduated from Harvard University in 1907 and from Harvard Medical School in 1912 at the age of 25. He then forsook medicine to pursue journalism, finding it more exciting. Initially a reporter for the Boston American in 1912, he went on to become copy desk editor and rewrite man for the Boston Evening Herald and, from 1912 to 1913, an editorial writer. He also worked for the Boston Herald and the Boston Journal at various points. For four years, Gruening was, consecutively, managing editor of the Boston Evening Traveller and the New York Tribune. After serving in World War I, Gruening became the editor of The Nation from 1920 to 1923 and the editor of the New York Post for four months in 1934. During his time in New York, he also worked for the Spanish-language publication La Prensa.

Political career

Intrigued with New Deal politics, he switched careers. Gruening was appointed to the U.S. delegation to the 7th Inter-American Conference in 1933, Director of the Division of Territories and Island Possessions of the Department of the Interior, 1934–1939, Administrator of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration, 1935–1937. He moved to the Alaska International Highway Commission from 1938 to 1942. In 1939, Gruening was appointed Governor of the Territory of Alaska, and served in that position for 13 1/2 years. He was a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions of 1952, 1956, and 1960, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1958, serving for 10 years.

One of Gruening's areas of expertise was Mexico. In 1928, he published the most comprehensive book on the country, which is still recommended by the State Department and Mexican officials today. For this work, the best written by a non-Mexican on Mexico, he received the Order of the Aztec Eagle from the Mexican government.^[1]

Despite having been born outside of Alaska, he was a most fervent supporter of the territory's statehood, serving as one of its first Senators after statehood. He gave the keynote speech in 1955 at the Alaskan Constitutional Convention entitled "Let Us End American Colonialism!" in which he outlines the ways in which the United States mirrored the actions of the British government pre-Revolutionary War in relation to the territory of Alaska. Gruening's argument was that Alaska had been a colony of the U.S., but one that, from its purchase, had been promised statehood.^[2] With his assistance and support, Alaska entered the union 4 years afterward, in 1959.

Governorship

Ernest Gruening served as the 7th governor of the Alaskan territory from 1939 to 1953. While serving as governor, he continued to write letters to the editor at the New Republic. One such letter^[3] discussed that publications recent discussion of state legislation regarding veterans. Gruening's letter includes information on the steps taking by his territorial government that benefitted veterans in the state. His plan, the Territorial Veterans' Act, provided for loans up to $10,000 for veterans at a four percent interest rate, half the established rate in Alaska of eight percent.

A significant issue during Gruening's tenure as territorial governor, particularly in 1946, was a tuberculosis rate so high it caused him to declare a state of emergency. There were as few as 4000 patients and only 289 hospital beds. Alaska spent one-tenth of its annual budget increasing awareness about T.B. and the death rate was still eight times higher than the national.^[4]

Another concern during Gruening's tenure as governor was the possible affect on wildlife populations of the soldiers that would arrive prior to the United States entry into World War II, and who would only grow in numbers during the conflict. While he fully promoted military presence and activities, after so many soldiers had been in the state long enough to gain resident hunting licenses (which were significant cheaper than the nonresident version) Gruening worried wildlife populations would suffer. Because of this, he began to focus on instituting new regulations to protect Alaska's animals and environment from the over-harvesting that he saw as inevitable.^[1]

World War II

In the spring of 1940, Hitler invaded Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. There had been growing concerns in Alaska over the lack of military defense, for a state accessible to invasion by Axis powers. Gruening had been pushing for defense facilities in Alaska since his appointment to the governorship, and because of these invasions, Congress found the funds to build army forts and airfields in the state.^[1] By 1941, there were 3,000 American soldiers stationed around Alaska.^[1] With the attack on Pearl Harbor, Gruening prepared for Alaska to be next. Plans were made for black-outs and civilian defense forces whose first assignment was "around-the-clock protection for radio stations, telephone exchanges, oil tanks, public utilities, and docks, and to be vigilant against possible sabotage."^[1] The Armed Forces expanded their operations in Alaska, slowly working their way toward the Aleutian Chain, which would be the most accessible route from Asia. In the end, the Japanese did reach Alaska in June 1942, bombing Dutch Harbor and landing on the islands of Attu and Kiska.^[1]

In connection with World War II, but preceding U.S. involvement, Secretary of the Interior Ickes developed a plan to resettle refugees fleeing the European continent in sparsely-populated Alaska. Many of Alaska's infrastructure difficulties were because of low population, both in numbers and density. An influx of immigrants would certainly help solve a few problems, but Gruening, Alaskans, and 64.7% of Americans, a Fortune survey in 1938 showed, opposed accepting more immigrants and moving them to Alaska. While this suggestion was gaining force in 1938, before Gruening became the territorial governor, it continued throughout WWII.^[1]

U.S. Senate

Gruening served Alaska in the United States Senate from 1958 to 1968. Gruening was defeated for re-election in 1968 by fellow Democrat Mike Gravel. Gravel defeated Gruening in the Democratic primary, but Gruening ran in the general election as an independent, taking third place, behind Gravel and Republican former Anchorage Mayor Elmer E. Rasmuson. He continued his active political involvement as president of an investment firm and as a legislative consultant. He died on June 26, 1974.

Gruening’s most notable act as Senator was being one of only two Senators, along with Wayne Morse of Oregon, to vote against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which authorized an expansion of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. He was also responsible for introducing a set of Congressional resolutions to establish the nationwide 911 number.

In 2006, Norman Jacques, former Senator from Rhode Island, called the Anchorage Daily News saying he was putting up for auction Gruening's Senate seat; the actual chair used by the Alaskan senator on the U.S. Senate floor.^[5] When Gruening left, he was given the option to buy his seat, and he did. It sat in his dining room, but no one used it as it was so uncomfortable. Due to the friendship that developed between Gruening and Jacques, he was present at the sale of some of Gruening's property after his death and acquired the chair. At the time of the call, Jacques was moving and felt his Winnebago was "no place for a chair of such stature," but that it should be returned to Alaska.

Vietnam War

In the May 5, 1969 issue of The Nation, Ernest Gruening wrote: "It is, and for some time has been, obvious that the most important issue facing our nation is to get out of the war in Southeast Asia. All our other issues and problems are slighted, impaired and unresolved until we halt the fighting, stop the... continuing drain of blood and treasure, and turn to the long-neglected and pressing needs at home."^[6] This summarizes Gruening's negative opinion on the Vietnam War; he was a vocal opponent of the war throughout U.S. presence in Southeast Asia at the time. In this article, Gruening notes that his 30-page speech, including exhibits, on March 10, 1964 was the first piece of opposition out of Congress regarding the Vietnam War. He was against the bloodshed, against the expense, against the number of refugees resulting from combat, and against how it had changed the worldview on the morality of the United States. He focused on combatting the mindset that since the U.S. was involved in Vietnam it might as well stay; Gruening's suggested recognition that the U.S. entrance into the Southeast Asian theatre was misguided, and apologize for it. In an article about Gruening's debate with Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs William P. Bundy regarding Vietnam, Gruening continues this fight against U.S. involvement in the region and its consequences stating: "After you have been bombing villagers with napalm, it's going to be very difficult to persuade people that you are their friend."^[7]

Family

While Gruening was not an Alaska resident when he was appointed governor, he stayed in Alaska after leaving office. Remaining in Juneau, he spent most of his later years living with Dorothy in a cabin at Mile 26 of the Glacier Highway. The cabin is currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

In spite of only one of his three sons reaching full adulthood, Gruening's descendants nonetheless managed to establish roots in Alaska after him, mostly in Juneau. In 1980, Gruening's grandson, Clark Gruening (who grew up in Juneau but moved to Anchorage following college, serving from there for two terms in the Alaska House of Representatives), defeated incumbent Gravel for the Democratic nomination in the U.S. Senate primary.

Another grandson, Winthrop H. "Win" Gruening, was the longtime head of The Alaska Committee, organized in Juneau in 1995 to lobby for keeping Juneau as Alaska's capital.^[8] Win Gruening also had a long career in banking in Juneau, originally with B. M. Behrends Bank, which called itself the oldest bank in Alaska prior to being absorbed by KeyBank, and with KeyBank following the acquisition. His daughter, Caroline Gruening, enjoyed success in basketball, playing guard for Juneau-Douglas High School and Santa Clara University.

Tributes

Gruening Street in Homer, one of several communities throughout Alaska which has a street named for Gruening.

The Ernest Gruening Building, a classroom building on the University of Alaska Fairbanks campus, is named in his honor. The building is eight stories with 72,000-square-feet, making the Ernest Gruening Building the first building on the college campus to be more than three stories tall. In 1977, Alaska donated a statue of Ernest Gruening to the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection. Ernest Gruening Middle School in the Eagle River community of Anchorage, Alaska is named in his honor. Numerous roads and streets in Alaska are named for him as well.

References

• This article incorporates material from the National Statuary Hall website.
• Gruening, Ernest (1973). Many Battles: The Autobiography of Ernest Gruening. Liveright. ISBN 0-87140-565-2. 
• Johnson, Robert David (1998). Ernest Gruening and the American Dissenting Tradition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-26060-3. 
• Johnson, Robert David (1997). "Anti-Imperialism And The Good Neighbour Policy: Ernest Gruening and Puerto Rican Affairs, 1934–1939". Journal of Latin American Studies 29 (1): 89–110. doi:10.1017/S0022216X96004634.  (Argues Gruening tried to implement the anti-imperialist principles he had outlined in the 1920s. He failed because he lacked local support.)
• Naske, Claus-M (2004). Ernest Gruening: Alaska's Greatest Governor. University of Alaska Press. ISBN 1-889963-35-6. 

External links

Media related to Ernest Gruening at Wikimedia Commons

• Ernest Gruening at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

Governors of Alaska District (1884–1912) Kinkead Swineford Knapp Sheakley Brady Hoggatt Clark Territorial (1912–59) Clark Strong Riggs Bone Parks Troy Gruening Heintzleman Hendrickson (acting) Stepovich Hendrickson (acting) State (since 1959) Egan Hickel Miller Egan Hammond Sheffield Cowper Hickel Knowles Murkowski Palin Parnell Walker

United States Senators from Alaska Class 2 Bartlett Stevens Begich Sullivan Class 3 Gruening Gravel F. Murkowski L. Murkowski

Democratic Party nominees for United States Senate from Alaska Class 2 Bartlett (1958, 1960, 1966) Kay (1970 special) Guess (1972) Hobbs (1978) Havelock (1984) Beasley (1990) Obermeyer (1996) Vondersaar (2002) Begich (2008, 2014) Class 3 E. Gruening (1958, 1962) Gravel (1968, 1974) C. Gruening (1980) Olds (1986) Smith (1992) Sonneman (1998) Knowles (2004) McAdams (2010)

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