Erdheim–Chester disease

Erdheim–Chester disease
Classification and external resources
Specialty oncology
ICD-10 C96.1
ICD-9-CM 202.3
DiseasesDB 29792
MeSH D031249

Erdheim–Chester disease (also known as Erdheim–Chester syndrome or polyostotic sclerosing histiocytosis) is a rare disease characterized by the abnormal multiplication of a specific type of white blood cells called histiocytes, or tissue macrophages (technically, this disease is termed a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis). Usually, onset is in middle age. The disease involves an infiltration of lipid-laden macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, an inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the bone marrow, and a generalized sclerosis of the long bones.[1]

History

The first case of ECD was reported by the American pathologist William Chester in 1930, during his visit of the Austrian pathologist Jakob Erdheim in Vienna.[2]

Clinical presentation

ECD affects predominantly adults, with a mean age of 53 years.[3]

Long bone involvement is almost universal in ECD patients and is bilateral and symmetrical in nature. More than 50% of cases have some sort of extraskeletal involvement. This can include kidney, skin, brain and lung involvement, and less frequently retroorbital tissue, pituitary gland and heart involvement is observed.

Bone pain is the most frequent of all symptoms associated with ECD and mainly affects the lower limbs, knees and ankles. The pain is often described as mild but permanent, and juxtaarticular in nature. Exophthalmos occurs in some patients and is usually bilateral, symmetric and painless, and in most cases it occurs several years before the final diagnosis. Recurrent pericardial effusion can be a manifestation,[4] as can morphological changes in adrenal size and infiltration.[5]

A review of 59 case studies by Veyssier-Belot, C et al. in 1996 reported the following symptoms in order of frequency of occurrence:[3]

Histology

Histologically, ECD differs from Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) in a number of ways. Unlike LCH, ECD does not stain positive for S-100 proteins or Group 1 CD1a glycoproteins, and electron microscopy of cell cytoplasm does not disclose Birbeck granules.[3] Tissue samples show xanthomatous or xanthogranulomatous infiltration by lipid-laden or foamy histiocytes, and are usually surrounded by fibrosis. Bone biopsy is said to offer the greatest likelihood of reaching a diagnosis. In some, there is histiocyte proliferation, and on staining, the section is CD68+ and CD1a-.

Diagnosis

Radiologic osteosclerosis and histology are the main diagnostic features. Diagnosis can often be difficult because of the rareness of ECD as well as the need to differentiate it from LCH. A diagnosis from neurological imaging may not be definitive. The presence of symmetrical cerebellar and pontine signal changes on T2-weighted images seem to be typical of ECD, however, multiple sclerosis and metabolic diseases must also be considered in the differential diagnosis.[6] ECD is not a common cause of exophthalmos but can be diagnosed by biopsy. However, like all biopsies, this may be inconclusive.[7] Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be used for diagnostic confirmation and also for therapeutic relief of recurrent pericardial fluid drainage.[8]

Treatment

Current treatment options include:

All current treatments have had varying degrees of success.

The vinca alkaloids and anthracyclines have been used most commonly in ECD treatment.[10]

Prognosis

Erdheim–Chester disease is associated with high mortality rates.[8][11] In 2005, the survival rate was below 50% at three years from diagnosis.[12]

Support groups

The Erdheim–Chester Disease Global Alliance is a support and advocacy group with the goal of raising awareness of and promoting research into ECD.[13]

Media

In the TV show House Season 2 episode 17, All In, the final diagnosis of a 6-year-old boy who presents with bloody diarrhea and ataxia is Erdheim–Chester disease.

References

  1. ↑ "Erdheim–Chester disease at the United States National Library of Medicine". Retrieved 2008-06-19.
  2. ↑ Chester, William (1930). "Über Lipoidgranulomatose". Virchows Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medizin 279 (2): 561–602. doi:10.1007/BF01942684.
  3. 1 2 3 Veyssier-Belot, Catherine; Cacoub, Patrice; Caparros-Lefebvre, Dominique; Wechsler, Janine; Brun, Bernard; Remy, Martine; Wallaert, Benoit; Petit, Henri; et al. (1996). "Erdheim-Chester Disease". Medicine 75 (3): 157–69. doi:10.1097/00005792-199605000-00005. PMID 8965684.
  4. ↑ Lutz, S; Schmalzing, M; Vogel-Claussen, J; Adam, P; May, A (2011). "Rezidivierender Perikarderguss als Erstmanifestation eines Morbus Erdheim-Chester" [Recurrent pericardial effusion as first manifestation of Erdheim-Chester disease]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German) 136 (39): 1952–6. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1286368 (inactive 2015-01-12). PMID 21935854.
  5. ↑ Haroche, Julien; Amoura, Zahir; Touraine, Philippe; Seilhean, Danielle; Graef, Claire; Birmelé, Béatrice; Wechsler, Bertrand; Cluzel, Philippe; et al. (2007). "Bilateral Adrenal Infiltration in Erdheim-Chester Disease. Report of Seven Cases and Literature Review". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92 (6): 2007–12. doi:10.1210/jc.2006-2018. PMID 17405844.
  6. ↑ Weidauer, Stefan; von Stuckrad-Barre, Sebastian; Dettmann, Edgar; Zanella, Friedhelm E.; Lanfermann, Heinrich (2003). "Cerebral Erdheim-Chester disease: Case report and review of the literature". Neuroradiology 45 (4): 241–5. doi:10.1007/s00234-003-0950-z (inactive 2015-01-12). PMID 12687308.
  7. 1 2 "Erdheim Chester Disease". M. D. Anderson Cancer Center. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  8. 1 2 Egan, Aoife; Sorajja, Dan; Jaroszewski, Dawn; Mookadam, Farouk (2012). "Erdheim–Chester disease: The role of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery in diagnosing and treating cardiac involvement". International Journal of Surgery Case Reports 3 (3): 107–10. doi:10.1016/j.ijscr.2011.12.001. PMC 3267285. PMID 22288060.
  9. ↑ Haroche J, Cohen-Aubart F, Emile JF, Arnaud L, Maksud P, Charlotte F, Cluzel P, Drier A, Hervier B, Benameur N, Besnard S, Donadieu J, Amoura Z (Feb 2013). "Dramatic efficacy of vemurafenib in both multisystemic and refractory Erdheim-Chester disease and Langerhans cell histiocytosis harboring the BRAF V600E mutation". Blood 121 (9): 1495–500. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-07-446286. PMID 23258922.
  10. ↑ Gupta, Anu; Kelly, Benjamin; McGuigan, James E. (2002). "Erdheim-Chester Disease with Prominent Pericardial Involvement:". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 324 (2): 96–100. doi:10.1097/00000441-200208000-00008. PMID 12186113.
  11. ↑ Myra, C; Sloper, L; Tighe, PJ; McIntosh, RS; Stevens, SE; Gregson, RH; Sokal, M; Haynes, AP; Powell, RJ (2004). "Treatment of Erdheim-Chester disease with cladribine: A rational approach". British Journal of Ophthalmology 88 (6): 844–7. doi:10.1136/bjo.2003.035584. PMC 1772168. PMID 15148234.
  12. ↑ Braiteh, F.; Boxrud, C; Esmaeli, B; Kurzrock, R (2005). "Successful treatment of Erdheim-Chester disease, a non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis, with interferon-". Blood 106 (9): 2992–4. doi:10.1182/blood-2005-06-2238. PMID 16020507.
  13. ↑ "Erdheim–Chester Disease". ECD Global Alliance. Retrieved 2009-05-08.

Further reading

External links

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