Epulopiscium fishelsoni

Epulopiscium fishelsoni
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Firmicutes
Class: Clostridia
Order: Clostridiales
Genus: Epulopiscium
Species: E. fishelsoni
Binomial name
Epulopiscium fishelsoni
Montgomery & Pollak 1988[1]

Epulopiscium fishelsoni, or "epulo" for short,[2] is a species of Gram-positive bacteria that have a symbiotic relationship with surgeonfish. These bacteria are most well known for their large size, ranging from 200–700 μm in length. Until the discovery of Thiomargarita namibiensis in 1999, these were the largest bacteria known.[3][4] The bacterium has not been grown in the lab, but scientists have gained a better understanding of it through microscopic analysis.

Naming and discovery

Epulopiscium means "banquet of fish" in scientific Latin, from epulum ("feast" or "banquet") and piscium ("of fish"),[5] as the organism was found inside the gut of fish.

The specific epithet fishelsoni is named for Lev Fishelson, a Polish-born Israeli ichthyologist[6][7] who was part of the group that made the discovery while studying the intestines of a brown surgeonfish from the Red Sea in 1985.[8] It was not named until 1988, by Montgomery (one of the co-discoverers) and Pollak.[1]

They were initially classified as protists on the basis of their large size, until rRNA analysis by Angert, et al. in 1993 confirmed that Epulopiscium spp. are bacteria.[3] Their research and studies illustrated the symbiotic relationship between the host surgeonfish.

Physiology

Epulopiscium is one of the largest known bacteria, a million times bigger than Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis. It is large enough to be seen with the naked eye at 600 µm. However, because it is so big, it must compensate for its surface-to-volume ratio, regardless of its nutrient-rich environment. It also has special coping mechanisms and structures within it, which were originally thought to be organelles. These structures form a cortex within Epulopiscium that are made of vesicles, capsules, and tubules that excrete and transport waste throughout the cell. [9]

The bacteria exhibit many unusual characteristics, mostly due to the adaptations necessary for their large size. Epulopiscium spp. are extremely polyploid, with bacterial chromosomes representing hundreds of thousands of copies of the genome.[10][11] Since bacteria rely on diffusion rather than cytoskeletal transport as in eukaryotes, this extreme polyploidy allows for the production of gene products at numerous sites where they are needed in the cell.

Epulopiscium's functions rely heavily on the daily activity of the brown surgeonfish. During the day, the bacteria is active, restraining the pH within the surgeonfish's gut. It also reproduces during the day. During the darker portions of the day, Epulopiscium finishes its reproduction and becomes inactive and immobile, which causes the pH level in the surgeonfish's gut to rise.[9] The control that the bacteria plays over the pH level in the surgeonfish's gut plays a large role in the fish's digestion because the fish is an algae-feeding herbivore that also feeds on detritus.

Epulopiscium is unique because it is so large in size, yet it does not have any organelles or compartments, which has led scientists to question how it could possibly support itself.[12] Its anatomy helps it overcome the size limitations inherent in cell volume. The cell's outer membrane, which is not smooth, contains many folds that increase the effective surface area. These structures may be involved in intracellular transport, which would provide a unique example of convergent evolution on the cellular level.

While these adaptions allow the bacteria to break the theoretical upper limit for size, the underlying evolutionary reasons for the bacteria to grow to this size in the first place remain speculative. One possible reason could be the ability to avoid predation by protists.

Reproduction

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of the bacterium is its unusual, almost viviparous reproductive cycle. Its unique reproductive strategy is the suggested reason why Epulopiscium grows to be such a large size.

Unlike most bacteria, which undergo binary fission, Epulopiscium reproduces exclusively through an unusual form of sporulation in which anywhere from one to twelve daughter cells are grown inside of the parent cell, until the cell eventually lyses (and dies).[13][14] Although sporulation is widespread among other bacteria (such as Bacillus subtilis) in the phylum Firmicutes, spore formation is usually brought about by overcrowding, the accumulation of toxins in the environment or starvation, rather than a standard form of reproduction. Also, endospores are dormant, while new Epulopiscium cells are active.

The production of multiple endospores has been observed in other large gut symbionts such as (Metabacterium polyspora), which are phylogenetically related to Epulopiscium. Since sporulation affords bacteria much more protection from the outside environment than binary fission, it is thought that the evolution of this unusual life cycle may allow transfer of the bacteria from one host to another.

Symbiosis

Different strains of Epulopiscium have been isolated from different surgeonfish species around the world, and scientists have been unable to culture Epulopiscium outside of its natural habitat, suggesting that the relationship between the two is mutually beneficial and symbiotic.

Although the exact biochemical nature of the symbiosis remains unclear, the bacteria likely assist the fish in breaking down algal nutrients. Many bacteria of the genus Clostridium are gut symbionts in a variety of other species, including humans, often involved in breaking down complex carbohydrates.

References

  1. 1 2 Montgomery, W. Linn; Pollak, Peggy E. (1988). "Epulopiscium fishelsoni n. g., n. sp., a Protist of Uncertain Taxonomic Affinities from the Gut of an Herbivorous Reef Fish". The Journal of Protozoology 35: 565–569. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04153.x.
  2. ↑ Mackie, Roderick; White, Bryan (2012). Gastrointestinal Microbiology 1. Springer. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-4615-4111-0.
  3. 1 2 Angert ER, Clements KD, Pace NR (1993). "The largest bacterium". Nature 362 (6417): 239–241. doi:10.1038/362239a0. PMID 8459849.
  4. ↑ Angert ER, Brooks AE, Pace NR (1996). "Phylogenetic analysis of Metabacterium polyspora: Clues to the evolutionary origin of Epulopiscium spp., the largest bacteria". Journal of Bacteriology 178 (5): 1451–6. PMC 177821. PMID 8631724.
  5. ↑ Prescott, Lansing M.; Sherwood, Linda M.; Woolverton, Christopher J. (2006). "Procaryotic Cell Structureand Function". Microbiology (PDF). p. 43.
  6. ↑ Goren, Menachem (2013). "Professor Lev Fishelson, renowned and respected biologist 1923-2013". Israel Journal of Ecology & Evolution 59 (3): 164. doi:10.1080/15659801.2013.899808.
  7. ↑ "Professor Emeritus, Lev Fishelson". Dept. of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences. Tel Aviv University.
  8. ↑ Fishelson, Lev; Montgomery, W. Linn; Myrberg, A.A. (1985). "A unique symbiosis in the gut of tropical herbivorous surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae: Teleostei) from the Red Sea". Science 229: 49–51. doi:10.1126/science.229.4708.49.
  9. 1 2 "Epulopiscium fischelsoni". Web.mst.edu. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  10. ↑ Mendell JE, Clements KD, Choat JH, Angert ER (May 2008). "Extreme polyploidy in a large bacterium". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (18): 6730–6734. doi:10.1073/pnas.0707522105. PMC 2373351. PMID 18445653.
  11. ↑ Ledford H (2008-05-08). "Giant bacterium carries thousands of genomes". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2008.806. Retrieved 2008-05-11.
  12. ↑ "Epulopiscium fishelsoni - Library". Microbelibrary.org. 2003-05-12. Retrieved 2014-06-15.
  13. ↑ Angert ER, Clements KD (2004). "Initiation of intracellular offspring in Epulopiscium". Molecular Microbiology 51 (3): 827–835. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03869.x. PMID 14731282.
  14. ↑ "Intracellular offspring production by some Firmicutes". The Epulopiscium Website. Cornell Dept. of Microbiology.

Further reading

External links

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