Enindhilyagwa language

Enindhilyagwa (also Anindilyakwa and several other names; see below) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Warnindhilyagwa people on Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. A 2001 Australian government study identified more than one thousand speakers of the language,^[3] although there are reports of as many as three thousand. In 2008, it was cited in a study on whether humans had an innate ability to count without having words for numbers. While the Enindhilyagwa language traditionally had terms for numbers up to twenty, these are no longer known to younger speakers.^[4][5]

Enindhilyagwa may be most closely related to Nunggubuyu on the adjacent mainland, but this is yet to be confirmed.^[1]

Names

Spellings of the name include:

• Andiljangwa
• Andilyaugwa
• Anindilyakwa (used by Ethnologue)
• Aninhdhilyagwa (used by R. M. W. Dixon's Australian Languages)
• Enindiljaugwa
• Enindhilyagwa
• Wanindilyaugwa

It also known as Groote Eylandt, after its location. Another name is Ingura or Yingguru.

Classification

Once left as a language isolate, Enindhilyagwa has been linked with the Arnhem languages of the mainland.^[6][7]

Phonology

Vowels

The analysis of Enindhilyagwa's vowels is open to interpretation. Stokes^[8] analyses it as having four phonemic vowels, /i e a u/. Leeding^[9] analyses it as having just two, /ɨ a/.

Consonants

Phonotactics

All Enindhilyagwa words end in a vowel. Clusters of up to three consonants can occur within words.

Grammar

Noun classes

Enindhilyagwa has five noun classes, or genders, each marked by a prefix:

• Human male
• Non-human male
• Female (human or non-human)
• Inanimate "lustrous", with the prefix a-.
• Inanimate "non-lustrous", with the prefix mwa-.

For bound pronouns, instead of "human male" and "non-human male" classes there is a single "male" class.

All native nouns carry a class prefix, but some loanwords may lack them.

Numerals

According to Stokes^[10] the language traditionally had numerals up to twenty but since the introduction of English, English words are now used almost exclusively for numbers above five.

Example

This song is a translation of the church song "This is the day", sung by the local churchgoers in the community of Angurugu. The spelling and translation requires confirmation.

References

• Leeding, V. J. (1996). "Body parts and possession in Anindilyakwa". In Chappell, H. and McGregor, W. The grammar of inalienability: a typological perspective on body part terms and the part-whole relation. Berlin: Mounton de Gruyter. pp. 193–249. 

External links

• Entries for Enindhilyagwa from Rosetta Project, stored in the Internet Archive
• State of Indigenous Languages in Australia (2001). Department of the Environment and Heritage.

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