Energy medicine

"Spiritual Healing" redirects here. For the album by the band Death, see Spiritual Healing (album).
Energy medicine
NCCIH classifications
  1. Alternative Medical Systems
  2. Mind-Body Intervention
  3. Biologically Based Therapy
  4. Energy Therapy
See also

Energy medicine, energy therapy, energy healing, or spiritual healing are branches of alternative medicine. The most controversial claim in this general area of pseudoscience is the belief healers can channel healing energy into a patient and effect positive results. This idea itself contains several methods: hands-on,[1] hands-off,[1] and distant[1][2] (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations.

Many schools of energy healing exist using many names, for example, biofield energy healing,[3][4] spiritual healing,[5] contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch,[6] Reiki[7] or Qigong.[3]

Spiritual healing occurs largely in non-denominational and ecumenical contexts. Practitioners do not see traditional religious faith as a prerequisite for effecting cures. Faith healing, by contrast, takes place within a traditional religious context.[8]

While early reviews of the scientific literature on energy healing were equivocal and recommended further research,[9][10] more recent reviews have concluded that there is no evidence supporting clinical efficiency.[11][12][13][14][15][16] The theoretical basis of healing has been criticised as implausible,[17][18][19][20] research and reviews supportive of energy medicine have been faulted for containing methodological flaws[21][22][23] and selection bias,[21][22] and positive therapeutic results have been dismissed as resulting from known psychological mechanisms.[21][22]

Edzard Ernst, formerly Professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the University of Exeter, has warned that "healing continues to be promoted despite the absence of biological plausibility or convincing clinical evidence ... that these methods work therapeutically and plenty to demonstrate that they do not".[13] Some claims of those purveying "energy medicine" devices are known to be fraudulent[24] and their marketing practices have drawn law-enforcement action in the U.S.[24]

History

There is a history of association or exploitation of scientific inventions by individuals claiming that newly discovered science could help people to heal: In the 19th century, electricity and magnetism were in the "borderlands" of science and electrical quackery was rife.[25] These concepts continue to inspire writers in the New Age movement.[26] In the early 20th century health claims for radio-active materials put lives at risk,[27] and recently quantum mechanics and grand unification theory have provided similar opportunities for commercial exploitation.[28] Thousands of devices claiming to heal via putative or veritable energy are used worldwide. Many of them are illegal or dangerous and are marketed with false or unproven claims.[24][29] Several of these devices have been banned.[30][31] Reliance on spiritual and energetic healings is associated with serious harm or death when medical treatment is delayed or foregone.[32] Various commentary points to an impairment in critical thinking.[32]

Classification

The term "energy medicine" has been in general use since the founding of the non-profit International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine in the 1980s. Guides are available for practitioners, and other books aim to provide a theoretical basis and evidence for the practice. Energy medicine often proposes that imbalances in the body's "energy field" result in illness, and that by re-balancing the body's energy-field health can be restored.[33] Some modalities describe treatments as ridding the body of negative energies or blockages in 'mind'; illness or episodes of ill health after a treatment are referred to as a 'release' or letting go of a 'contraction' in the body-mind. Usually, a practitioner will then recommend further treatments for complete healing.

The US-based National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) distinguishes between health care involving scientifically observable energy, which it calls "Veritable Energy Medicine", and health care methods that invoke physically undetectable or unverifiable "energies", which it calls "Putative Energy Medicine":[33]

Polarity therapy

Polarity therapy is a kind of energy medicine[36] based on the belief that a person's health is subject to positive and negative charges in their electromagnetic field.[37] It has been promoted as capable of curing a number of human ailments ranging from muscular tightness to cancer; however, according to the American Cancer Society "available scientific evidence does not support claims that polarity therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease".[37]

Beliefs

Energy healing relies on a belief in the ability of a practitioner to channel healing energy into the person seeking help by different methods: hands-on,[1] hands-off,[1] and distant[1][2] (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations. The Brockhampton Guide to Spiritual Healing describes contact healing in terms of "transfer of ... healing energy" and distant healing based on visualising the patient in perfect health.[2] Practitioners say that this "healing energy" is sometimes perceived by the therapist as a feeling of heat.[1]

There are various schools of energy healing, including biofield energy healing,[3][4] spiritual healing,[5] contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch,[6] Reiki,[7] Qigong, and many others.[3]

Spiritual healing is largely non-denominational; traditional religious faith is not seen as a prerequisite for effecting a cure. Faith healing, by contrast, takes place within a religious context.[8] The Buddha is often quoted by practitioners of energy medicine, but he did not practise "hands on or off" healing.

Energy healing techniques such as Therapeutic touch have found recognition in the nursing profession. In 2005-2006, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association approved the diagnosis of "energy field disturbance" in patients, reflective of what has been variously called a "postmodern" or "anti-scientific" approach to nursing care. This approach has been strongly criticised.[38][39][40]

Believers in these techniques have proposed quantum mystical invocations of non-locality to try to explain distant healing.[18] They have also proposed that healers act as a channel passing on a kind of bioelectromagnetism which shares similarities to vitalistic pseudosciences such as orgone or qi.[19][20] Drew Leder remarked in a paper in the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine that such ideas were attempts to "make sense of, interpret, and explore 'psi' and distant healing." and that "such physics-based models are not presented as explanatory but rather as suggestive."[41] Beverly Rubik, in an article in the same journal,[42] justified her belief with references to biophysical systems theory, bioelectromagnetics, and chaos theory that provide her with a "...scientific foundation for the biofield..." Writing in the Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, James Oschman[43] introduced the concept of healer-sourced electromagnetic fields which change in frequency. Oschman believes that "healing energy" derives from electromagnetic frequencies generated by a medical device, projected from the hands of the healer, or by electrons acting as antioxidants.[44]

Physicists and skeptics roundly criticize these explanations as pseudophysics — a branch of pseudoscience which explains magical thinking by using irrelevant jargon from modern physics to exploit scientific illiteracy and to impress the unsophisticated.[17] Indeed, even enthusiastic supporters of energy healing point out that "there are only very tenuous theoretical foundations underlying healing."[35]

Scientific investigations

Distant healing

A systematic review of 23 trials of distant healing published in 2000 did not draw definitive conclusions because of the "methodologic limitations of several studies".[9] In 2001 the lead author of that study, Edzard Ernst, published a primer on complementary therapies in cancer care in which he explained that though "about half of these trials suggested that healing is effective" he cautioned that the evidence was "highly conflicting" and that "methodological shortcomings prevented firm conclusions." He concluded that "as long as it is not used as an alternative to effective therapies, spiritual healing should be virtually devoid of risks."[10] A 2001 randomized clinical trial by the same group found no statistically significant difference on chronic pain between distance healers and "simulated healers".[11] A 2003 review by Ernst updating previous work concluded that more recent research had shifted the weight of evidence "against the notion that distant healing is more than a placebo" and that "distant healing can be associated with adverse effects."[45]

Contact healing

A 2001 randomized clinical trial randomly assigned 120 patients with chronic pain to either healers or "simulated healers", but could not demonstrate efficacy for either distance or face-to-face healing.[11] A Cochrane collaboration systematic review[16] of the use of touch therapies published in 2008 analysed the results of 24 trials and concluded that the attempted review suffered from "a major limitation: the small number of studies and insufficient data. As a result of inadequate data, the effects of touch therapies cannot be clearly declared." A systematic review in 2008 concluded that the evidence for a specific effect of spiritual healing on relieving neuropathic or neuralgic pain was not convincing.[14] In their 2008 book Trick or Treatment, Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded that "spiritual healing is biologically implausible and its effects rely on a placebo response. At best it may offer comfort; at worst it can result in charlatans taking money from patients with serious conditions who require urgent conventional medicine."[15]

Evidence base

Alternative medicine researcher Edzard Ernst has argued that although an initial review of pre-1999 distant healing trials[9] had highlighted 57% of trials as showing positive results,[10] later reviews of non-randomised and randomised clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2002[45] led to the conclusion that "the majority of the rigorous trials do not support the hypothesis that distant healing has specific therapeutic effects". Ernst described the evidence base for healing practices to be "increasingly negative".[13] Ernst also warned that many of the reviews were under suspicion for fabricated data, lack of transparency, and scientific misconduct. He concluded that "[s]piritual healing continues to be promoted despite the absence of biological plausibility or convincing clinical evidence ... that these methods work therapeutically and plenty to demonstrate that they do not."[13] A 2014 study of energy healing for colorectal cancer patients showed no improvement in quality of life, depressive symptoms, mood, or sleep quality.[46]

Alternative explanations for positive reports

There are several, primarily psychological, explanations for positive reports after energy therapy, including placebo effects, spontaneous remission, and cognitive dissonance. A 2009 review found that the "small successes" reported for two therapies collectively marketed as "energy psychology" (Emotional Freedom Techniques and Tapas Acupressure Technique) "are potentially attributable to well-known cognitive and behavioral techniques that are included with the energy manipulation." The report concluded that "[p]sychologists and researchers should be wary of using such techniques, and make efforts to inform the public about the ill effects of therapies that advertise miraculous claims."[21]

There are primarily two explanations for anecdotes of cures or improvements, relieving any need to appeal to the supernatural.[47] The first is post hoc ergo propter hoc, meaning that a genuine improvement or spontaneous remission may have been experienced coincidental with but independent from anything the healer or patient did or said. These patients would have improved just as well even had they done nothing. The second is the placebo effect, through which a person may experience genuine pain relief and other symptomatic alleviation. In this case, the patient genuinely has been helped by the healer – not through any mysterious or numinous function, but by the power of their own belief that they would be healed.[48][49] In both cases the patient may experience a real reduction in symptoms, though in neither case has anything miraculous or inexplicable occurred. Both cases, are strictly limited to the body's natural abilities.

Positive findings from research studies can also result from such psychological mechanisms, or as a result of experimenter bias, methodological flaws such as lack of blinding,[21] or publication bias; positive reviews of the scientific literature may show selection bias, in that they omit key studies that do not agree with the author's position.[21][22] All of these factors must be considered when evaluating claims.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jules Evans (July 14, 2008). "Spiritual healing on the NHS?". London: The Times.
  2. 1 2 3 Daulby, Martin; Mathison, Caroline (1996). Guide to Spiritual Healing. Brockhampton Press. p. 89. ISBN 1-86019-370-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Network newsletter, MD Anderson Cancer Center (2007). "Energy Medicines: Will East Meet West?".
  4. 1 2 Edzard Ernst (2001). "A primer of complementary and alternative medicine commonly used by cancer patients". Medical Journal of Australia (174): 88–92.
  5. 1 2 "Therapeutic Touch". Cancer.org. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  6. 1 2 "Reiki Practice". Nccih.nih.gov. Retrieved 2010-09-20.
  7. 1 2 What is healing? ("The Healing Trust).
  8. 1 2 3 Astin, J.; et. al (2000). "The Efficacy of "Distant Healing: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials". Annals of Internal Medicine 132 (11): 903–910. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-132-11-200006060-00009. PMID 10836918.
  9. 1 2 3 Ernst, Edzard (2001). "A primer of complementary and alternative medicine commonly used by cancer patients". Medical Journal of Australia 174 (2): 88–92. PMID 11245510.
  10. 1 2 3 Abbot, NC; Harkness, EF; Stevinson, C; Marshall, FP; Conn, DA; Ernst, E (2001). "Spiritual healing as a therapy for chronic pain: a randomized, clinical trial". Pain 91 (1–2): 79–89. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00421-8. PMID 11240080.
  11. ↑ Ernst E. (2003-04-30). "Distant healing—an update of a systematic review". Wien Klin. Wochenschr. 115 (7–8): 241–245. doi:10.1007/BF03040322. PMID 12778776. Since the publication of our previous systematic review in 2000, several rigorous new studies have emerged. Collectively they shift the weight of the evidence against the notion that distant healing is more than a placebo.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Ernst E. (Nov 2006). "Spiritual healing: more than meets the eye". J Pain Symptom Manage. 32 (5): 393–5. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.07.010. PMID 17085260.
  13. 1 2 Pittler, MH; Ernst, E (2008). "Complementary Therapies for Neuropathic and Neuralgic Pain: Systematic Review". Clinical Journal of Pain. 24 (8): 731–733. doi:10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181759231. PMID 18806539.
  14. 1 2 Trick or Treatment. Corgi. 2008. p. 388.
  15. 1 2 So PS, Jiang Y, Qin Y (2008). So, Pui Shan, ed. "Touch therapies for pain relief in adults". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online) (4): CD006535. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006535.pub2. PMID 18843720.
  16. 1 2 Richard Gist, Bernard Lubin (1999). Response to disaster: psychosocial, community, and ecological approaches in clinical and community psychology. Psychology Press. p. 291. ISBN 0-87630-998-8.
  17. 1 2 Stephen Barrett. "Some Notes on the American Academy of Quantum Medicine (AAQM)".
  18. 1 2 Stenger, Victor J. (1999). "The Physics of 'Alternative Medicine': Bioenergetic Fields". The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine 3 (1): 16–21.
  19. 1 2 Eduard Kruglyakov (2004-09-30). "What threat does pseudoscience pose to society?". Social Sciences 3 (3): 74–88.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 McCaslin DL (June 2009). "A review of efficacy claims in energy psychology". Psychotherapy (Chicago) 46 (2): 249–56. doi:10.1037/a0016025. PMID 22122622.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Pignotti, M. and Thyer, B. (2009). "Some comments on "Energy psychology: A review of the evidence": Premature conclusions based on incomplete evidence?". Psychotherapy: Research, Practice, Training 46 (2): 257–261. doi:10.1037/a0016027. PMID 22122623.
  22. ↑ Agdal, R; von b Hjelmborg, J; Johannessen, H (2011). "Energy healing for cancer: A critical review". Forschende Komplementärmedizin 18 (3): 146–54. doi:10.1159/000329316. PMID 21701183.
  23. 1 2 3 Michael J. Berens and Christine Willmsen. "Miracle Machines:The 21st-Century Snake Oil". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
  24. ↑ Jonas, WB; Crawford, CC (Mar–April 2003). "Science and spiritual healing: a critical review of spiritual healing, "energy" medicine, and intentionality". Altern Ther Health Med 9 (2): 56–61. PMID 12652884. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ Bruce Clarke. (November 8, 2001). Energy Forms: Allegory and Science in the Era of Classical Thermodynamics. University of Michigan Press. p. Clarke, Bruce. ISBN 0-472-11174-4.
  26. ↑ Athearn, D. (1994). Scientific Nihilism: On the Loss and Recovery of Physical Explanation (SUNY Series in Philosophy). Albany, New York: State University Of New York Press.
  27. ↑ "Miracle Makers or Money Takers?". CBC News: Marketplace.
  28. ↑ Michael J. Berens and Christine Willmsen (2008-01-30). "Fraudulent medical devices targeted". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2008-01-30.
  29. ↑ CBC Marketplace. "Is the EPFX still allowed to be sold in Canada?". CBC. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
  30. 1 2 "What_is_this_site?".
  31. 1 2 National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2005). "Energy Medicine: An Overview".
  32. 1 2 Benor, Daniel J. Spiritual Healing: Scientific Validation of a Healing Revolution (Wholistic Healing Publications, 2006) pp. 139-149.
  33. 1 2 Hodges, RD and Scofield, AM (1995). "Is spiritual healing a valid and effective therapy?". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88 (4): 203–207. PMC 1295164. PMID 7745566.
  34. ↑ "Polarity Therapy". Wellness Institute. Retrieved September 2013.
  35. 1 2 "Polarity Therapy". American Cancer Society. November 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  36. ↑ Sarah Glazer (2000). "Postmodern nursing". National Affairs.
  37. ↑ Hammer, Owen; James Underdown (November–December 2009). "State-Sponsored Quackery: Feng Shui and Snake Oil for California Nurses". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) 33 (6): 53–56.
  38. ↑ Junkfood Science Special: Trusting nurses with our lives by Sandy Szwarc, BSN, RN, CCP. July 6, 2007.
  39. ↑ Leder, D (2005). ""Spooky actions at a distance": physics, psi, and distant healing". Journal of alternative and complementary medicine 11 (5): 923–30. doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.923. PMID 16296928.
  40. ↑ Rubik, Beverly (2002). "The Biofield Hypothesis: Its Biophysical Basis and Role in Medicine". Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 8 (6): 714. doi:10.1089/10755530260511711.
  41. ↑ Oschman, James L. (1997). "What is healing energy? Part 3: silent pulses". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 1 (3): 179–189. doi:10.1016/S1360-8592(97)80038-1.
  42. ↑ Oschman, James (November 9, 2007). "Can Electrons Act as Antioxidants? A Review and Commentary". The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 13 (9): 955–967. doi:10.1089/acm.2007.7048. PMID 18047442.
  43. 1 2 Ernst E. (2003). "Distant healing—an update of a systematic review". Wien Klin Wochenschr. 115 (7–8): 241–245. doi:10.1007/BF03040322. PMID 12778776.
  44. ↑ CG Pedersen, H Johannessen, JV Hjelmborg, R Zachariae (June 2014). "Effectiveness of energy healing on Quality of Life: a pragmatic intervention trial in colorectal cancer patients". Complementary Therapies in Medicine 22 (3): 463–72. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2014.04.003. PMID 24906586.
  45. ↑ "Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Cancer Patients: Faith Healing". Moores UCSD Cancer Center. Retrieved 2008-01-17. "Benefits may result because of the natural progression of the illness, rarely but regularly occurring spontaneous remission or through the placebo effect."
  46. ↑ Park, Robert L. (2000). Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 0-19-513515-6.
  47. ↑ "Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Cancer Patients: Faith Healing". Moores UCSD Cancer Center. Retrieved 2008-01-17. "Patients who seek the assistance of a faith healer must believe strongly in the healer’s divine gifts and ability to focus them on the ill."

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