Pahlavi dynasty

Pahlavi dynasty
دودمان پهلوی
←
1925–1979 →
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است
"Marâ dâd farmoudo xod dâvar ast"
"Justice He [God] bids me do, as He will judge me"[1]
Anthem
سرود شاهنشاهی ایران
Sorude Šâhanšâhiye Irân
Imperial Salute of Iran
Capital Tehran
Languages Persian
Government Constitutional monarchy
Shah
 •  1925–41 Reza Pahlavi
 • 1941–79 Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi
Prime minister
 • 1925–1926 (first) Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
 • 1979 (last) Shapour Bakhtiar
Legislature Deliberative assembly
 •  Upper house Senate
 •  Lower house National Consultative Assembly
Historical era 20th century
 •  Established 15 December 1925
 • Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 25 August – 17 September 1941
 • Coup d'etat 19 August 1953
 • White Revolution 26 January 1963
 •  Iranian Revolution 11 February 1979
Currency Rial
Pahlavi
Country Iran
Titles
Founded 15 December 1925
Founder Rezā Shāh
Final ruler Mohammad Reza Shah
Current head Reza Pahlavi
Deposition 11 February 1979
Ethnicity Persian

The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی‎‎) was the ruling house of Iran from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the Iranian Revolution. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi in 1925, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, whose reign lasted until 1941 when he was forced to abdicate by the Allies after the Anglo-Soviet invasion. He was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran.

The Pahlavis came to power after Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, proved unable to stop British and Soviet encroachment on Iranian sovereignty, had his position extremely weakened by a military coup, and was removed from power by the parliament while in France. The National Assembly, known as the Majlis, convening as a Constituent Assembly on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia. In 1935, Reza Shah instructed foreign embassies to call Persia by its ancient name, Iran, so the official name became the Imperial State of Iran (Persian: کشور شاهنشاهی ایران‎‎ Keshvar-e Shāhanshāhi-ye Irān) since then.

Faced with growing public discontent and popular rebellion throughout 1978, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the dissolution of the state on 11 February 1979, officially ending the 2,500-year-old tradition of monarchy in Iran.[2] At the death of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi on 27 July 1980, his son Reza Pahlavi became the head of the Pahlavi royal family.

Establishment

Further information: Rezā Shāh and 1921 Persian coup d'état
Further information: History of Iran – Pahlavi era
Persia on the eve of Rezā Khan's coup

In 1925, Reza Khan, a former Brigadier-General of the Persian Cossack Brigade, deposed the Qajar dynasty and declared himself king (shah), adopting the dynastic name of Pahlavi, which recalls the Pahlavi language of the Sasanian Empire.[3] By the mid-1930s, Rezā Shāh's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the middle and upper-middle class of Iran liked what Rezā Shāh did. In 1935, Rezā Shāh issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that "Persia" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called "Iran" in Persian. His successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.

Rezā Shāh Pahlavi

Rezā Shāh tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the Soviet Union. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies. Although Britain, through its ownership of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Rezā Shāh preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy and other European countries. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in World War II. Rezā Shāh proclaimed Iran as a neutral country, but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to sabotage British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Rezā Shāh refused, claiming this would adversely impact his development projects.

World War II

On 13 September 1943 the Allies reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946.[4] At the time, the Tudeh Party of Iran, a communist party that was already influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially in the North. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to restore order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in Tehran were occupied and the Isfahan branch crushed, the Soviet troops present in the Northern parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from entering. Thus, by November 1945 Azerbaijan had become an autonomous state helped by the Tudeh party.[4][5] This puppet government of the Soviet Union only lasted until November 1946.

Cold War

Further information: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Mohammed Reza Pahlavi and his wife Farah Diba upon his coronation as the Shâhanshâh of Iran.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic Mohammad Mosaddegh.

In 1951, the Majlis (the Parliament of Iran) named Mohammad Mossadegh as new prime minister by a vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see Abadan Crisis). Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin. The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see Operation Ajax). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces.

Major plans to build Iran's infrastructure were undertaken, a new middle class began flourishing and in less than two decades Iran became the indisputable major economic and military power of the Middle East.

Collapse of the dynasty

Main article: Iranian Revolution
The Shah and his wife left Iran on 16 January 1979.
The last Shah of Iran meets clergy. Some of Iranian clergy opposed him while some others supported him as "The only Shiite governor".

The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence secret police, SAVAK. Such opponents included members of the Communist Tudeh party.

By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the "White Revolution". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and the return to Islamic traditions, called the Islamic revolution. The Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the SAVAMA. It was run after the revolution, according to U.S. sources and Iranian exile sources in the US and in Paris, by Gen. Hossein Fardoust, who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, and a friend from boyhood of the deposed monarch.

Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in Egypt, Mexico, the United States, and Panama, and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of Anwar Sadat. On his death, his son Crown Prince Reza Pahlavi succeeded him in absentia as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in Potomac, Maryland with three daughters.[6]

Legacy

Under the Qajar dynasty the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although the country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was Persian, yet the dichotomy between pure Persian and Turkic elements had remained obvious until 1925. The Pahlavi rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use of the Azeri language. Its use in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime – the Islamic Republic of Iran – has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of Azeri language, however the issues as to Iran's largest ethnic minority remain and pose considerable challenges for the unity and territorial integrity of Iran.[7]

Heads of the Pahlavi dynasty

Name Portrait Family relations Lifespan Entered office Left office
Rulers
1 Rezā Shāh Son of Abbas Ali 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
2 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 16 September 1941 11 February 1979
Post-Imperial
1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Son of Reza Pahlavi I 1919–1980 11 February 1979 27 July 1980
2 Reza Pahlavi Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1960– 27 July 1980 Present

Use of titles

Human rights

Corruption

See also

References and notes

  1. ↑ "Iranian Empire (Pahlavi dynasty): Imperial standards". Retrieved 2012-10-06.
  2. ↑ "Iran marks Islamic Republic Day". Press TV. 1 April 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  3. ↑ Ansari, Ali M. (2003). Modern Iran Since 1921: The Pahlavis and After. Longman. p. 36. ISBN 9780582356856. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 Jessup, John E. (1989). A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985. New York: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-24308-5.
  5. ↑ The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict, by Fred H. Lawson in International Journal of Middle East Studies p.9
  6. ↑ Michael Coleman (30 July 2013). "Son of Iran's Last Shah: ‘I Am My Own Man’". The Washington Diplomat. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  7. ↑ Tohidi, Nayereh. "Iran: regionalism, ethnicity and democracy".

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pahlavi.
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Imperial State of Iran
— Royal house —
House of Pahlavī
Founding year: 1925
Deposition: 1979
Preceded by
House of Qâjâr		 Ruling house of Iran
15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979 		Vacant
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