Liang dynasty
| Liang | |||||
| 梁 | |||||
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| Capital | Jiankang (502-552, 555-557) Jiangling (553-587) | ||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||
| Emperor | |||||
| • | 502-549 | Emperor Wu of Liang | |||
| • | 549-551 | Emperor Jianwen of Liang | |||
| • | 552-555 | Emperor Yuan of Liang | |||
| • | 555-557 | Emperor Jing of Liang | |||
| • | 555-562 | Emperor Xuan of Western Liang | |||
| • | 585-587 | Emperor Jing of Western Liang | |||
| History | |||||
| • | Established | 30 April 502[1] 502 | |||
| • | Jiankang's fall to Hou Jing | 24 April 549[2] | |||
| • | Jiangling's fall to Western Wei | 7 January 555[3] | |||
| • | Emperor Jing's yielding the throne to Chen Baxian (often viewed as end of Liang) | ||||
| • | Disestablished | 26 October 587[4] 587 | |||
| Today part of | |||||
The Liang dynasty (Chinese: 梁朝; pinyin: Liáng cháo) (502–587), also known as the Southern Liang dynasty (南梁), was the third of the Southern Dynasties during China's Southern and Northern Dynasties period. Located in central China, north of Lake Dongting, the Liang dynasty was followed by the Chen dynasty. The Western Liang dynasty (西梁), with its capital established at Jiangling in 555 by Emperor Xuan, a grandson of Liang's founder Emperor Wu, claimed to be the legitimate successor of the Liang dynasty; it was subservient to the successive Western Wei Dynasty, Northern Zhou dynasty, and Sui dynasty, and was abolished by Emperor Wen of Sui in 587.
Rule
During the Liang dynasty, in 547 a Persian embassy paid tribute to the Liang, amber was recorded as originating from Persia by the Book of Liang.[5]
The ending date for Liang dynasty itself is a matter of controversy among historians. Many historians consider the end of Emperor Jing's reign in 556, when he was forced to yield the throne to Chen Baxian, who established Chen dynasty, to be Liang's end date. Others regard the abolition of Western Liang in 587 to be the true end of Liang.
A Liang scion named Xiao Xian attempted to revive the Liang dynasty during the collapse of the Sui dynasty. He was defeated and executed by Emperor Gaozu of Tang.
Sovereigns of Liang dynasty (502-557)
| Posthumous Name | Family name and given names | Period of Reigns | Era names and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Liang + posthumous name | |||
Emperor Wu of Liang - Wu Di
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Xiao Yan (蕭衍 Xiāo Yǎn) | 502-549[6] | Tianjian (天監 tiān-jiān) 502-519 Putong (普通 pǔ-tōng) 520-527 Datong (大通 dà-tōng) 527-529 Zhongdatong (中大通 zhōng-dà-tōng) 529-534 Datong (大同 dà-tóng) 535-546 Zhongdatong (中大同 zhōng-dà-tóng) 546-547 Taiqing (太清 tài-qīng) 547-549 |
Emperor Jianwen of Liang - Jianwen Di
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Xiao Gang (蕭綱 xiāo gāng) | 549-551 | Dabao (大寶 dà bǎo) 550-551 |
Prince of Yuzhang - Yu Zhang Wang
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蕭棟 xiāo dòng | 551-552 | Tianzheng (天正 tiān zhèng) 551-552 |
Emperor Yuan of Liang - Yuan Di
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蕭繹 xiāo yì | 552-555[7] | Chengsheng (承聖 chéng shèng) 552-555 |
Marquess of Zhenyang - Zhen Yang Hou
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蕭淵明 xiāo yuān míng | 555 | Tiancheng (天成 tiān chéng) 555 |
Emperor Jing of Liang - Jing Di
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蕭方智 xiāo fāng zhì | 555-557[8] | Shaotai (紹泰 shào tài) 555-556 Taiping (太平 tài píng) 556-557 |
Western Liang dynasty (555-587)
| Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miào hào) | Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) | Personal Names | Period of Reigns | Era Names (Nián Hào 年號) and their relevant range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: Xi Liang + posthumous name | ||||
| Note: some historians consider Western Liang as a continuation of the Liang dynasty since it was founded by Xiao Cha (Emperor Xuan), a grandson of Xiao Yan (Emperor Wu), the founder of the Liang dynasty. | ||||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 zhōng zōng) | Xuan Di | 蕭詧 xiāo chá | 555-562 | Dading (大定 dà dìng) 555-562 |
| Shi Zong (世宗 shì zōng) | Xiao Ming Di | 蕭巋 xiāo kuī | 562-585 | Tianbao (天保 tiān bǎo) 562-585 |
| Did not exist | Xiao Jing Di | 蕭琮 xiāo cóng | 585-587 | Guangyun (廣運 guǎng yùn) 562-585 |
Rulers family tree
| Family tree of the Liang emperors | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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- Liang emperors - Western Liang emperors - Liang throne pretenders
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Artistic heritage
Tombs of a number of members of the ruling Xiao family, with their sculptural ensembles, in various states of preservation, are located near Nanjing.[9] The best surviving example of the Liang dynasty's monumental statuary is perhaps the ensemble of the Tomb of Xiao Xiu (475–518), a brother of Emperor Wu, located in Qixia District east of Nanjing.[10][11]
- Tombs of the Liang Dynasty
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A turtle-borne stele and a pillar; tomb of Xiao Hong
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A turtle-borne stele; tomb of Xiao Dan
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A bixie near the tomb of Xiao Jing, widely regarded as Nanjing's icon
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A stele-bearing turtle; tomb of Xiao Xiu
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Two bixies near the tomb of Xiao Zhengli
See also
- King of Liang
- Book of Liang
- Book of Zhou
- History of Northern Dynasties
- History of Southern Dynasties
- Zizhi Tongjian
Notes
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 145.
- ↑ Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 162.
- ↑ Book of Liang, vol. 5.
- ↑ Book of Sui, vol. 1.
- ↑ Maurice Fishberg (1907). Materials for the physical anthropology of the eastern European Jews, Issues 1-6 (reprint ed.). New Era Print. Co. p. 233. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
- ↑ Emperor Wu's nephew Xiao Zhengde the Prince of Linhe, who joined Hou Jing's rebellion, was declared emperor by Hou in 548, but after Hou's victory over Emperor Wu in 549 was deposed and killed by Hou, and is not usually considered a true emperor.
- ↑ Emperor Yuan's brother Xiao Ji the Prince of Wuling also declared himself emperor in 552, but was defeated and killed by Emperor Yuan in 553, and is usually not considered a true emperor.
- ↑ In 558, a year after Emperor Jing had yielded the throne to Chen Baxian (and had been killed by Chen), his nephew Xiao Zhuang the Prince of Yongjia, with support from Northern Qi, was proclaimed the emperor of Liang by the general Wang Lin. In 560, Wang Lin defeated the Chen troops, and both he and Xiao Zhuang were forced to flee to Northern Qi. It is a matter of controversy whether Xiao Zhuang should be considered an emperor of Liang.
- ↑ "Mausoleum Stone Carvings of Southern Dynasties in Nanjing". chinaculture.org.
- ↑ Albert E. Dien, «Six Dynasties Civilization». Yale University Press, 2007 ISBN 0-300-07404-2. Partial text on Google Books. P. 190. A reconstruction of the original form of the ensemble is shown in Fig. 5.19.
- ↑ 梁安成康王萧秀墓石刻 (Sculptures at the Tomb of Xiao Xiu) (Chinese) (description and modern photos)
External links
Media related to Liang dynasty at Wikimedia Commons
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