Emma Garrett

Emma Garrett (c. 1846–1893) was an American educator and advocate of teaching speech to the deaf. She established the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb in Mount Airy, Philadelphia to teach the language to the deaf. She paired with sister, Mary Garrett and established their own school by getting a grant from the federal government. Her educational methods to find how best to fully teach a deaf student can be seen through the word method in teaching which she ultimately created and is still used in educational classrooms with deaf students. Through this she was able to change the lives of many deaf students and allow them a chance of education.

Biography

Early life

Garret was born in 1846 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania.^[1]

Emma grew up in Philadelphia alongside her sister Mary Garrett and together led very obscure childhoods. Emma and Mary from an early age were involved in helping the deaf community and together were able to make new contributions the world had not seen in any form yet.^[2]

Education and Work Life

Emma graduated from Boston University School of Oratory, which was Alexander Graham Bell's course for teachers of the deaf in 1878.^[3] From there Emma went on to become a speech teacher at Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb which was in Mount Airy, PA, due to an invitation of several civic leaders. Here she was a major advocate for teaching vocal speech to deaf children rather than the previous technique which was strictly sign language. Emma's drive to continue the teachings and widen the knowledge of deaf students led her to begin to teach her version of vocal instruction to other teachers. She did this so that deaf children could be helped on a wider scale. Emma became principal of, The Pennsylvania Oral School for Deaf Mutes, in Scranton PA, which formally became a state institute in 1885. Emma's sister, Mary, whom had many of the same beliefs, became a teacher at Emma's school and continued on with the methods the two sisters has established together.

The Garrett sisters then moved on to establish the Bala House, The Pennsylvania Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Children Before They are of School Age, in 1982. Emma became superintendent of the Bala House and appointed her sister Mary to secretary. The Bala house constantly grew for many years due to Emma's energetic fundraising activities.^[4] They began their own way of teaching in an all day and night program. Emma established the belief that children were much more likely to master speech if they were exposed and trained in it from a very early age. The Bala House became a state institute in 1885, Emma and her students traveled to Chicago to demonstrate her methods of teaching language to the deaf at the World's Colombian Exposition, where during this time Emma began to slowly lose control of her life.^[5]

Death and legacy

Garrett died on July 18, 1893 in Chicago, Illinois.^[6] Her death was inflicted by suicide related to a mental breakdown at the Colombian Exposition.^[7]

Garrett established the Pennsylvania Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Children Before They Are of School Age,^[8] which is to this day known as the Bala House, which became a state institute in 1885.^[9]

Educational views

Garrett along with her sister Mary, believed that deaf students should be taught with an oral language method. In 1890 Emma Garrett visited seven different countries to view and critique their deaf schools and institutes, when she returned to Pennsylvania to establish her own school she brought back and mixed together many of the views and ways she saw the other countries incorporating. The children that entered the school were either born deaf or lost their hearing before acquiring speech which left Garrett a difficult task of teaching them language.^[10] Garrett established this school to be in constant communication and contact with these children from the time they woke up until the time they went to sleep much like a current boarding school technique, but just for deaf students.

Garrett saw the ideal world for a deaf child as 'never having to see another deaf child', leading to her creation and establishment of the Pennsylvania Oral School for the Deaf.^[11] Emma's' first work in teaching school age deaf children to talk was her own single-element method, which to her seemed unnatural so after just one year she gave up that technique and went out to search for the best way possible to fully teach these students. Emma constantly studied other parts of the worlds deaf schools and saw Italy's method of the syllabic method to work well so she switched to teaching the syllabic method and in a few short years she had created her own method (a mixture of the syllabic method and other techniques mixed in), the word method. The word method results in better lip reading and speech. Garrett believed that the six or seven-year program she imposed at the Bala house was to be uninterrupted of the child's learning due to the strict regimen imposed and anything other would hinder the students education.^[12] Once the students developed the speech and lip-reading skills through Garrett's teachings she then sent them to attend their local public schools to continue their education with her tactics taught and instilled.

Awards and Achievements

• Graduated from Alexander Graham Bell's Boston University School of Oratory.^[13]
• President of The Southern Association of College Women.^[14]
• Alongside sister Mary, she established The Pennsylvania Home for the Training in Speech of Deaf Children Before They are of School Age, more commonly known as the Bala House in Pennsylvania in 1982.
• Emma became superintendent of the Bala house upon establishment.

See also

• Sarah Fuller
• Mary Garrett

References

Further reading

• James, Edward T. (ed.) (1971). Notable American Women 1607–1950. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• McHenry, Robert (1983). Famous American Women. NY: Dover.