Elms in Australia

English Elms in Fitzroy Gardens, Melbourne.

The cultivation of elms in Australia began in the first half of the 19th century when European settlers imported species from their former homelands. Owing to the demise of elms in the northern hemisphere as a result of the Dutch elm disease pandemic, the mature trees in Australia's parks and gardens are now regarded as amongst the most significant in the world.

Species and cultivars

A Golden Elm, in Central Gardens in Malvern, Victoria.

A Silver Elm in Benalla Botanic Gardens.

Two pollarded Ulmus × viminalis in Benalla Botanic Gardens.

A large number of species and cultivars are grown in Australia. The commercial availability and popularity of the various varieties has changed over time.

American Elm

The American Elm (Ulmus americana) was recorded in nineteenth century plant catalogues, but the only known currently living specimens were obtained from the Yarralumla Nursery in Canberra in 1985.^[1]

Chinese Elm

Chinese Elms (Ulmus parvifolia) became commercially available in Australia in the late 1850s and regained popularity in the 1980s. In recent years a number of Chinese Elm cultivars have been introduced into cultivation including the American bred variety 'Emer I', the Japanese introductions 'Frosty', 'Nire-keyaki', and a number of Australian selections including 'Burnley Select', 'Churchyard', 'Todd' and 'Yarralumla'.^[1][2][3]

Dutch Elm

The hybrid variety Dutch Elm (Ulmus x hollandica) and related cultivars are the most commonly seen elms in Australia. Cultivars include 'Major', 'Dauvessei', 'Vegeta', 'Wredei' and another known as 'Purpurascens'.

English Elm

English Elms (Ulmus procera) were a popular tree for park and avenue planting in the nineteenth century. One of the oldest known exotic trees in Victoria is the sole survivor of four planted in the newly established Royal Botanic Gardens in 1846.^[4] One putative cultivar 'Louis van Houtte', was introduced to Australia but is rarely seen in cultivation.

Wych Elm or Scots Elm

The Wych Elm or Scots Elm (Ulmus glabra) was introduced to Australia in 1860. A number of related cultivars were planted as "rarities" in the Victorian era including the Weeping Elm and the Camperdown Elm and the Exeter Elm. The Golden Elm, which was introduced to Australia in the early 1900s, has become one of the most popular varieties of elms in the country. In the past it was often mistakenly sold by nurseries under the name 'Louis van Houtte'.^[1]

Smooth-leaved Elm

The Smooth-leaved Elm (Ulmus minor subsp. minor) is not as common as other species. A fastigiate form was selected by the City of Melbourne for street planting, but was later found to have a problem with spitting at "V" crotches. The Silver Elm (U. minor 'Variegata') is the most commonly seen variety of this species, particularly in older botanic gardens and parks. Other introductions include the Cornish Elm (Ulmus minor subsp. angustifolia), the Guernsey Elm (Ulmus minor subsp. sarniensis) and Ulmus minor var. suberosa (Moench), Rehder (= Ulmus minor Mill.).^[1]

Other species and cultivars

A number of other species and cultivars have been introduced including Ulmus davidiana, U. glaucescens var. lasiocarpa, European White Elm (Ulmus laevis), Mexican Elm (U. mexicana), U. propinqua, Siberian Elm (U. pumila), Himalayan Elm (Ulmus wallichiana), as well as U. × viminalis and its related cultivars 'Viminalis Aurea', 'Viminalis Marginata', and U. × elegantissima 'Jacqueline Hillier'. The hybrid cultivars 'Dodoens', 'Groeneveldt', 'Lobel', 'Plantyn', 'Urban' and 'Sapporo Autumn Gold' were all imported into Australia from The Netherlands via New Zealand in 1986.^[1]

Cultivation

The history of elms in Australia extends back to at least 1803 when Governor King included them in a list of plants dispatched from England. In 1845 two elms, Ulmus campestris and Ulmus suberosa were listed in a nursery catalogue of James Dickson in Hobart.^[1] Historically, most planting of elms has occurred in south-eastern Australia, including the states of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. The largest number of elm species are found in Victoria. The most common species found in older parks and gardens are the English Elm and the Dutch Elm. In Melbourne, boulevard plantings of elms were established from the latter half of the nineteenth century in Royal Parade, Victoria Parade and within the Fitzroy Gardens, and are registered as significant by the National Trust of Victoria.^[5] In many of the larger towns and cities in Victoria, the planting of elms in avenue plantings began to become popular in the late nineteenth century, a notable example being the 1876 planting in Finlay Avenue in Camperdown. Following World War I, Avenues of Honour were established to commemorate those who served and died. Although a variety of exotic species were utilised, the avenues at Ballarat (22 kilometres long), Bacchus Marsh, Creswick, Newstead, Wallan and Traralgon were either primarily or exclusively planted with English Elms and Dutch Elms.^[5]

Grafted Dutch Elms, Ulmus × hollandica 'Major', Bacchus Marsh Avenue of Honour, Victoria.^[6]

A Huntingdon Elm in Healesville, Victoria.^[7]

In 1997, there were 33,789 elms on council-controlled land within the state and the amount on private land was estimated to be at least as many.^[8] In 2005, the City of Melbourne recorded that it had 6300 elms in its parks and boulevards.^[9] In 1997 the amenity value of the elms in Melbourne's boulevards was estimated to be $39 million.^[8]

In New South Wales, elms are predominantly found in Bowral, Orange, Bathurst, Wagga Wagga and Albury. They have also widely planted in Canberra. In Tasmania many older towns in the Midlands and around the eastern coast such as Hobart Launceston, Ross, Port Arthur have plantings in parks and gardens. South Australia's elms are found in the Barossa Valley and Mount Gambier in the various Botanic Gardens. Elms are relatively uncommon in Western Australia and Queensland.^[1]

Naturalisation

A number of elm species have become naturalised, predominantly in localised areas. Dutch Elm has become naturalised in South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, the ACT, Victoria, and Tasmania, Chinese Elm in Queensland, New South Wales (including the Kosciuszko National Park and Victoria, and Ulmus minor in the ACT. English Elm is naturalised in South Australia and Victoria and has been recorded as naturalised in Porongurup National Park in Western Australia in 1987 and also in Armidale and Wollombi in New South Wales.^[10][11][12]

Pests and diseases

Although elms in Australia exist far away from their natural habitat and associated pest and disease problems, a few problematic insect species have managed to infiltrate Australia's strict quarantine defences . The Elm Leaf Beetle was first discovered on the Mornington Peninsula in 1989 and had spread to the City of Melbourne by 1991.^[8] The beetles have caused significant damage to elm species since that time, although the City of Melbourne keeps them in check with a regular spraying regime.^[9] Another less serious insect pest is the Elm Tree Leafhopper, which causes speckling of leaves resulting in a silvery appearance.

Unlike most other countries that have elm trees, Australia has not yet been subjected to Dutch Elm Disease, although the vector of the disease, the Elm Bark Beetle, was first officially recorded in Melbourne in 1974. The City of Melbourne and the Victorian State Government have jointly developed a Dutch elm disease contingency plan in case of an outbreak.^[8][9]

Other diseases include Bacterial Wetwood, various viral and fungal diseases, cankers including Coral Spot, and root diseases caused by Cinnamon Fungus or Honey Fungus.^[1]

Reading

Spencer, Roger, ed., Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995), Ulmus, p.103-118

References

External links

Victorian Heritage Database, Ulmus,