El Paso–Juárez

El Paso–Juárez Metropolitan Area
Metropolitan Area
Satellite view of El Paso–Juárez
Nickname(s): Paso del Norte
El Paso–Juárez Metropolitan Area
Coordinates: 31°44′22″N 106°29′13″W / 31.73944°N 106.48694°W / 31.73944; -106.48694Coordinates: 31°44′22″N 106°29′13″W / 31.73944°N 106.48694°W / 31.73944; -106.48694
Countries United States, Mexico
States Texas, Chihuahua, New Mexico
Population
 • Total 2.7 million[1]
Time zone Mountain Standard Time (UTC-7)
 • Summer (DST) Mountain Daylight Time (UTC-6)
El Paso and Ciudad Juárez from ISS, 2014

El Paso–Juárez, also known as Juárez–El Paso, the Borderplex or Paso del Norte, is a binational metropolitan area, or conurbation, on the border between Mexico and the United States.[2] The region is centered on two large cities: Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico and El Paso, Texas, U.S. Additionally, nearby Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S. is sometimes included as part of the region, referred to as El Paso–Juárez–Las Cruces or El Paso–Juárez–Southern New Mexico.[3] With over 4.9 million people,[1][4] this binational region is the largest metropolitan area on the United States–Mexico border.[5] The El Paso–Juárez region is the largest bilingual, binational work force in the Western Hemisphere.[6]

This region is commonly subdivided into the Juárez Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana de Juárez) and greater El Paso, as well as greater Las Cruces. These sub-regions are typically divided by state borders: Chihuahua, Texas, and New Mexico.

Communities

Juárez is by far the largest city in the region (population 1,400,891 as of 2005). El Paso is the next largest (649,121 as of 2010), and Las Cruces is the third largest (97,618 as of 2010).[7][8]

Some of the major suburbs are Fabens, Texas; Puerto de Anapra, Chihuahua; San Elizario, Texas; Socorro, Texas; Sunland Park, New Mexico.[9] Additionally there are many smaller communities in the area including Anthony, New Mexico; Anthony, Texas; Canutillo, Texas; Chaparral, New Mexico; Horizon City, Texas; Mesilla, New Mexico; Santa Teresa, New Mexico; University Park, New Mexico; Vado, New Mexico; and Westway, Texas.[10]

History

Further information: History of El Paso, Texas

The Franklin Mountains region has had human settlement for thousands of years, as evidenced by Folsom points from hunter-gatherers found at Hueco Tanks.[11] The earliest known cultures in the region were maize farmers. At the time of the arrival of the Spanish the Manso, Suma, and Jumano tribes populated the area and today form the basis of the Mestizo culture in the area. The Mescalero Apache roamed the region as well.

Spanish explorer Don Juan de Oñate was the first European explorer to arrive at the Rio Grande near modern Juárez and El Paso in 1598, celebrating Thanksgiving Mass there on April 30, 1598 (several decades before the Pilgrims' Thanksgiving).[12] El Paso del Norte (the present-day Ciudad Juárez), was founded on the south bank of the Río Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande) in 1659 by Spanish conquistadors. The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe became its first major settlement. Being a grassland then, agriculture flourished and vineyards and fruits constituted the bulk of the regional production. The Spanish Crown and the local authorities of El Paso del Norte had made several land concessions to bring agricultural production to the northern bank of the river in present day El Paso. However, the Apaches dissuaded settlement and development across the river. The water provided a natural defense against them.

The Mission Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe

El Paso became the southernmost locality of the Provincia de Nuevo Mexico (modern New Mexico). It remained largest city in New Mexico until its north side was ceded to the US in 1850. It communicated with Santa Fe and Mexico City by the Royal Road. American spies, traders and fur trappers visited the area since 1804 and some intermarried with the area's Hispanic elite.[13] Although there was no combat in the region during the Mexican War of Independence, El Paso del Norte experienced the negative effects it had on its wine trade.

The Texas Revolution (1836) was not felt in the region as the area was never considered part of Texas until 1848. Given the blurry reclamations of the Texas Republic that wanted a chunk of the Santa Fe trade, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo effectively made the settlements on the north bank of the river a formal American settlement, separate from Old El Paso del Norte on the Mexican side.[13] The present Texas-New Mexico boundary placing El Paso on the Texas side was drawn in the Compromise of 1850.[14]

The communities on both sides of the border continued to function, in large part, as a single community. The United States Senate fixed a boundary between Texas and New Mexico at the thirty-second parallel, thus largely ignoring history and topography. A military post called "The Post opposite El Paso" (meaning opposite El Paso del Norte, across the Rio Grande) was established in 1854. Further west, a settlement on Coons' Rancho called Franklin became the nucleus of the future El Paso, Texas. A year later pioneer Anson Mills completed his plan of the town, calling it El Paso and the town was incorporated in 1873.[15] During the French intervention in Mexico (1862–1867), El Paso del Norte served as a temporary stop for republican forces of rebel leader Benito Juárez until he established his government-in-exile in Chihuahua. In 1888, El Paso del Norte was renamed in honor of Juárez.

Map of El Paso in 1886.

In the later 19th century the population in the region began to grow rapidly. With the arrival of the Southern Pacific, Texas and Pacific and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads in 1881, trade with the rest of the U.S. increased substantially. The area attracted newcomers ranging from businessmen and priests, to gunfighters and prostitutes. In the U.S. El Paso became known as the "Six Shooter Capital" because of its lawlessness.[15] Prostitution and gambling flourished. During World War I, the U.S. Department of the Army pressured El Paso authorities to crack down on vice, creating a tourist boom in Juárez whose vice businesses continued to thrive.

Mining and other industries gradually developed in the area. The 1920s and 1930s saw the emergence of major business development in the city partially enabled by Prohibition era bootlegging with the area becoming a significant port of entry for liquor.[15] The Depression era hit the region hard and population declined through the end of World War II. Following the war, military expansion in the area as well as oil discoveries in the Texas Permian Basin helped spur redevelopment in the mid 1900s. Disparities in wages and cost of living between the U.S. and Mexico helped encourage many businesses to establish manufacturing operations in Mexico during the mid 20th century, thus making El Paso–Juárez an attractive location for manufacturing. The signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) helped spur this trend even further.

Geography

Typical elevation in the El Paso–Juárez region is approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 m) though the Franklin Mountains which run through the region have peaks rising much higher. North Franklin Peak, for example, rises to 7,192 feet (2,192 m).[16]

The most well-known feature of the area is the Rio Grande which divides the U.S. from Mexico. The river flows through the Rio Grande Rift, which passes around the southern end of the Franklin Mountains. West of Juárez and El Paso the river turns away from the border, connecting these cities with Las Cruces, New Mexico.

Mt. Cristo Rey, a volcanic peak (an example of a pluton) rises within the Rio Grande Rift just to the west of El Paso on the New Mexico side of the Rio Grande. Other volcanic features include Kilbourne Hole and Hunt's Hole, which are Maar volcanic craters 30 miles (48 km) west of the Franklin Mountains.

The area lies in the Chihuahuan Desert, which itself is the easternmost section of the Basin and Range Region.

A panoramic view of El Paso–Juárez from the north. The Hueco Mountains can be seen toward the east, and the Juárez mountains of Mexico can be seen to the south (far right of the image).

Climate

Ciudad Juárez
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
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Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: (2010-02-18),INEGI, 2006 report

The area has an arid climate because it is located in the Chihuahuan desert. Seasons are less well defined than many areas in the United States. The area experiences hot summers, cool winters and a mild spring and fall. In Juárez the average high is 31 °C (88 °F) with lows of 17 °C (63 °F). The winter high is 14 °C (57 °F) with lows of 1 °C (34 °F).[17] Because of the high altitude the region is cooler than many desert areas in Mexico and the American Southwest. Rainfall is very scarce but it is more prominent in the summer months. Snowfall is not a rare event—it normally snows once or twice every winter.

Economy

El Paso–Juárez is a major center for manufacturing and international trade. It is the largest port of entry on the U.S./Mexico border.[18] The region is also the second most important trade point on the border and the 16th largest trading center in the U.S.[19][20] In 2000 approximately US$33 billion in trade took place in the region.[19]

As of 2010 the region holds offices for more than 70 Fortune 500 companies.[21] It is also home to more than 320 manufacturing plants (those in Juárez are commonly referred to as maquiladoras) and more than 1,100 manufacturing operations total.[19][22] The largest sectors of manufacturing are automobiles and automobile components, and consumer electronic components.[19] Apparel and textile manufacturing, though, are important sectors as well, particularly north of the border.[21] The area employs approximately 262,000 people in manufacturing with 85% of those in Juárez.[22] Many of the workers in Juárez, however, live in the United States.[21]

An important pillar of the economy of El Paso has been Fort Bliss and Biggs Army Airfield. Since frontier days military spending, directly and indirectly, has provided a significant source of money to El Paso and to the region as a whole. As of 2010 the economic impact of Fort Bliss is estimated at more than US$1 billion.[21] Fort Bliss is currently planning a US$4.5 billion expansion that will substantially impact the area economy.[22]

Call centers are additionally major employers in El Paso and neighboring communities in the U.S.[21]

A recent development that is expected to create new economic opportunities in the area is the planned creation of a full medical school in El Paso as part of the Texas Tech Health Sciences Center.[22][23]

Regional cooperation

Though the national boundaries are an important point of separation, efforts at regional planning and economic integration exist in the local governments and the business communities. Regional business advocacy groups such as El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation and World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez serve to attract businesses to the area and market its benefits.[24] Efforts at community and environmental cooperation including the Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition exist as well.[25] As of 2009 proposals are being discussed at the regional level to create passenger rail systems connecting El Paso with Juárez.[26]

Education

The largest universities in the region are the University of Texas at El Paso and the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (Autonomous University of Ciudad Juárez). These universities have strong ties to each other (as well as to the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua) with formal programs of exchange for scholars and students.[27] New Mexico State University in Las Cruces is an additional major university in the area.

Other area colleges include Universidad Tecnológica de Ciudad Juárez (Technological University of Ciudad Juárez), Western Technical College-El Paso, and Vista College (El Paso and Las Cruces). El Paso Community College and Doña Ana Community College provide supplemental higher-education opportunities for students in the region.

Culture

Community contact

Until the 1920s and 1930s the communities of Juárez and El Paso enjoyed largely unfettered access to one another, maintaining a sense of unity. Prohibition and World War II brought about more strict enforcement of the border in this region, making access between the communities more difficult. Nevertheless, the communities have continued to share ethnic and cultural bonds particularly as economic integration in the later 20th century has re-opened much of the access between the communities. Even today the cities still see themselves as a single, closely tied community.[28]

The violence in Juárez that erupted in 2008–2009 has forced the U.S. to tighten its policies regarding allowing Juárez residents access to El Paso. Tourists, workers, and students who were once allowed regular access across the border have been restricted to much tighter schedules for travel.[29]

Parks and recreation

The area is home to numerous parks and venues for outdoor recreation. The 24,000-acre (9,700 ha) Franklin Mountains State Park in El Paso is the largest urban park in the United States.[30] Other urban parks in the area include Ascarate Park (El Paso), Parque Central (Juárez), Parque Chamizal (Juárez), Preciado Park (Las Cruces), and Rio Bosque Park (Socorro, TX).

Outside the metropolitan area there are major state and national parks in the vicinity. The most well-known of these is Big Bend National Park, which is adjacent to Big Bend Ranch State Park. Closer to the cities are Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Lincoln National Forest, and Gila National Forest.

Crime and safety

Chart showing decline in the murder rate. Source: InSightCrime.org

While violent crime has been an increasingly serious issue in Cd. Juárez since the 1990s, El Paso has remained one of the safest large cities in the United States. In January 2014, El Paso was ranked as the safest large city in the United States for the fourth straight year according to the annual City Crime Rankings by CQ Press.[31] El Paso has been in the study's top three large cities with the lowest crime rates since 1997.[32] Though violent crime on the U.S. side of the border has remained very low, murders in Juárez related to the drug cartels began to grow rapidly after 2007. In 2008, officials reported more than 5,400 drug-related murders in Mexico, many in and near Juárez.[33][34] On 20 February 2009, the U.S. State Department announced in an updated travel alert that "Mexican authorities report that more than 1,800 people have been killed in the city since January 2008."[35] CNN listed the city among the ten most dangerous in the world in 2010.[36] The deteriorating situation caused drastic changes in daily life for citizens in Juárez after 2008.

After the homicide rates escalated to the point of making Cd. Juárez the most violent city in the world, the city has seen a significant and steady decline in violent crime since then.[37] In 2012, homicides were at their lowest rate since 2007 when drug violence flared between the Sinaloa cartel and the Juarez Cartel.[38] That trend has continued in 2013 when 497 homicides were reported, the lowest amount since 2007,[39] dropping Ciudad Juárez to the 37th spot of most dangerous cities.[40]

Infrastructure

Healthcare

El Paso Children's Hospital at the Medical Center of the Americas

El Paso is the medical hub of West Texas and Southern New Mexico, hosting numerous state-of-the-art medical centers. Some of the city's top hospitals include William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Sierra Medical Center, Las Palmas Medical Center, Del Sol Medical Center, Sierra Providence East Medical Center, El Paso Children's Hospital, and Providence Memorial Hospital. University Medical Center is the only level I trauma center in the region. William Beaumont Army Medical Center will be replaced by a new state of the art $650 million Fort Bliss Replacement Hospital expected to open in 2017.[41]

El Paso is also home to the Medical Center of the Americas, an integrated complex of medical facilities anchored by Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, its primary teaching hospital University Medical Center, the El Paso Psychiatric Center and by the new El Paso Children’s Hospital. It is also site to the future Cardwell Collaborative biomedical research park and the Gayle Greve Hunt School of Nursing.

Transportation

Hotel Bristol and the Union Depot at El Paso, Texas (postcard, circa 1912)

El Paso is served by El Paso International Airport, Amtrak via the historic Union Depot, Interstate 10, US Highway 54 (known locally as "54", the "North-South Freeway" or officially as the Patriot Freeway), Spur 601 (Liberty Expressway), US Highway 180 and US Highway 62 (Montana Avenue), US Highway 85 (Paisano Drive), Loop 375, Loop 478 (Copia Street-Pershing Drive-Dyer Street), numerous Texas Farm-to-Market roads (a class of state highway commonly abbreviated to FM) and the city's original thoroughfare, State Highway 20, the eastern portion of which is known locally as Alameda Avenue (formerly US Highway 80). Texas 20 also includes portions of Texas Avenue in central El Paso, Mesa Street from Downtown to the West Side, and Doniphan Drive on the West Side. Northeast El Paso is connected to West El Paso by Transmountain Road(Loop 375). The city also shares four international bridges and one railbridge with Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. In 2009, El Paso was home to number 52, number 98, and number 100 of the 100 most congested roads in Texas, which are, respectively: North Zaragoza Road between Sun Fire Boulevard and Interstate 10; Lee Trevino Drive between Montana Avenue and Interstate 10; and Interstate 10 between Patriot Freeway and Loop 375.[42]

BRT system

The ViveBus BRT system opened to the public in November 2013 with the first route of 5 planned. The project was made a reality with the collaboration of the local municipal government, the private enterprise of Integradora de Transporte de Juarez (INTRA) as well as other city government agencies. Studies have shown that the current bus system averages 8 mph while the new system is projected to average 16 mph. The BRT system studies conducted by the Instituto Municipal de Investigacion Y Planeacion project a daily ridership of 40,000.

The first of the 5 routes opened to users in late 2013 and is officially named Presidencia-Tierra Nueva and has 34 stations distributed along the north to south corridor. The route starts at Avenida Francisco Villa, follows north to Eje Vial Norte-Sur then veers left at Zaragoza Blvd. and ends at Avenida Independencia and the elevated Carretera Federal 2.

El Paso Trolley

Further information: Sun Metro Mass Transit System

The El Paso Trolley is a $90 Million streetcar project slated to run 5.2 miles from Downtown El Paso to UTEP. On June 5, 2012 city council unveiled a new route creating a narrow loop for the future El Paso streetcar route which will use both Oregon and Stanton streets to connect Downtown and the UTEP area. The streetcars will travel north on Oregon Street, turn east at Glory Road/Baltimore, then south on Stanton Street. A downtown loop will travel east on Franklin Avenue, south on Kansas Street, west on Father Rahm, and north on Santa Fe Street.[43]

Airports

Airport Security Concourse at the El Paso International Airport

El Paso International Airport, a public airport four miles northeast of downtown El Paso, has 15 gates on two concourses and is served by eight airlines and 10 direct destinations. In 2010, there were 3,065,393 commercial passengers.

Abraham Gonzalez International Airport is located in the southern end of Cd. Juarez. It accommodates national and international air traffic of the city of Ciudad Juárez. In 2011, Abraham González International Airport handled 673,364 passengers, and in 2012 it handled 699,394 passengers.

In 2013, Volaris initiated over 25 weekly flights departing Ciudad Juarez.[44]

Tunnel below the Paso Del Norte Bridge

International border crossings

The first bridge to cross the Rio Grande at El Paso del Norte was built in the time of Nueva España, over 250 years ago, from wood hauled in from Santa Fe.[45] Today, this bridge is honored by the modern Santa Fe Street Bridge, and Santa Fe Street in downtown El Paso.

Several bridges serve the El Paso–Ciudad Juárez area in addition to the Paso Del Norte Bridge also known as the Santa Fe Street Bridge, including the Bridge of the Americas, Stanton Street Bridge, and the Ysleta Bridge also known as the Zaragoza Bridge.

There is also a land crossing at nearby Santa Teresa, New Mexico, and the Fabens-Caseta International Bridge in nearby Fabens, Texas.

Gallery

Pictures of El Paso, Texas

Pictures of Cd. Juárez, Chihuahua

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 "The Borderplex Alliance –". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
  2. ↑ Bean, Frank D.; Chanove, Roland; Cushing, Robert G.; Garza, Rodolfo de la; Freeman, Gary P.; Haynes, Charles W.; Spener, David (July 1994). "Illegal Mexican Migration & the United States/Mexico Border: The Effects of Operation Hold the Line on El Paso/Juárez" (PDF). Population Research Center: The University of Texas at Austin. p. 7.
    "Pharmacy". Texas Alcalde (The University of Texas) 87 (5): 24. May 1999.
    Let's Go (2003), p. 447.
  3. ↑ "El Paso-Juarez-Las Cruces Binational Health Council (BHC)". Texas Department of State Health Services. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
    "About The Region". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
    "El Paso–Cd. Juárez–Las Cruces". Pan-American Health Organization. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
    Michie (1992)
  4. ↑ Chamberlain, Lisa (March 28, 2007). "2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows". The New York Times. Retrieved March 5, 2009.
  5. ↑ "The 411 – Fascinating Facts". Guest Life: El Paso/Juarez and Southern New Mexico. Retrieved 17 Feb 2010.
  6. ↑ "2 Cities and 4 Bridges Where Commerce Flows –". The New York Times. March 28, 2007. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  7. ↑ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2008 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
  8. ↑ "Table 4: Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in New Mexico, Listed Alphabetically: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2008 (SUB-EST2008-04-35)". US Census Bureau, Population Division. 2009-07-01. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  9. ↑ Sandau-Beckler, Pat (2003). "El Paso County Familias Primero: Family Group Conferencing 2003 Project Evaluation" (PDF). American Humane Association. p. 2.
  10. ↑ "Press Releases: January 2009 – Posts". El Paso County, Texas. January 2009.
    "Dona Ana County".
  11. ↑ "Hueco Tanks". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.
  12. ↑ Leon C. Metz (1993). El Paso Chronicles: A Record of Historical Events in El Paso, Texas. El Paso: Mangan Press. ISBN 0-930208-32-3.
  13. 1 2 El Paso, A Borderlands History, by W.H. Timmons, pp. 74, 75
  14. ↑ Griffin, Roger A.: Compromise of 1850 from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010. Texas State Historical Association.
  15. 1 2 3 El Paso, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
  16. ↑ Baird, David; Peterson, Eric; Schlecht, Neil E. (2007). Frommer's Texas. Frommer's. p. 348.
  17. ↑ "Weather Averages: Ciudad Juárez, Mex". MSN. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
  18. ↑ Schmandt, Jurgen (1990). The New urban infrastructure: cities and telecommunications. New York: Praeger Publishers. p. 55. ISBN 0-275-93591-4.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "About". World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
  20. ↑ "Maquiladora Industry". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 "El Paso: Economy". Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Cook, Bob (7 Oct 2009). "Manufacturing in the El Paso/Juarez Region: The electronics and medical device sectors are growing quickly in this region despite safety concerns.". Industry Week.
  23. ↑ "El Paso Campus". Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center. Retrieved 24 Feb 2010.
  24. ↑ "El Paso Regional economic Development Corporation". El Paso Regional Economic Development Corporation. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
    "World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez". World Trade Center El Paso/Juárez. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
  25. ↑ "Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition" (PDF). Paso del Norte Clean Cities Coalition. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
  26. ↑ Daniels, Bruce (30 September 2009). "Juarez, El Paso Agree To Work on Rail Connection". Albuquerque Journal.
    "New Mexico Rail Passenger Study". ATR Institute. Retrieved 25 Feb 2010.
  27. ↑ Randall (1995), p. 162.
  28. ↑ Hidalgo (1984), p. 3.
  29. ↑ Grinberg, Emanuella (20 May 2009). "El Paso school a haven along violent border". CNN.
  30. ↑ "Franklin Mountains State Park" (PDF). Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Retrieved 18 Feb 2010.
  31. ↑ "City Crime Rankings 2014 –". CQ Press. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-07.
  32. ↑ http://www.elpasotimes.com/tablehome/ci_22523903/el-paso-ranked-safest-large-city-u-s
  33. ↑ "Body count starts anew in Mexico after record 2008 toll". CNN. January 6, 2009.
  34. ↑ http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=322059&CategoryId=14091
  35. ↑ "Travel Alert". U.S. Department of State. 2009-02-20. Archived from the original on February 20, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-23.
  36. ↑ Kermeliotis, Teo (10 April 2010). "The world's most dangerous cities?". CNN.
  37. ↑ "Juarez shedding violent image, statistics show". CNN. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  38. ↑ Booth, William (August 20, 2012). "In Mexico's Murder City the war appears over". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  39. ↑ "Homicide rates in Juarez dropping but do residents feel safer?". KVIA. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-09.
  40. ↑ "Juarez falls to No.37 on world's most violent cities list". El Paso Times. 2014. Retrieved 2014-01-16.
  41. ↑ "New $1B Beaumont Hospital, EPCC Add to Ft. Bliss Expansion -". El Paso Developmental News. August 20, 2012.
  42. ↑ "Texas' Most Congested Roads". www.texastribune.org. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  43. ↑ "Council Chooses Streetcar Route -". El Paso Developmental News. June 6, 2012. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
  44. ↑ http://www.info7.com.mx/a/noticia/397662/normal/ultimo/24
  45. ↑ Paul Horgan, Great River: The Rio Grande in North American History. Volume 1, Indians and Spain. Vol. 2, Mexico and the United States. 2 Vols. in 1, 1038 pages – Wesleyan University Press 1991, 4th Reprint, ISBN 0-8195-6251-3

References

External links

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