8 (number)

"8th", "Eight" and "Eighth" redirect here. For other uses see 8 (disambiguation)
← 7 8 9 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 →
Cardinal eight
Ordinal 8th
(eighth)
Numeral system octal
Factorization 23
Divisors 1, 2, 4, 8
Roman numeral VIII
Roman numeral (unicode) Ⅷ, ⅷ
Greek prefix octa-/oct-
Latin prefix octo-/oct-
Binary 10002
Ternary 223
Quaternary 204
Quinary 135
Senary 126
Octal 108
Duodecimal 812
Hexadecimal 816
Vigesimal 820
Base 36 836
Greek η (or Η)
Arabic ٨,8
Urdu ۸
Amharic ፰
Bengali ৮
Chinese numeral 八，捌
Devanāgarī ८
Kannada ೮
Telugu ౮
Tamil ௮
Hebrew ח (Het)
Hebrew שמונה (shmoneh)
Khmer ៨
Korean 팔
Thai ๘

8 (eight /ˈeɪt/) is the natural number following 7 and preceding 9.

In mathematics

8 is:

It has an aliquot sum of 7 in the 4 member aliquot sequence (8,7,1,0) being the first member of 7-aliquot tree. All powers of 2 (2x), have an aliquot sum of one less than themselves.

A number is divisible by 8 if its last 3 digits, when written in decimal, are also divisible by 8, or its last 3 digits are 0 when written in binary.

8 and 9 form a Ruth–Aaron pair under the second definition in which repeated prime factors are counted as often as they occur.

There are a total of eight convex deltahedra.

A polygon with eight sides is an octagon. Figurate numbers representing octagons (including eight) are called octagonal numbers.

A polyhedron with eight faces is an octahedron. A cuboctahedron has as faces six equal squares and eight equal regular triangles.

A cube has eight vertices.

Sphenic numbers always have exactly eight divisors.

The number 8 is involved with a number of interesting mathematical phenomena related to the notion of Bott periodicity. For example, if O(∞) is the direct limit of the inclusions of real orthogonal groups

O(1)\hookrightarrow O(2)\hookrightarrow\ldots\hookrightarrow O(k)\hookrightarrow\ldots,

then

\pi_{k+8}(O(\infty))\cong\pi_{k}(O(\infty)).

Clifford algebras also display a periodicity of 8. For example, the algebra Cl(p + 8,q) is isomorphic to the algebra of 16 by 16 matrices with entries in Cl(p,q). We also see a period of 8 in the K-theory of spheres and in the representation theory of the rotation groups, the latter giving rise to the 8 by 8 spinorial chessboard. All of these properties are closely related to the properties of the octonions.

The spin group Spin(8) is the unique such group that exhibits the phenomenon of triality.

The lowest-dimensional even unimodular lattice is the 8-dimensional E8 lattice. Even positive definite unimodular lattice exist only in dimensions divisible by 8.

A figure 8 is the common name of a geometric shape, often used in the context of sports, such as skating. Figure-eight turns of a rope or cable around a cleat, pin, or bitt are used to belay something.

In numeral systems

Base Numeral system Representation
2 binary 1000
3 ternary 22
4 quaternary 20
5 quinary 13
6 senary 12
7 septenary 11
8 octal 10
over 8 (decimal, duodecimal, hexadecimal, etc.) 8

List of basic calculations

Multiplication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
8 × x 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 88 96 104 112 120
Division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
8 ÷ x 8 4 2.6 2 1.6 1.3 1.142857 1 0.8 0.8 0.72 0.6 0.615384 0.571428 0.53
x ÷ 8 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1 1.125 1.25 1.375 1.5 1.625 1.75 1.875
Exponentiation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
8x 8 64 512 4096 32768 262144 2097152 16777216 134217728 1073741824 8589934592 68719476736 549755813888
x8 1 256 6561 65536 390625 1679616 5764801 16777216 43046721 100000000 214358881 429981696 815730721

Etymology

English eight, from Old English eahta, æhta, Proto-Germanic *ahto is a direct continuation of Proto-Indo-European *oḱtṓ(w)-, and as such cognate with Greek ὀκτώ and Latin octo-, both of which stems are reflected by the English prefix oct(o)-, as in the ordinal adjective octaval or octavary, the distributive adjective is octonary. The adjective octuple (Latin octu-plus) may also be used as a noun, meaning "a set of eight items"; the diminutive octuplet is mostly used to refer to eight sibling delivered in one birth.

The Semitic numeral is based on a root *θmn-, whence Akkadian smn-, Arabic ṯmn-, Hebrew šmn- etc. The Chinese numeral (pinyin bā) is from an Old Chinese *priāt-, ultimately from Sino-Tibetan b-r-gyat or b-g-ryat which also yielded Tibetan brgyat.

It has been argued that, as the cardinal number seven is the highest number of item that can universally be cognitively processed as a single set, the etymology of the numeral eight might be the first to be considered composite, either as "twice four" or as "two short of ten", or similar. The Turkic words for "eight" are from a Proto-Turkic stem *sekiz, which has been suggested as originating as a negation of eki "two", as in "without two fingers" (i.e., "two short of ten; two fingers are not being held up");[2] this same principle is found in Finnic *kakte-ksa, which conveys a meaning of "two before (ten)". The Proto-Indo-European reconstruction *oḱtṓ(w)- itself has been argued as representing an old dual, which would correspond to an original meaning of "twice four". Proponents of this "quaternary hypothesis" adduce the numeral nine, which might be built on the stem new-, meaning "new" (indicating the beginning of a "new set of numerals" after having counted to eight).[3]

Glyph

The modern 8 glyph, like all modern Hindu-Arabic numerals (other than zero) originates with the Brahmi numerals. The Brahmi numeral for eight by the 1st century was written in one stroke as a curve └┐ looking like an uppercase H with the bottom half of the left line and the upper half of the right line removed. However the eight glyph used in India in the early centuries of the Common Era developed considerable variation, and in some cases took the shape of a single wedge, which was adopted into the Perso-Arabic tradition as ٨ (and also gave rise to the later Devanagari numeral ८; the alternative curved glyph also existed as a variant in Perso-Arabic tradition, where it came to look similar to our glyph 5.

The numerals as used in Al-Andalus by the 10th century were a distinctive western variant of the glyphs used in the Arabic-speaking world, known as ghubār numerals (ghubār translating to "sand table"). In these numerals, the line of the 5-like glyph used in Indian manuscripts for eight came to be formed in ghubār as a closed loop, which was the 8-shape that became adopted into European use in the 10th century.[4]

Just as in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the 8 character usually has an ascender, as, for example, in .

The infinity symbol ∞, described as "sideways figure eight" is unrelated to the 8 glyph in origin; it is first used (in the mathematical meaning "infinity") in the 17th century, and it may be derived from the Roman numeral for "one thousand" CIƆ, or alternatively from the final Greek letter, ω.

The numeral eight in Greek numerals, developed in Classical Greece by the 5th century BC, was written as Η, the eight letter of the Greek alphabet.

The Chinese numeral eight is written in two strokes, 八; the glyph is also the 12th Kangxi radical.

In science

Physics

Astronomy

Chemistry

Geology

Biology

In technology

In measurement

In culture

Architecture

In religion, folk belief and divination

Buddhism
The 8-spoked Dharmacakra represents the Noble Eightfold Path
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Other

As a lucky number

In astrology

In music and dance

In film and television

In sports and other games

In foods

In literature

In slang

NATO signal flag for 8
Four playing cards showing the "8" of all four suits

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bryan Bunch, The Kingdom of Infinite Number. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company (2000): 88
  2. ↑ Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages: Common Turkic and Interturkic stems starting with letters «L», «M», «N», «P», «S», Vostochnaja Literatura RAS, 2003, 241f. (altaica.ru)
  3. ↑ the hypothesis is discussed critically (and rejected as "without sufficient support") by Werner Winter, 'Some thought about Indo-European numerals' in: Jadranka Gvozdanović (ed.), Indo-European Numerals, Walter de Gruyter, 1992, 14f.
  4. ↑ Georges Ifrah, The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer transl. David Bellos et al. London: The Harvill Press (1998): 395, Fig. 24.68.
  5. ↑ "Life Application New Testament Commentary", Bruce B. Barton. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2001. ISBN 0-8423-7066-8, ISBN 978-0-8423-7066-0. p. 1257
  6. ↑ Ang, Swee Hoon (1997). "Chinese consumers’ perception of alpha-numeric brand names". Journal of Consumer Marketing 14 (3): 220–233. doi:10.1108/07363769710166800.
  7. ↑ Steven C. Bourassa, Vincent S. Peng (1999). "Hedonic Prices and House Numbers: The Influence of Feng Shui" (PDF). International Real Estate Review 2 (1): 79–93.
  8. ↑ "Patriot games: China makes its point with greatest show" by Richard Williams, The Guardian, published 9 August 2008
  9. ↑ Barney's burp song
  10. ↑ Anaheim Ducks retire Teemu Selanne's No. 8
  11. ↑ A to Z Encyclopaedia of Ice Hockey
  12. ↑ http://www.thegooddrugsguide.com/cocaine/faq.htm

External links

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