Eichler system
A system of plant taxonomy, the Eichler system was the first phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary system.[1][2] It was developed by August W. Eichler (1839 – 1887), initially in his Blüthendiagramme (1875–1878) and then in successive editions of his Syllabus (1876–1890).[3][4][5] After his death his colleague Adolf Engler (1844 – 1930) continued its development, and it became widely accepted.
The system was based on dividing the plant kingdom into those plants with concealed reproductive organs (non-floral), the (Cryptogamae, = hidden reproduction) and those with visible reproductive organs (floral), the (Phanerogamae, = visible reproduction).[6] Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.[7]
Fourth edition (1886)
The system (here taken from the 4th edition of the Syllabus, 1886) divides plants into divisions, classes and groups. Groups were further divided into orders.
- Note: ranks translated into Latin
| German | Latin | English |
|---|---|---|
| Abteilung | divisio | Division |
| Unterabteilung | subdivisio | Subdivision |
| Klasse | classis | Class |
| Reihe | ordo | Order |
| Unterreihe | subordo | Suborder |
| Fam. | familia | Family |
| Unterfam. | subfamilia | Subfamily |
| Gruppe | tribus | Tribe |
| Gattung | genus | Genus |
| Art | species | Species |
Outline: p. 6.[8] Page numbers refer to text
- A. Cryptogamae
- division I. Thallophyta
- classis I. Algae
- group I. Cyanophyceae
- group II. Diatomeae
- group III. Chlorophyceae p. 8
- group IV. Phaeophyceae
- group V. Rhodophyceae
- classis II. Fungi
- group I. Schizomycetes
- group II. Eumycetes
- group III. Lichenes
- classis I. Algae
- division II. Bryophyta
- division III. Pteridophyta p. 21
- classis I. Equisetinae
- classis II. Lycopodinae
- classis III. Filicinae
- division I. Thallophyta
- B. Phanerogamae
- division I. Gymnospermae p. 33
- division II. Angiospermae p. 34
- classis I. Monocotyleae (7 orders) p. 34
- order I. Liliiflorae p. 34
- ordo II. Enantioblastae
- ordo III. Spadiciflorae
- ordo IV. Glumiflorae
- ordo V. Scitamineae
- ordo VI. Gynandreae
- ordo VII. Helobiae
- classis II. Dicotyleae p. 39
- subclassis I. Choripetalae
- subclassis II. Sympetalae p. 58
- classis I. Monocotyleae (7 orders) p. 34
Index of families: p. 67.
Class Monocotyleae
- order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 (6 families)
- 1. Liliaceae (3 subfamilies)
- a. Lilieae
- Tulipa Gagea Fritillaria Lilium Ornithogalum Allium Hyacinthus Asphodelus Aloë
- b. Melanthieae
- Colchicum Veratrum Tofieldia
- c. Smilaceae
- Paris Convallaria Asparagus Smilax
- a. Lilieae
- 2. Amaryllidaceae p. 35
- Galanthus Leucojum Narcissus Agave
- 3. Juncaceae p. 35
- 4. Iridaceae
- 5. Haemodoraceae
- 6. Dioscoreaceae
- 7. Bromeliaceae
- 1. Liliaceae (3 subfamilies)
- ordo II. Enantioblastae
- ordo III. Spadiciflorae
- ordo IV. Glumiflorae
- ordo V. Scitamineae
- ordo VI. Gynandreae
- ordo VII. Helobiae
- order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 (6 families)
References
Bibliography
Works by Eichler
- Eichler, August W. (1875). Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert. 2 vols. [Floral diagrams]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
- Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876.
- Subsequent editions published as Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
- Eichler, August W. (1880) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (2nd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Eichler, August W. (1883) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Outline: p. 1 (Eichler 1883, p. 1)
- Eichler, August W. (1886) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Eichler, August W. (1890) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (5th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Subsequent editions published as Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
Other
- Oudemans, C.A.J.A. (1896). Rangschikking der Planten. in Oudemans, C.A.J.A. & Hugo de Vries. Leerboek der plantenkunde, ten gebruike bij het hooger onderwijs. volume 2(2).
- Engler, Adolf (1903) [1892]. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
- Lawrence, G. H. M. (1951). Taxonomy of vascular plants.
- Core, Earl Lemley (1955). Plant taxonomy. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- Goldberg, Aaron (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 58: 1–314.
- Sharma, O. P. (2009). Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259081378. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
- Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231518642. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, May 22, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.