Edmontosaurus regalis

Edmontosaurus regalis
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 73–69 Ma
↓
Holotype skeleton of Thespesius edmontoni, now thought to be a young E. regalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Order: †Ornithischia
Suborder: †Ornithopoda
Family: †Hadrosauridae
Subfamily: †Saurolophinae
Genus: †Edmontosaurus
Species: † E. regalis
Binomial name
Edmontosaurus regalis
Lambe, 1917
Synonyms

Thespesius edmontoni Gilmore, 1924

Edmontosaurus regalis is a species of comb-crested hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur. Fossils of E. regalis have been found in rocks of western North America that date from the late Campanian stage of the Cretaceous Period 73 million years ago. E. regalis was widely distributed across western North America, with fossil remains found from northern Alaska to Colorado.

E. regalis was one of the largest hadrosaurids, measuring up to 12 metres (39 ft) long and weighing around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons). It is classified as a genus of saurolophine (or hadrosaurine) hadrosaurid, a member of the group of hadrosaurids which lacked large, hollow crests, instead having smaller solid crests or fleshy combs.[1] The distribution of E. regalis fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It was a herbivore that could move on both two legs and four. Because it is known from several bone beds, E. regalis is thought to have lived in groups. The wealth of fossils has allowed researchers to study its paleobiology in detail, including its brain, how it may have fed, and its injuries and pathologies.

Description

Scale diagram comparing E. regalis and E. annectens to a human

Edmontosaurus regalis is known from several fossil specimens.[2][3][4][5] E. regalis was among the largest hadrosaurids. A fully grown adult could have been 9 metres (30 ft) long, and some of the larger specimens reached the range of 12 metres (39 ft)[6] to 13 metres (43 ft) long.[7] Its weight was on the order of 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons).[8] The type specimen of E. regalis, NMC 2288, is estimated as 9 to 12 metres (30 to 39 ft) long.[9]

Fossil skull

The skull was roughly triangular in profile.[10] One specimen preserved a soft tissue crest or wattle on the head.[1] The beak was toothless, and both the upper and lower beaks were extended by keratinous material.[8] Teeth were present only in the maxillae (upper cheeks) and dentaries (main bone of the lower jaw).[11][12] They grew in columns, with an observed maximum of six in each, and the number of columns varied based on the animal's size.[5] There were 51 to 53 columns per maxilla and 48 to 49 per dentary (teeth of the upper jaw being slightly narrower than those in the lower jaw).[10]

E. regalis had thirteen neck vertebrae, eighteen back vertebrae, nine hip vertebrae, and an unknown number of tail vertebrae.[10] The fore legs were shorter and less heavily built than the hind legs. Each hand had four fingers, with no thumb (first finger). The index second, third, and fourth fingers were approximately the same length and were united in life within a fleshy covering. Although the second and third finger had hoof-like claws, these bones were also within the skin and not apparent from the outside. The little finger was separate from the other three and was much shorter.[13] Each foot had three toes, with no big toe or little toe. The toes had hoof-like tips.[5]

Discovery and history

Most known complete Edmontosaurus skulls

The first known fossil remains that may belong to Edmontosaurus regalis were named Trachodon cavatus in 1871 by Edward Drinker Cope[14] (the name is spelled in more recent sources as Trachodon avatus[6] or even Trachodon atavus[8][15]). This species was assessed without comment as a synonym of Edmontosaurus regalis in two reviews,[8][15] although atavus predates regalis by several decades. In 1874 Cope named but did not describe Agathaumas milo for a sacral vertebra and shin fragments from the late Maastrichtian-age Upper Cretaceous Laramie Formation of Colorado.[6][16][17] Later that same year, he described these bones under the name Hadrosaurus occidentalis.[6][17][18] The bones are now lost.[17] As with Trachodon atavus, Agathaumas milo has been assigned without comment to Edmontosaurus regalis in two reviews,[8][15] although predating regalis by several decades. Neither species has attracted much attention; both are absent from Lull and Wright's 1942 monograph, for example. A third obscure early species, Trachodon selwyni, described by Lawrence Lambe in 1902 for a lower jaw from what is now known as the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta,[19] was erroneously described by Glut (1997) as having been assigned to Edmontosaurus regalis by Lull and Wright.[6] It was not, instead being designated "of very doubtful validity."[20] More recent reviews of hadrosaurids have concurred.[8][15]

The type specimen of E. regalis is NMC 2288, consisting of a skull, articulated vertebrae up to the sixth tail vertebra, ribs, partial hips, an upper arm bone, and most of a hind limb. It was discovered in 1912 by Levi Sternberg. The second specimen, paratype NMC 2289, consists of a skull and skeleton lacking the beak, most of the tail, and part of the feet. It was discovered in 1916 by George F. Sternberg. Both skeletons were found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (formerly the lower Edmonton Formation) along the Red Deer River of southern Alberta, Canada.[21] The Edmonton Formation lent Edmontosaurus its name.[22] The name Edmontosaurus regalis (meaning "regal," or, more loosely, "king-sized"),[22] was coined in 1917 by Lawrence Lambe. Lambe found that his new dinosaur compared best to "Diclonius mirabilis" specimens (now assigned to Edmontosaurus annectens), and drew attention to the size and robustness of Edmontosaurus regalis.[21] Initially, Lambe only described the skulls of the two skeletons, but returned to the genus in 1920 to describe the skeleton of NMC 2289.[2] The postcrania of the type specimen remains undescribed, still in its plaster jackets.[6]

Life restoration of E. regalis

Two more species that would come to be included with Edmontosaurus regalis were named from Canadian remains in the 1920s, but both would initially be assigned to the genus Thespesius. Gilmore named the first, Thespesius edmontoni, in 1924. T. edmontoni also came from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. It was based on NMC 8399, another nearly complete skeleton lacking most of the tail. NMC 8399 was discovered on the Red Deer River in 1912 by a Sternberg party.[3] Its forelimbs, ossified tendons, and skin impressions were briefly described in 1913 and 1914 by Lambe, who at first thought it was an example of a species he'd named Trachodon marginatus,[23] but then changed his mind.[24] The specimen became the first dinosaur skeleton to be mounted for exhibition in a Canadian museum. Gilmore found that his new species compared closely to what he called Thespesius annectens, but left the two apart because of details of the arms and hands. He also noted that his species had more vertebrae than Marsh's in the back and neck, but proposed that Marsh was mistaken in assuming that the annectens specimens were complete in those regions.[3]

In 1926, Charles Mortram Sternberg named Thespesius saskatchewanensis for NMC 8509, a skull and partial skeleton from the Wood Mountain plateau of southern Saskatchewan. He had collected this specimen in 1921, from rocks that were assigned to the Lance Formation,[4] now the Frenchman Formation.[8] NMC 8509 included an almost complete skull, numerous vertebrae, partial shoulder and hip girdles, and partial hind limbs, representing the first substantial dinosaur specimen recovered from Saskatchewan. Sternberg opted to assign it to Thespesius because that was the only hadrosaurid genus known from the Lance Formation at the time.[4] At the time, T. saskatchewanensis was unusual because of its small size, estimated at 7 to 7.3 metres (23 to 24 ft) in length.[10]

Paleoecology

Horseshoe Canyon Formation near Drumheller. The dark bands are coal seams.

E. regalis is known only from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, dating from the late Campanian stage of the late Cretaceous period. At least a dozen individuals are known,[25] including seven skulls with associated postcrania, and five to seven other skulls.[8][15] The species formerly known as Thespesius edmontoni or Anatosaurus edmontoni represents immature individuals.[25][26][27] Trachodon atavus and Agathaumas milo are potential synonyms.[8][15]

The Edmontonian land vertebrate age is defined by the first appearance of Edmontosaurus regalis in the fossil record.[28] Although sometimes reported as of exclusively early Maastrichtian age,[29] the Horseshoe Canyon Formation was of somewhat longer duration. Deposition began approximately 73 million years ago, in the late Campanian, and ended between 68.0 and 67.6 million years ago.[30] Edmontosaurus regalis is known from the lowest of five units within the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, but is absent from at least the second to the top.[31]

Restoration of an E. regalis fighting off an Albertosaurus sarcophagus

As many as three quarters of the dinosaur specimens from badlands near Drumheller, Alberta may pertain to Edmontosaurus regalis.[32] The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway, the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous.[33] E. regalis shared the setting with fellow hadrosaurids Hypacrosaurus and Saurolophus, hypsilophodont Parksosaurus, horned dinosaurs Montanoceratops, Anchiceratops, Arrhinoceratops, and Pachyrhinosaurus, pachycephalosaurid Stegoceras, ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus, nodosaurid Edmontonia, ostrich-mimics Ornithomimus and Struthiomimus, a variety of poorly known small theropods including troodontids and dromaeosaurids, and the tyrannosaurids Albertosaurus and Daspletosaurus.[29] Edmontosaurus is found in coastal, near-marine settings, while Hypacrosaurus and Saurolophus are found in more continental lowlands.[34] Edmontosaurus and Saurolophus are not usually found together.[35] The typical edmontosaur habitat of this formation has been described as the back regions of bald cypress swamps and peat bogs on delta coasts. Pachyrhinosaurus also preferred this habitat to the floodplains dominated by Hypacrosaurus, Saurolophus, Anchiceratops and Arrhinoceratops.[32] The Edmontonian-age coastal Pachyrhinosaurus-Edmontosaurus association is recognized as far north as Alaska.[36]

Paleobiology

In a 2011 study, Campione and Evans recorded data from all known edmontosaur skulls and used it to plot a morphometric graph, comparing variable features of the skull with skull size. Their results showed that within Edmontosaurus regalis, many features previously used to classify additional species were directly correlated with skull size. Campione and Evans interpreted these results as strongly suggesting that the shape of E. regalis skulls changed dramatically as they grew. This has led to several apparent mistakes in classification in the past. The Campanian species Thespesius edmontoni, previously considered a synonym of E. annectens due to its small size and skull shape, is morel likely a subadult specimen of the contemporary E. regalis.[25]

Extensive bone beds are known for Edmontosaurus regalis, and such groupings of hadrosaurids are used to suggest that they were gregarious, living in groups.[8] Two quarries containing E. regalis remains were identified in a 2007 database of fossil bone beds, from Alaska (Prince Creek Formation), Alberta (Horseshoe Canyon Formation).[37]

Because of its wide distribution, which covers a distance from Alaska to Colorado and includes polar settings that would have had little light during a significant part of the year, Edmontosaurus regalis has been considered possibly migratory. A 2008 review of dinosaur migration studies by Phil R. Bell and Eric Snively proposed that E. regalis was capable of an annual 2,600 kilometres (1,600 mi) round-trip journey, provided it had the requisite metabolism and fat deposition rates. Such a trip would have required speeds of about 2 to 10 kilometres per hour (1 to 6 mph), and could have brought it from Alaska to Alberta. The possible migratory nature of E. regalis contrasts with many other dinosaurs, such as theropods, sauropods, and ankylosaurians, which Bell and Snively found were more likely to have overwintered.[38][39] In contrast to Bell and Snively, Anusuya Chinsamy and colleagues concluded from a study of bone microstructure that polar edmontosaurs overwintered.[40]

See also

References

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  1. 1 2 Bell, P. R.; Fanti, F.; Currie, P. J.; Arbour, V. M. (2013). "A Mummified Duck-Billed Dinosaur with a Soft-Tissue Cock's Comb". Current Biology. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.008.
  2. 1 2 Lambe, Lawrence M. (1920). The hadrosaur Edmontosaurus from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta. Memoir 120. Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 1–79. ISBN 0-659-96553-4.
  3. 1 2 3 Gilmore, Charles W. (1924). A new species of hadrosaurian dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Bulletin 38. Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 13–26.
  4. 1 2 3 Sternberg, Charles M. (1926). A new species of Thespesius from the Lance Formation of Saskatchewan. Bulletin 44. Department of Mines, Geological Survey of Canada. pp. 77–84.
  5. 1 2 3 Lull, Richard Swann; Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. Geological Society of America Special Paper 40. Geological Society of America. pp. 50–93.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Glut, Donald F. (1997). "Edmontosaurus". Dinosaurs: The Encyclopedia. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co. pp. 389–396. ISBN 0-89950-917-7.
  7. ↑ Lambert, David; the Diagram Group (1990). The Dinosaur Data Book. New York: Avon Books. p. 60. ISBN 0-380-75896-2.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Horner, John R.; Weishampel, David B.; Forster, Catherine A (2004). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 438–463. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  9. ↑ Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. p. 225.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. pp. 151–164.
  11. ↑ Stanton Thomas, Kathryn J.; Carlson, Sandra J. (2004). "Microscale δ18O and δ13C isotopic analysis of an ontogenetic series of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus: implications for physiology and ecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 206 (2004): 257–287. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.007.
  12. ↑ Erickson, Gregory M.; Krick, Brandon A.; Hamilton, Matthew; Bourne, Gerald R.; Norell, Mark A.; Lilleodden, Erica; Sawyer, W. Gregory. (2012). "Complex dental structure and wear biomechanics in hadrosaurid dinosaurs". Science 338 (6103): 98–101. Bibcode:2012Sci...338...98E. doi:10.1126/science.1224495. PMID 23042891.
  13. ↑ Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. pp. 98–110.
  14. ↑ Cope, Edward Drinker (1871). "Supplement to the synopsis of the extinct Batrachia and Reptilia of North America". American Philosophical Society, Proceedings 12 (86): 41–52.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weishampel, David B.; Horner, Jack R. (1990). "Hadrosauridae". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 534–561. ISBN 0-520-06727-4.
  16. ↑ Cope, Edward Drinker (1874). "Report on the stratigraphy and Pliocene vertebrate paleontology of northern Colorado". U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report 1: 9–28.
  17. 1 2 3 Carpenter, Kenneth; Young, D. Bruce (2002). "Late Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Denver Basin, Colorado". Rocky Mountain Geology 37 (2): 237–254. doi:10.2113/11.
  18. ↑ Cope, Edward Drinker (1874). "Report on the vertebrate paleontology of Colorado". U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories Annual Report 2: 429–454.
  19. ↑ Lambe, Lawrence M. (1902). "On Vertebrata of the mid-Cretaceous of the Northwest Territory. 2. New genera and species from the Belly River Series (mid-Cretaceous)". Contributions to Canadian Paleontology 3: 25–81.
  20. ↑ Lull, Richard Swann; and Wright, Nelda E. (1942). Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America. pp. 220–221.
  21. 1 2 Lambe, Lawrence M. (1917). "A new genus and species of crestless hadrosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta" (pdf (entire volume, 18 mb)). The Ottawa Naturalist 31 (7): 65–73. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  22. 1 2 Creisler, Benjamin S. (2007). "Deciphering duckbills: a history in nomenclature". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.). Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 185–210. ISBN 0-253-34817-X.
  23. ↑ Lambe, Lawrence M. (1913). "The manus in a specimen of Trachodon from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta". The Ottawa Naturalist 27: 21–25.
  24. ↑ Lambe, Lawrence M. (1914). "On the fore-limb of a carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, and a new genus of Ceratopsia from the same horizon, with remarks on the integument of some Cretaceous herbivorous dinosaurs". The Ottawa Naturalist 27: 129–135.
  25. 1 2 3 Campione, N. S. E.; Evans, D. C. (2011). "Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America". PLoS ONE 6 (9): e25186. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625186C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025186. PMC 3182183. PMID 21969872.
  26. ↑ Hopson, James A. (1975). "The evolution of cranial display structures in hadrosaurian dinosaurs". Paleobiology 1 (1): 21–43.
  27. ↑ Campione, N.E. (2009). "Cranial variation in Edmontosaurus (Hadrosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of North America." North American Paleontological Convention (NAPC 2009): Abstracts, p. 95a. PDF link
  28. ↑ Sullivan, Robert M.; Lucas, Spencer G. (2006). "The Kirtlandian land-vertebrate "age" – faunal composition, temporal position and biostratigraphic correlation in the nonmarine Upper Cretaceous of western North America". Late Cretaceous Vertebrates fvry and Science (pdf). New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 35. Albuquerque, New Mexico. pp. 7–29.
  29. 1 2 Weishampel, David B.; Barrett, Paul M.; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Le Loueff, Jean; Xu Xing; Zhao Xijin; Sahni, Ashok; Gomani, Elizabeth M.P.; Noto, Christopher N. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution". In Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 517–606. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  30. ↑ Wu, X-C.; Brinkman, D.B.; Eberth, D.A.; Braman, D.R. (2007). "A new ceratopsid dinosaur (Ornithischia) from the uppermost Horseshoe Canyon Formation (upper Maastrichtian), Alberta, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Science 44 (9): 1243–1265. Bibcode:2007CaJES..44.1243W. doi:10.1139/E07-011.
  31. ↑ Eberth, David A. (2002). "Review and comparison of Belly River Group and Edmonton Group stratigraphy and stratigraphic architecture in the southern Alberta Plains" (PDF). Canadian Society of Petroleum Geology Diamond Jubilee Convention, Programs and Abstracts 117: (cd). Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  32. 1 2 Russell, Dale A. (1989). An Odyssey in Time: Dinosaurs of North America. Minocqua, Wisconsin: NorthWord Press, Inc. pp. 170–171. ISBN 1-55971-038-1.
  33. ↑ Dodson, Peter (1996). The Horned Dinosaurs: A Natural History. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 0-691-05900-4.
  34. ↑ Russell, Dale A.; Chamney, T. P. (1967). "Notes on the biostratigraphy of dinosaurian and microfossil faunas in the Edmonton Formation (Cretaceous), Alberta". National Museum of Canada Natural History Papers 35: 1–35.
  35. ↑ "City Site Was Dinosaur Dining Room". ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily. 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  36. ↑ Lehman, Thomas M. (2001). "Late Cretaceous dinosaur provinciality". In Tanke, Darren; and Carpenter, Kenneth (eds.). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 310–328. ISBN 0-253-33907-3.
  37. ↑ Behrensmeyer, Anna K. (2007). "Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Bonebed Database" (Excel spreadsheet). Bonebeds: Genesis, Analysis, and Paleobiological Significance. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  38. ↑ Bell, Phil R.; Snively, E. (2008). "Polar dinosaurs on parade: a review of dinosaur migration". Alcheringa 32 (3): 271–284. doi:10.1080/03115510802096101.
  39. ↑ Lloyd, Robin (2008-12-04). "Polar Dinosaurs Endured Cold Dark Winters". LiveScience.com. Imaginova. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
  40. ↑ Chinsamy, A.; Thomas, D. B.; Tumarkin-Deratzian, A. R.; Fiorillo, A. R. (2012). "Hadrosaurs were perennial polar residents". The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. online preprint (4): 610. doi:10.1002/ar.22428.
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