ER (TV series)

For the 1984–1985 CBS sitcom, see E/R.
ER
Genre Medical drama
Created by Michael Crichton
Starring Anthony Edwards
George Clooney
Sherry Stringfield
Noah Wyle
Eriq La Salle
Julianna Margulies
Gloria Reuben
Laura Innes
Maria Bello
Alex Kingston
Kellie Martin
Paul McCrane
Goran Višnjić
Michael Michele
Erik Palladino
Ming-Na
Maura Tierney
Sharif Atkins
Mekhi Phifer
Parminder Nagra
Linda Cardellini
Shane West
Scott Grimes
John Stamos
David Lyons
Angela Bassett
Opening theme James Newton Howard
(1994–2006, 2009 finale)
Martin Davich
(2006–2009)
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 15
No. of episodes 331 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) Christopher Chulack
John Wells
Michael Crichton
Jack Orman
Lydia Woodward
Carol Flint
David Zabel
Camera setup Single
Running time 45 minutes
Production company(s) Constant c Productions
Amblin Television
Warner Bros. Television
Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution
Release
Original network NBC
Picture format 480i
1080i (HDTV)
Original release September 19, 1994 – April 2, 2009
Chronology
Related shows Third Watch
Medical Investigation
External links
Website

ER is an American medical drama television series created by novelist and medical doctor Michael Crichton that aired on NBC from September 19, 1994, to April 2, 2009. It was produced by Constant c Productions and Amblin Television, in association with Warner Bros. Television. ER follows the inner life of the emergency room (ER) of fictional County General Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and various critical issues faced by the room's physicians and staff. The show ran for 15 seasons with a total of 331 episodes, becoming the longest-running primetime medical drama in American television history. It won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards, including the 1996 Outstanding Drama Series award, and received 124 Emmy nominations, which makes it the most nominated drama program in history.[1] ER won 116 awards in total, including the Peabody Award, while the cast earned four Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Ensemble Performance in a Drama Series.[2]

Production

Development

Michael Crichton wearing a suit.
Michael Crichton, the show's creator.

In 1974, author Michael Crichton wrote a screenplay based on his own experiences as a resident physician in a busy hospital emergency room.[3] The screenplay went nowhere and Crichton focused on other topics. In 1990, he published the novel Jurassic Park, and in 1993 began a collaboration with director Steven Spielberg on the film adaptation of the book.[4] Crichton and Spielberg then turned to ER, but decided to film the story as a two-hour pilot for a television series rather than as a feature film.[5] Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment provided John Wells as the show's executive producer. The script used to shoot the pilot was virtually unchanged from what Crichton had written in 1974. The only substantive changes made by the producers in 1994 were that the Susan Lewis character became a woman and the Peter Benton character became an African-American, and the running time was shortened by about 20 minutes in order for the pilot to air in a two-hour block on network TV.[6] Because of a lack of time and money necessary to build a set, the pilot episode of ER was filmed in the former Linda Vista Hospital in Los Angeles, an old facility that had ceased operating in 1990.[7] A set modeled after Los Angeles County General Hospital's emergency room was built soon afterward at the Warner Bros. studios in Burbank, California, although the show makes extensive use of location shoots in Chicago, most notably the city's famous "L" train platforms.[8]

Warren Littlefield, running NBC Entertainment at the time, was impressed by the series: "We were intrigued, but we were admittedly a bit spooked in attempting to go back into that territory a few years after St. Elsewhere."[9] After Spielberg had joined as a producer, NBC ordered six episodes. "ER premiered opposite a Monday Night Football game on ABC and did surprisingly well. Then we moved it to Thursday and it just took off," commented Littlefield.[9] ER's success surprised the networks and critics alike, as David E. Kelley's new medical drama Chicago Hope was expected to crush the new series.[10]

Spielberg left the show after one year as a producer, having made one critical decision with lasting effects: the Carol Hathaway character, who died at the end of the original pilot episode script, was retained. Crichton remained executive producer until his death in November 2008, although he was still credited as one throughout that entire final season. Wells, the series' other initial executive producer, served as showrunner for the first three seasons. He was one of the show's most prolific writers and became a regular director in later years. Lydia Woodward was a part of the first season production team and became an executive producer for the third season. She took over as showrunner for the fourth season while Wells focused on the development of other series, including Trinity, Third Watch, and The West Wing. She left her executive producer position at the end of the sixth season but continued to write episodes throughout the series' run.

Joe Sachs, who was a writer and producer of the series, believed keeping a commitment to medical accuracy was extremely important: "We'd bend the rules but never break them. A medication that would take 10 minutes to work might take 30 seconds instead. We compressed time. A 12- to 24-hour shift gets pushed into 48 minutes. But we learned that being accurate was important for more reasons than just making real and responsible drama."[9]

Woodward was replaced as showrunner by Jack Orman. Orman was recruited as a writer-producer for the series in its fourth season after a successful stint working on CBS's JAG. He was quickly promoted and became an executive producer and showrunner for the series' seventh season. He held these roles for three seasons before leaving the series at the end of the ninth season. Orman was also a frequent writer and directed three episodes of the show. David Zabel served as the series' head writer and executive producer in its later seasons. He initially joined the crew for the eighth season and became an executive producer and showrunner for the twelfth season onward. Zabel was the series' most frequent writer, contributing to 41 episodes. He also made his directing debut on the series. Christopher Chulack was the series' most frequent director and worked as a producer on all 15 seasons. He became an executive producer in the fourth season but occasionally scaled back his involvement in later years to focus on other projects. Other executive producers include writers Carol Flint, Neal Baer, R. Scott Gemmill, Dee Johnson, Joe Sachs, Lisa Zwerling, and Janine Sherman Barrois. Several of these writers and producers had extensive background in emergency medicine. Joe Sachs was a regular emergency attending physician, while Lisa Zwerling and Neal Baer had pediatrics backgrounds. The series' crew was recognized with awards for writing, directing, producing, film editing, sound editing, casting, and music.

Original cast of the show (1994–1995)
Final season cast (2008–2009)

Cast and characters

The original starring cast consisted of Anthony Edwards as Dr. Mark Greene, George Clooney as Dr. Doug Ross, Sherry Stringfield as Dr. Susan Lewis, Noah Wyle as medical student John Carter, and Eriq La Salle as Dr. Peter Benton.[9] As the series continued, some key changes were made: Nurse Carol Hathaway, played by Julianna Margulies, who attempts suicide in the original pilot script, was made into a regular cast member. Ming Na debuted in the middle of the first season as medical student Jing-Mei "Deb" Chen, but did not return for the second season, while Gloria Reuben and Laura Innes would join the series as Physician Assistant Jeanie Boulet and Dr. Kerry Weaver, respectively, by the second season.[11]

In the third season, a series of cast additions and departures that would see the entire original cast leave over time began. Stringfield was the first to exit the series, reportedly upsetting producers who believed she wanted to negotiate for more money, but the actress did not particularly care for "fame." [12] She would return to the series from 2001 until 2005.[9] Clooney departed the series in 1999 to pursue a film career, and Margulies exited the following year.[9] Season eight saw the departure of La Salle and Edwards when Benton left County General and Mark Greene died from a brain tumor.[9] Wyle left the series in order to spend more time with his family, but would return for two multiple-episode appearances in the show's final seasons.[13] Goran Visnjic as Dr. Luka Kovač, Maura Tierney as Dr. Abby Lockhart, Alex Kingston as Dr. Elizabeth Corday, and Paul McCrane as Dr. Robert Romano, all joined the cast as the seasons went on.[11] In the much later seasons, the show would see the additions of Mekhi Phifer as Dr. Greg Pratt, Scott Grimes as Dr. Archie Morris, Parminder Nagra as Dr. Neela Rasgotra, Shane West as Dr. Ray Barnett, Linda Cardellini as nurse Samantha Taggart, John Stamos as intern Tony Gates, and Angela Bassett as Dr. Catherine Banfield.[11]

In addition to the main cast, ER featured a large number of frequently seen recurring cast members who played key roles such as paramedics, hospital support staff, nurses, and doctors. ER also featured a sizable roster of well-known guest stars, some making rare television appearances, who typically played patients in single episode appearances or multi-episode arcs.

Broadcasting

Following the broadcast of its two-hour pilot movie on September 19, 1994, ER premiered Thursday, September 22 at 10:00. It remained in the same Thursday time slot for its entire run. ER is NBC's third longest-running drama, after Law & Order and Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and, the longest-running American primetime medical drama of all time.[14] On April 2, 2008, NBC announced that the series would return for its fifteenth season.[15] The fifteenth season was originally scheduled to run for 19 episodes before retiring with a two-hour series finale to be broadcast on March 12, 2009,[16][17] but NBC announced in January 2009 that it would extend the show by an additional three episodes to a full 22-episode order as part of a deal to launch a new series by John Wells titled Police, later retitled Southland.[18] ER's final episode aired on April 2, 2009; the two-hour episode was preceded by a one-hour retrospective special.[19] The series finale charged $425,000 per 30-second ad spot, more than three times the season's rate of $135,000.[9] From season 4 to season 6 ER cost a record-breaking 13 million dollars.[20] TNT also paid a record price of $1 million an episode for four years of repeats of the series during that time.[21] The cost of the first three seasons was 2 million per episode and seasons 7 to 9 cost 8 million dollars per episode.[20][22]

Episodes

Main article: List of ER episodes

A typical episode centered on the ER, with most scenes set in the hospital or surrounding streets. In addition, most seasons included at least one storyline located completely outside of the ER, often outside of Chicago. Over the span of the series, stories took place in the Democratic Republic of The Congo, France, Iraq and Sudan. One early storyline involved a road trip taken by Dr. Ross and Dr. Greene to California and a season eight episode included a storyline in Hawaii featuring Dr. Greene and Dr. Corday. Beginning in season nine, storylines started to include the Democratic Republic of the Congo, featuring Dr. Kovac, Dr. Carter, and Dr. Pratt. “We turned some attention on the Congo and on Darfur when nobody else was. We had a bigger audience than a nightly newscast will ever see, making 25 to 30 million people aware of what was going on in Africa,” ER producer, John Wells said. The Africa episodes of ER were discussed in a scholarly article by Julie Cupples and Kevin Glynn published in the Annals of the Association of American Geographers in 2013.[23] “The show is not about telling people to eat their vegetables, but if we can do that in an entertaining context, then there’s nothing better.”[10] The series also focused on sociopolitical issues such as HIV and AIDS, organ transplants, mental illness, racism, human trafficking, euthanasia, poverty and gay rights.[10]

Many notable guests such as Ray Liotta appeared in the series.

Other episodes used more creative formats, such as the 1997 live episode, "Ambush" performed twice; once for the east coast broadcast and again three hours later for the west coast,[9] and 2002's "Hindsight" which ran in reverse time as it followed one character, Dr. Luka Kovac, through the tragic events of one Christmas Eve shift and the Christmas party that preceded it.

Crossover with Third Watch

The episode "Brothers and Sisters" begins a crossover that concludes on the Third Watch episode "Unleashed" in which Susan enlists the help of Officers Maurice Boscorelli and Faith Yokas to find her sister and niece.

Format

ER was filmed in 1.78:1 widescreen from the start, even though it was not broadcast in widescreen until the seventh season when it began appearing in the 1080i HD format. Since the sixth episode of season 7, it has appeared in letterbox format when in standard definition. As a result, the U.S. DVD box set features the widescreen versions of the episodes, including those episodes originally broadcast in 1.33:1 (full frame) format. The episodes also appear in 1080i widescreen when rerun on TNT HD, though the first six seasons still run in full frame 1.33:1 on the digital TNT network. Only the live episode "Ambush" at the beginning of the fourth season and the title sequence for the first six seasons are in standard 4:3 aspect ratio.

Impact

Ratings

US seasonal rankings based on average total viewers per episode of ER on NBC are tabulated below. Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps. All times mentioned in this section were in the Eastern and Pacific time zones. Ratings for seasons 1-2 are listed in households (the percentage of households watching the program), while ratings for seasons 3-15 are listed in viewers.

Season Season premiere Season finale Viewer
rank (#)		 Households/
Viewers
(in millions)
1 September 19, 1994 May 18, 1995 #2[24] 19.08[24]
2 September 21, 1995 May 16, 1996 #1[25] 21.10[25]
3 September 26, 1996 May 15, 1997 #1[26] 30.79[26]
4 September 25, 1997 May 14, 1998 #2[27] 30.2[27]
5 September 24, 1998 May 20, 1999 #1[28] 25.4[28]
6 September 30, 1999 May 18, 2000 #4[29] 24.95[29]
7 October 12, 2000 May 17, 2001 #2[30] 22.4[30]
8 September 27, 2001 May 16, 2002 #3[31] 22.1[31]
9 September 26, 2002 May 15, 2003 #6[32] 19.99[32]
10 September 25, 2003 May 13, 2004 #8[33] 19.04[33]
11 September 23, 2004 May 19, 2005 #16[34] 15.17[34]
12 September 22, 2005 May 18, 2006 #30[35] 12.06[35]
13 September 21, 2006 May 17, 2007 #40[36] 11.56[36]
14 September 27, 2007 May 15, 2008 #54[37] 9.20[37]
15 September 25, 2008 April 2, 2009 #37[38] 10.30[38]

In its first year, ER attracted an average of 19 million viewers per episode, becoming the years second most watched television show, just behind Seinfeld. In the following two seasons (1995-1997), ER was the most watched show in North America. For almost five years, ER battled for the top spot against Seinfeld, but in 1998, Seinfeld ended and then ER became number one again. The series finale attracted 16.4 million viewers.[39] The show's highest rating came during season 2 episode, "Hell and High Water," with 48 million viewers and a 45% market share. It was the highest for a regularly scheduled drama since a May 1985 installment of Dallas received a 46. The share represents the percentage of TVs in use tuned in to that show.[40]

Critical reception

Chicago is the main plot setting of ER.

Throughout the series ER received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. It scored 80 on Metascore, meaning "generally favorable reviews", based on 21 critics. Marvin Kitman from Newsday gave the show a very positive review, saying: "It's like M*A*S*H with just the helicopters showing up and no laughs. E.R. is all trauma; you never get to know enough about the patients or get involved with them. It's just treat, release and move on". Richard Zoglin from Time stated that it's "probably the most realistic fictional treatment of the medical profession TV has ever presented".

Critical reactions for ER's first season were very favorable. Alan Rich, writing for Variety, praised the direction and editing of the pilot[41] while Eric Mink, writing for the New York Daily News, said that the pilot of ER "was urban, emergency room chaos and young, committed doctors." However some reviewers felt the episodes following the pilot did not live up to it with Mink commenting that "...the great promise of the "E.R." pilot dissolves into the kind of routine, predictable, sloppily detailed medical drama we've seen many times before."[42]

Due to the show launching on NBC at the same time that CBS launched its own medical drama Chicago Hope, many critics drew comparisons between the two. Eric Mink concluded that ER may rate more highly in the Nielsens but Chicago Hope told better stories,[42] while Rich felt both shows were "riveting, superior TV fare."[41] The Daily Telegraph wrote in 1996: "Not being able to follow what on earth is going on remains one of the peculiar charms of the breakneck American hospital drama, ER".[43]

In 2002, TV Guide ranked ER No. 22 on their list of "TV's Top 50 Shows", making it the second highest ranked medical drama on the list (after St. Elsewhere at #20).[44] Also, the season 1 episode "Love's Labor Lost" was ranked No. 6 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time list having earlier been ranked #3.[45] The show also placed No. 19 on Entertainment Weekly's "New TV Classics" list.[46] British magazine Empire ranked it No. 29 in their list of the "50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time" and said the best episode was "Hell And High Water" (Season 2, Episode 7) where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood."[47] In 2012, ER was voted Best TV Drama on ABC's 20/20 special episode "Best in TV: The Greatest TV Shows of Our Time".[48] In 2013, TV Guide ranked it No. 9 in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time[49] and No. 29 in its list of the 60 Best Series.[50] In the same year, the Writers Guild of America ranked ER No. 27 in its list of the 101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time.[51]

Awards and nominations

The series has been nominated for 375 industry awards and has won 116. ER won the George Foster Peabody Award in 1995, and won 22 of the 124 Emmy Awards for which it was nominated.[52] It also won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Television Dramatic Series" every year from 1995 to 2002. Over the years, it has been nominated for and/or won numerous other awards, including Screen Actors Guild Awards, Image Awards, GLAAD Media Awards, and Golden Globe Awards, among others.[53]

Distribution

Home video

Warner Home Video has released all 15 seasons in R1, R2, and R4.

DVD Name Ep# Release dates
Region 1 Region 2 (UK) Region 4 (AUS)
ER: The Complete First Season (1994–1995) 25 August 26, 2003 February 23, 2004 April 28, 2004
ER: The Complete Second Season (1995–1996) 22 April 27, 2004 July 26, 2004 July 15, 2004
ER: The Complete Third Season (1996–1997) 22 April 26, 2005 January 31, 2005 December 16, 2004
ER: The Complete Fourth Season (1997–1998) 22 December 20, 2005 May 16, 2005 April 27, 2005
ER: The Complete Fifth Season (1998–1999) 22 July 11, 2006 October 24, 2005 November 15, 2005
ER: The Complete Sixth Season (1999–2000) 22 December 19, 2006 April 3, 2006 May 5, 2006
ER: The Complete Seventh Season (2000–2001) 22 May 15, 2007 September 18, 2006 October 3, 2006
ER: The Complete Eighth Season (2001–2002) 22 January 22, 2008 July 16, 2007 September 6, 2007
ER: The Complete Ninth Season (2002–2003) 22 June 17, 2008 October 29, 2007 October 31, 2007
ER: The Complete Tenth Season (2003–2004) 22 March 3, 2009 January 28, 2008 May 7, 2008
ER: The Complete Eleventh Season (2004–2005) 22 July 14, 2009 April 21, 2008 May 7, 2008
ER: The Complete Twelfth Season (2005–2006) 22 January 12, 2010 September 15, 2008 October 1, 2008
ER: The Complete Thirteenth Season (2006–2007) 23 July 6, 2010 November 3, 2008 April 29, 2009
ER: The Complete Fourteenth Season (2007–2008) 19 January 11, 2011 May 18, 2009 April 28, 2010
ER: The Final Season (2008–2009) 22 July 12, 2011 September 21, 2009 October 12, 2010

The first six DVD box sets of ER are unusual in the fact that they are all in anamorphic widescreen even though the episodes were broadcast in a standard 4:3 format. Only the live episode "Ambush" is not in the widescreen format.

Soundtrack

In 1996, Atlantic Records released an album of music from the first two seasons, featuring James Newton Howard's theme from the series in its on-air and full versions, selections from the weekly scores composed by Martin Davich (Howard scored the two-hour pilot, Davich scored all the subsequent episodes and wrote a new theme used from 2006–2009 until the final episode, when Howard's original theme returned) and songs used on the series.[54]

  1. Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (3:02)
  2. Dr. Lewis And Renee (from "The Birthday Party") (1:57)
  3. Canine Blues (from "Make of Two Hearts") (2:27)
  4. Goodbye Baby Susie (from "Fever of Unknown Origin") (3:11)
  5. Doug & Carol (from "The Gift") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:59)
  6. Healing Hands – Marc Cohn (4:25)
  7. The Hero (from "Hell And High Water") composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (1:55)
  8. Carter, See You Next Fall (from "Everything Old Is New Again") (1:28)
  9. Reasons For Living – Duncan Sheik (4:33)
  10. Dr. Green and a Mother's Death (from "Love's Labor Lost") (2:48)
  11. Raul Dies (from "The Healers") (2:20)
  12. Hell And High Water (from "Hell And High Water") – composed by James Newton Howard and Martin Davich (2:38)
  13. Hold On (from "Hell And High Water") (2:47)
  14. Shep Arrives (from "The Healers") (3:37)
  15. Shattered Glass (from "Hell And High Water") (2:11)
  16. Theme From ER – James Newton Howard (1:00)
  17. It Came Upon A Midnight Clear – Mike Finnegan (2:30)

Other media

Foreign adaptation

In March 2012, Warner Bros. International Television announced that they would sell the format rights to ER to overseas territories. This allowed foreign countries to produce their own version of the series.[55]

In June 2013, Warner Bros. International Television and Emotion Production from Belgrade, Serbia, announced a Serbian version of ER.[56] Urgentni Centar premiered on October 6, 2014 on TV Prva.[57] A Colombian version is also in the works.[58]

Syndication

Canada: CHRO; weeknights; 7pm

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bryant, Janice (July 8, 2010). "Meanwhile, "Saturday Night Live", who has earned 12 nominations this year – one from the top rating Betty White episode – has set a new record for a total of 126 Emmy nods, toppling over "ER" with 124 Emmy nominations.". Retrieved September 20, 2011.
  2. ↑ "About the Hit NBC TV Show ER". NBC. Retrieved October 14, 2011.
  3. ↑ Jacobs, Jason (2003). Body Trauma TV: The New Hospital Dramas (illustrated ed.). British Film Institute. p. 24. ISBN 0-85170-880-3.
  4. ↑ Richard, Zoglin; Smilgis, Martha (October 31, 1994). "Television: Angels with Dirty Faces". Time. Retrieved October 17, 2009.
  5. ↑ Keenleyside, Sam (1998). Bedside manners: George Clooney and ER (Illustrated ed.). ECW Press. p. 129. ISBN 1-55022-336-4.
  6. ↑ Crichton, Michael (Creator) (February 24, 2004). ER: The Complete First Season (DVD). Warner Bros.
  7. ↑ "Linda Vista Hospital". The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  8. ↑ Carter, Bill (2006). Desperate Networks (illustrated ed.). Doubleday. p. 30. ISBN 0-385-51440-9.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Saying goodbye to 'ER'". Hollywood Reporter. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on September 18, 2010. Retrieved September 18, 2010.
  10. 1 2 3 "'ER' closes door, leaves behind satisfying legacy". MSNBC. March 24, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  11. 1 2 3 "Memories of 'ER'". Military.com. March 30, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  12. ↑ Kennedy, Dana (October 17, 1997). "Sherry Stringfield, the Goodbye Girl". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved December 6, 2011.
  13. ↑ Albiniak, Paige (February 12, 2009). "Memories of 'ER'". NY Post. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  14. ↑ "After 11 years, Dr. Carter takes leave from ER". ER Headquarters. March 31, 2005. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  15. ↑ "NBC PICKS UP CLASSIC, EMMY AWARD-WINNING 'ER' FOR 15TH AND FINAL SEASON". NBC Universal Media Village. April 2, 2008. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  16. ↑ Levin, Gary (April 8, 2008). "NBC veteran 'ER' will end its run next year". USA Today. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  17. ↑ The Futon Critic Staff (December 3, 2008). "Nbc Fallout: "Knight" Cut, "Er" Extended". The Futon Critic. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  18. ↑ Schneider, Michael (January 8, 2009). "Wells' 'Police' close to series order, Final season of 'ER' to be extended". Variety. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  19. ↑ "ER: Clooney and Margulies Return to Closed Set for a Final Episode". TV Series Finale. January 22, 2009. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  20. 1 2 http://marshallinside.usc.edu/mweinstein/teaching/fbe552/552secure/notes/Thurday-Night%20Massacre.pdf
  21. ↑ BILL CARTERPublished: November 16, 1998 (November 16, 1998). "MEDIA; What Price 'E.R.' Syndication? - New York Times". Nytimes.com. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  22. ↑ Fleming, Michael (June 25, 2001). "Dish: ‘ER’ doc cuts big deal". Variety. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  23. ↑ Julie Cupples & Kevin Glynn (2013) Postdevelopment Television? Cultural Citizenship and the Mediation of Africa in Contemporary TV Drama, Annals of the Association of American Geographers
  24. 1 2 "TV Ratings: 1994–1995". Classic TV Hits. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  25. 1 2 "TV Ratings: 1995–1996". Classic TV Hits. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
  26. 1 2 "A Milestone Year, for a Decidedly Dubious Reason". Los Angelese Times. May 23, 1997.
  27. 1 2 "The Final Countdown". Entertainment Weekly Published in issue #434 May 29, 1998. May 29, 1998. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
  28. 1 2 "TV Winners & Losers: Numbers Racket A Final Tally Of The Season's Show (from Nielsen Media Research)". GeoCities. June 4, 1999. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
  29. 1 2 "Top TV Shows For 1999–2000 Season". Variety. August 6, 2000. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
  30. 1 2 "The Bitter End". Entertainment Weekly Published in issue #598 June 1, 2001. June 1, 2001. Retrieved December 2, 2010.
  31. 1 2 "How did your favorite show rate?". USA Today. May 28, 2002. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
  32. 1 2 "Nielsen's TOP 156 Shows for 2002–03 – rec.arts.tv | Google Groups". Groups.google.com. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  33. 1 2 "Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2011.
  34. 1 2 "ABC Television Network 2004–2005 Primetime Ranking Report". (June 1, 2005). ABC Medianet. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  35. 1 2 "ABC Television Network 2005–2006 Primetime Ranking Report". (May 31, 2006). ABC Medianet. Retrieved November 6, 2007.
  36. 1 2 "ABC Television Network 2006–2007 Primetime Ranking Report". (May 30, 2007). ABC Medianet. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  37. 1 2 "ABC Television Network 2007–2008 Primetime Ranking Report". (May 28, 2008). ABC Medianet. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
  38. 1 2 "ABC Television Network 2008–2009 Primetime Ranking Report". (June 2, 2009). ABC Medianet. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  39. ↑ Littleton, Cynthia (April 3, 2009). "'ER' series finale scores with auds". Variety.
  40. ↑ "ER - Season 2, Episode 7: Hell and High Water". TV.com.
  41. 1 2 ER Review (Variety Magazine) – Rich, Alan: ER - Pilot Review (from 19 September 1994), accessed on December 31, 2008
  42. 1 2 Deja Vu: 'ER' (New York Daily News) – Minke, Eric: Chicago Hope looks healthier than 'E.R (from 22 September 2008), accessed on December 31, 2008
  43. ↑ Hammond, Michael; Mazdon, Lucy (January 30, 2007). The Contemporary Television Series. Edinburgh University Press. p. 219. ISBN 0-7486-1901-1.
  44. ↑ Cosgrove-Mather, Bootie (April 2, 2002). "TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows". CBS News. Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  45. ↑ "Special Collector's Issue: 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". TV Guide (June 28 – July 4). 1997.
  46. ↑ "The New Classics: TV". Entertainment Weekly. June 18, 2007. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  47. ↑ "Empire Features: ER". Empire. 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2012.
  48. ↑ Hughes, Jason (September 19, 2012). "'Best In TV: The Greatest TV Shows Of All Time': Which Classic Comedy Is America's All-Time Favorite? (VIDEO)". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  49. ↑ Roush, Matt (February 25, 2013). "Showstoppers: The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time". TV Guide. pp. 16-17.
  50. ↑ TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time
  51. ↑ "’101 Best Written TV Series Of All Time’ From WGA/TV Guide: Complete List". Deadline.com. PMC. June 2, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  52. ↑ "2005–2006 Primetime Emmy Awards Facts & Figures". Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. 2006. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  53. ↑ "ER (1994) - Awards". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  54. ↑ "E.R.: Original Television Theme Music and Score - Original TV Score : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  55. ↑ "Warner Bros Will Begin To Sell ‘ER’ Format Rights Overseas". Warner Bros. International Television Distribution via Deadline.com (March 28, 2012).
  56. ↑ .http://www.mondo.rs/s294577/Zabava/Rijaliti_TV/Potraga_za_srpskim_Dzordzom_Klunijem.html
  57. ↑ .http://www.prva.rs/program/serija/urgentni-centar.html
  58. ↑ Tartaglione, Nancy (January 24, 2014). "Global Showbiz Briefs: Colombia Orders 60 Episodes Of ‘ER'; ‘Tbilisi, I Love You’ Hits Georgia Theaters In February; More". Deadline.com.

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