Monensin

Monensin A
Names
IUPAC name
4-[2-[5-ethyl-5-[5-[6-hydroxy-6-

(hydroxymethyl)-3,5-dimethyl-oxan-2-yl]- 3-methyl-oxolan-2-yl]oxolan-2-yl]- 9-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-1,6-dioxasp iro[4.5]dec-7-yl]-3-methoxy-2-methyl-

pentanoic acid
Other names
monensic acid
Identifiers
17090-79-8 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:27617 N
ChEMBL ChEMBL256105 YesY
ChemSpider 389937 YesY
Jmol interactive 3D Image
KEGG D08228 YesY
PubChem 441145
UNII 906O0YJ6ZP N
Properties
C36H62O11
Molar mass 670.871 g/mol
Appearance solid state, white crystals
Melting point 104 °C (219 °F; 377 K)
3x10−6 g/dm3 (20 °C)
Solubility ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether, benzene
Pharmacology
ATCvet code QA16QA06
QP51AH03
Related compounds
Related
 antibiotics, ionophores
Related compounds
 Monensin A methyl ester,
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Monensin is a polyether antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensis.[1] It is widely used in ruminant animal feeds.[2][1]

The structure of monensin was first described by Agtarap et al. in 1967, and was the first polyether antibiotic to have its structure elucidated in this way. The first total synthesis of monensin was reported in 1979 by Kishi et al.[3]

Mechanism of action

Monensin A is an ionophore related to the crown ethers with a preference to form complexes with monovalent cations such as: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ag+, and Ti+.[4][5] Monensin A is able to transport these cations across lipid membranes of cells in an electroneutral (i.e. non-depolarizing) exchange, playing an important role as an Na+/H+ antiporter. Recent studies have shown that monensin may transport sodium ion through the membrane in both electrogenic and electroneutral manner.[6] This approach explains ionophoric ability and in consequence antibacterial properties of not only parental monensin, but also its derivatives that do not possess carboxylic groups. It blocks intracellular protein transport, and exhibits antibiotic, antimalarial, and other biological activities.[7] The antibacterial properties of monensin and its derivatives are a result of their ability to transport metal cations through cellular and subcellular membranes.[8]

The structure of the sodium (Na+) complex of monensin A.

Uses

Monensin is used extensively in the beef and dairy industries to prevent coccidiosis, increase the production of propionic acid and prevent bloat.[9] Furthermore monensin, but also its derivatives monensin methyl ester (MME), and particularly monensin decyl ester (MDE) are widely used in ion-selective electrodes.[10][11][12]

Toxicity

Monensin has some degree of activity on mammalian cells and thus toxicity is common. This is especially pronounced in horses, where monensin has an LD50 1/100th that of ruminants. Accidental poisoning of equines with monensin is a well-documented occurrence which has resulted in deaths.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 Daniel Łowicki and Adam Huczyński (2013). "Structure and Antimicrobial Properties of Monensin A and Its Derivatives: Summary of the Achievements". BioMed Research International 2013: 1–14. doi:10.1155/2013/742149.
  2. ↑ Patrick Butaye, Luc A. Devriese, Freddy Haesebrouck "Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Used in Animal Feed: Effects of Less Well Known Antibiotics on Gram-Positive Bacteria" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2003, p. 175-188, Vol. 16. doi:10.1128/CMR.16.2.175-188.2003
  3. ↑ Nicolaou, K. C.; E. J. Sorensen (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis. Weinheim, Germany: VCH. pp. 185–187. ISBN 3-527-29284-5.
  4. ↑ A. Huczyński, M. Ratajczak-Sitarz, A. Katrusiak, B. Brzezinski, "Molecular structure of the 1:1 inclusion complex of Monensin A lithium salt with acetonitrile", J. Mol. Struct., 2007, 871, 92-97, doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.07.046
  5. ↑ M. Pinkerton, L. K. Steinrauf, "Molecular structure of monovalent metal cation complexes of monensin", J. Mol. Biol., 1970 49(3), 533-546
  6. ↑ Huczyński, Adam; Jan Janczak; Daniel Łowicki; Bogumil Brzezinski (2012). "Monensin A acid complexes as a model of electrogenic transport of sodium cation". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1818: 2108–2119. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.04.017.
  7. ↑ H. H. Mollenhauer, D. J. Morre, L. D. Rowe, "Alteration of intracellular traffic by monensin; mechanism, specificity and relationship to toxicity", Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1990, 1031(2), 225-246, doi:10.1016/0304-4157(90)90008-Z
  8. ↑ A. Huczyński, J. Stefańska, P. Przybylski, B. Brzezinski and F. Bartl, "Synthesis and antimicrobial properties of Monensin A esters", Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18, 2585-2589, doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.03.038
  9. ↑ T. Matsuoka, M.N. Novilla, T.D. Thomson and A.L. Donoho, "Review of monensin toxicosis in horses", Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 16, 1996, 8-15, doi:10.1016/S0737-0806(96)80059-1
  10. ↑ K. Tohda, K. Suzuki, N. Kosuge, H. Nagashima, H. Inoue K. Watanabe, "A Sodium Ion Selective Electrode Based on a Highly Lipophilic Monensin Derivative and Its Application to the Measurement of Sodium Ion Concentrations in Serum", Anal. Sci. 6, 1990, 227-232, doi:10.2116/analsci.6.227
  11. ↑ N. Kim, K. Park, I. Park, Y. Cho, Y. Bae, "Application of a taste evaluation system to the monitoring of Kimchi fermentation", Biosensors and Bioelectronics 20, 2005, 2283-2291,doi:10.1016/j.bios.2004.10.007
  12. ↑ K. Toko, "Taste Sensor", Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 64, 2000, 205-215, doi:10.1016/S0925-4005(99)00508-0
  13. ↑ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2876463/Tainted-feed-blamed-4-horse-deaths-Florida-stable.html
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