Dysphoria
Dysphoria (from Greek: δύσφορος (dysphoros), δυσ-, difficult, and φέρειν, to bear) is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction. In a psychiatric context, dysphoria may accompany depression, anxiety, or agitation. It can also refer to a state of not being comfortable in one's current body, particularly in cases of gender dysphoria. Common reactions to dysphoria include emotional distress or indifference. The opposite state of mind is known as euphoria.
In psychiatry
Intense states of distress and unease increase the risk of suicide, as well as being unpleasant in themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves.
Gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness, or distress due to one's gender or physical sex. The current edition (DSM-5) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders uses the term "gender dysphoria" in preference to "gender identity disorder". DSM-5 introduces the term "gender incongruence" as a better identifying and less stigmatising term.[1]
Related conditions
The following conditions may include dysphoria as a symptom:
- Major depressive disorder (unipolar) and dysthymia
- Bipolar disorder[2] and cyclothymia
- Borderline personality disorder[3]
- Premenstrual syndrome
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- Stress
- Adjustment disorder with depressed mood
- Anxiety disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder
- Dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, and depersonalization disorder.
- Mixed anxiety-depressive disorder
- Gender dysphoria, sometimes diagnosed as "gender identity disorder" (the latter term and its identification with gender dysphoria is controversial)
- Personality disorders such as borderline personality disorder, dependent personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder
- Substance withdrawal
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Akathisia
- Hypoglycemia
- Schizophrenia
- Sexual dysfunction
- Body integrity identity disorder
- Insomnia[4]
- Chronic pain[5]
In popular culture
Dysphoria is featured in many songs by PBR&B Artist Lee Art. Against Me! released the album Transgender Dysphoria Blues in which the lead singer Laura Jane Grace shares her experiences of gender dysphoria.[6]
See also
Notes
- ↑ Fraser, L; Karasic, D; Meyer, W; Wylie, K (2010). "Recommendations for Revision of the DSM Diagnosis of Gender Identity Disorder in Adults". International Journal of Transgenderism 12 (2): 80–85. doi:10.1080/15532739.2010.509202.
- ↑ Abbess, John F. "Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
- ↑ Borderline personality disorder
- ↑ Rosa RR, Bonnet MH (2000). "Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography". Psychosom Med 62 (4): 474–82. PMID 10949091.
- ↑ Chapman CR, Gavrin J (June 1999). "Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain". Lancet 353 (9171): 2233–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01308-2. PMID 10393002.
- ↑ Thompson, Stephen. "First Listen: Against Me!, 'Transgender Dysphoria Blues'" NPR. NPR, 12 Jan. 2014. Web. 27 May 2014
References
- Abbess, John F. "Glossary of terms in the field of psychiatry and neurology". Retrieved 2006-11-18.
- "Dysphoria." Alleydog.com Psychology Glossary.
- Metcalf, Matthew; Coop, Andrew (2005). "Kappa Opioid Antagonists: Past Successes and Future Prospects". The AAPS Journal (American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists) 7 (3): E704–E722. doi:10.1208/aapsj070371. ISSN 1522-1059. PMC 2751273. PMID 16353947. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
- Read, Kimberly (2006). "What is dysphoria?". Your Guide to Bipolar Disorder. About.com. Retrieved 2006-11-19.
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