Duchy of Neopatras
| Duchy of Neopatras | |||||
| Under the suzerainty of the Kingdom of Sicily (Crown of Aragon) | |||||
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| Capital | Neopatras | ||||
| Languages | Catalan (official), Greek popularly | ||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic officially, Greek Orthodox popularly | ||||
| Government | Duchy | ||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||
| • | Catalan capture of Neopatras | 1319 | |||
| • | Neopatras conquered by Nerio I Acciaioli | 1390 | |||
The Duchy of Neopatras (Catalan: Ducat de Neopàtria; Greek: Δουκάτο Νέων Πατρών; Latin: Ducatus Neopatriae) was one of the Crusader States set up in Greece after the sacking and conquest of the Byzantine Empire during the Fourth Crusade. It was situated in Central Greece, centered on the city of Neopatras (Νέαι Πάτραι, Neai Patrai), modern Ypati) in the Spercheios valley, west of Lamia.
History
When the Greek ruler of Thessaly, John II Doukas, died in 1318 without heir, his domains fell into anarchy. The Almogavars of the Catalan Company, who had recently conquered most of the Duchy of Athens to the south of Thessaly, took advantage of the situation to push north. The Catalans took Neopatras in 1319, and by 1325 had also conquered Zetounion, Loidoriki, Siderokastron and Vitrinitsa, as well as—apparently briefly—Domokos, Gardiki and Pharsalus.[1][2][3] The central and northern part of Thessaly remained in Greek hands under a series of local magnates, some of whom recognized Byzantine suzerainty, like Stephen Gabrielopoulos of Trikala; others, however, like the Maliasenos family around Volos, turned to the Catalans for support.[1][4] The territory conquered by the Catalans was divided into five captaincies.[2]
The Catalans selected the infant Manfred, son of King Frederick III of Sicily, as their duke, but actual power was wielded by the Duke's local representative, the vicar-general, as well as by the marshal (mariscalus exercitus ducatuum) as the elected head of the Company members.[3]
Most of the Duchy's possessions in Thessaly were lost when the region was conquered by the Serbs of Stefan Dushan in 1348, but Neopatras and the region around it remained in Catalan hands.[5] In 1377, the title of Duke of Athens and Neopatras was assumed by Peter IV of Aragon.[6] It was preserved among the subsidiary titles of his successors, and was regularly included in the full title of the Spanish monarchs at least until the takeover of the Spanish crown by the House of Bourbon.[7]
In 1378–79, the Catalans lost most of their possessions in Boeotia to the Navarrese Company, while from the south the ambitious Florentine adventurer Nerio Acciaioli, lord of Corinth, took over Megara in 1374 and began applying pressure on Athens.[6][8] By 1380, the Catalans were left only with the two capitals of Athens and Neopatras, as well as the County of Salona. Athens fell to Acciaioli in 1388, and in 1390 he captured Neopatras as well. Acciaioli could boast in the title "Lord of Corinth and the Duchy of Athens and Neopatras", but his triumph was short-lived: in 1393/4 the Ottoman Turks conquered Neopatras and the entire Spercheios River valley.[9][10]
Ecclesiastically, Neopatras largely corresponded to the Latin Archdiocese of Neopatras (L'Arquebisbat de la pàtria), which had one suffragan: Zetounion (Lamia). Among the Catalan archbishops was Ferrer d'Abella, who tried to have himself transferred to a west European see.
Dukes of Neopatras
- William (1319–1338)
- John (1338–1348)
- Frederick I (1348–1355)
- Frederick II (1355–1377)
- Maria (1377–1379)
- Peter (1379–1387)
Vicars-general
The vicars-general acted as local representatives of the dukes and were the governors of the twin duchy, originally for the Crown of Sicily, and after 1379 for the Crown of Aragon:
- Alfonso Fadrique (1319 – ca. 1330)[11]
- Odo of Novelles, possibly appointed pro tempore to lead the war against Walter VI of Brienne in 1331[12]
- Nicholas Lancia (ca. 1331–1335)[12]
- Raymond Bernardi (1354–1356)[13]
- Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós (1359)[14]
- Matthew of Moncada (1359–1361)[14]
- Peter de Pou (1361–1362)[14]
- Roger de Llúria (1362–1369/70), de facto and unrecognized until 1366[15]
- Gonsalvo Ximénez of Arenós (1362–1363), uncertain[14]
- Matthew of Moncada (1363–1366), only de jure[14]
- Matthew of Peralta (1370–1374)[16]
- Louis Fadrique (1375–1381)[16]
- Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti (1379–1386, de facto only during his stay in Greece 1381–1382)[17]
- Raymond de Vilanova (1382–1386), deputy of Philip Dalmau after his departure from Greece[18]
- Bernard of Cornellà (1386–1387), never actually went to Greece[19]
- Philip Dalmau, Viscount of Rocaberti (1387–1388)[20]
- Peter of Pau (1386–1388), deputy of Bernard of Cornellà and then of Philip Dalmau in Greece until the fall of Athens to Nerio Acciaioli[21]
References
- 1 2 Nicol 2010, pp. 80, 101.
- 1 2 Fine 1994, p. 243.
- 1 2 Koder & Hild 1976, p. 74.
- ↑ Fine 1994, p. 246.
- ↑ Fine 1994, p. 398.
- 1 2 Koder & Hild 1976, p. 76.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, p. 187.
- ↑ Fine 1994, pp. 401–402.
- ↑ Koder & Hild 1976, pp. 76–77.
- ↑ Fine 1994, p. 404.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 173, 188–189.
- 1 2 Setton 1975b, pp. 190, 197.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 197–198.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Setton 1975b, p. 198.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 198–199.
- 1 2 Setton 1975b, p. 199.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 220–223, 235, 238, 240–241.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 235, 238, 240–242.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 241–242.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 243–244.
- ↑ Setton 1975b, pp. 241–245.
Sources
- Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- Koder, Johannes; Hild, Friedrich (1976). Tabula Imperii Byzantini, Band 1: Hellas und Thessalia (in German). Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. ISBN 3-7001-0182-1.
- Miller, William (1908). The Latins in the Levant, a History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566). New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.
- Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (2010). The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1975a). Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1388, Revised Edition. London: Variorum. ISBN 0-902089-77-3.
- Setton, Kenneth M. (1975b). "The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1388". In Hazard, Harry W. A History of the Crusades, Volume III: The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 167–224. ISBN 0-299-06670-3.
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Coordinates: 40°38′N 22°57′E / 40.633°N 22.950°E