Ducati

This article is about the Italian motorcycle manufacturer. For the electrical and electronic component manufacturer, see Ducati Energia.
Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
Private
Industry Motorcycle manufacturing
Founded 1926 (1926)
Founder
  • Antonio Cavalieri Ducati
  • Adriano Cavalieri Ducati
  • Bruno Cavalieri Ducati
  • Marcello Cavalieri Ducati
Headquarters Bologna, Italy
Area served
 Worldwide
Key people
 Rupert Stadler (Chairman)
Claudio Domenicali (CEO)
Products
Revenue €479 million[1]
Parent Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A.[1]
Subsidiaries Ducati Corse S.r.l.
Website ducati.com
Footnotes / references
[1]

Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. is an Italian company that designs and manufactures motorcycles. Headquartered in Bologna, Italy, Ducati is owned by German automotive manufacturer Audi through its Italian subsidiary Lamborghini, which is all owned by the Volkswagen Group.[1]

History

The first Ducati logo, 1926–1930s[2]

In 1926 Antonio Cavalieri Ducati and his three sons, Adriano, Marcello, and Bruno Cavalieri Ducati; founded Società Scientifica Radio Brevetti Ducati in Bologna to produce vacuum tubes, condensers and other radio components. In 1935 they had become successful enough to enable construction of a new factory in the Borgo Panigale area of the city. Production was maintained during World War II, despite the Ducati factory being a repeated target of Allied bombing.

Ducati Factory
Ducati "Cucciolo", 1950

Meanwhile, at the small Turinese firm SIATA (Societa Italiana per Applicazioni Tecniche Auto-Aviatorie), Aldo Farinelli began developing a small pushrod engine for mounting on bicycles. Barely a month after the official liberation of Italy in 1944, SIATA announced its intention to sell this engine, called the "Cucciolo" (Italian for "puppy," in reference to the distinctive exhaust sound) to the public. The first Cucciolos were available alone, to be mounted on standard bicycles, by the buyer; however, businessmen soon bought the little engines in quantity, and offered complete motorized-bicycle units for sale.

In 1950, after more than 200,000 Cucciolos had been sold, in collaboration with SIATA, the Ducati firm finally offered its own Cucciolo-based motorcycle. This first Ducati motorcycle was a 48 cc bike weighing 98 lb (44 kg) with a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h) had a 15 mm carburetor giving just under 200 mpg-US (1.2 L/100 km; 240 mpg-imp). Ducati soon dropped the Cucciolo name in favor of "55M" and "65TL".

Ducati 175 Cruiser, 1952
Ducati Mach 1

When the market moved toward larger motorcycles, Ducati management decided to respond, making an impression at an early-1952 Milan show, introducing their 65TS cycle and Cruiser (a four-stroke motor scooter). Despite being described as the most interesting new machine at the 1952 show, the Cruiser was not a great success, and only a few thousand were made over a two-year period before the model ceased production.

In 1953, management split the company into two separate entities, Ducati Meccanica SpA and Ducati Elettronica, in acknowledgment of its diverging motorcycle and electronics product lines. Ducati Elettronica became Ducati Energia SpA in the eighties. Dr. Giuseppe Montano took over as head of Ducati Meccanica SpA and the Borgo Panigale factory was modernized with government assistance. By 1954, Ducati Meccanica SpA had increased production to 120 bikes a day.

In the 1960s, Ducati earned its place in motorcycling history by producing the fastest 250 cc road bike then available, the Mach 1.[3][4][5] In the 1970s Ducati began producing large-displacement V-twin motorcycles and in 1973, released a V-twin with the trademarked desmodromic valve design. In 1985, Cagiva bought Ducati and planned to rebadge Ducati motorcycles with the Cagiva name. By the time the purchase was completed, Cagiva kept the "Ducati" name on its motorcycles. Eleven years later, in 1996, Cagiva accepted the offer from Texas Pacific Group and sold a 51% stake in the company for US$325 million; then, in 1998, Texas Pacific Group bought most of the remaining 49% to become the sole owner of Ducati. In 1999, TPG issued an initial public offering of Ducati stock and renamed the company Ducati Motor Holding SpA. TPG sold over 65% of its shares in Ducati, leaving TPG the majority shareholder. In December 2005, Ducati returned to Italian ownership with the sale of Texas Pacific's stake (minus one share) to Investindustrial Holdings, the investment fund of Carlo and Andrea Bonomi.

In April 2012, Volkswagen Group's Audi subsidiary announced its intention to buy Ducati for €860 million (US$1.2 billion). Volkswagen chairman Ferdinand Piëch, a motorcycle enthusiast, had long coveted Ducati, and had regretted that he passed up an opportunity to buy the company from the Italian government in 1984. Analysts doubted a tiny motorcycle maker would have a meaningful effect on a company the size of Volkswagen, commenting that the acquisition has "a trophy feel to it," and, "is driven by VW's passion for nameplates rather than industrial or financial logic". Italian luxury car brand Lamborghini was strengthened under VW ownership.[6][7] AUDI AG's Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. subsidiary acquired 100 percent of the shares of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. on July 19, 2012 for €747 million (US$909 million).[1]

Ownership

Since 1926, Ducati has been owned by a number of groups and companies.

An investment vehicle formed by Investindustrial Holdings, BS Investimenti and Hospitals of Ontario Pension Plan
AUDI AG acquired 100% of the voting rights of Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. via Audi's Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. subsidiary
Ducati logo 1997–2008[11]

From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Spanish company MotoTrans licensed Ducati engines and produced motorcycles that, although they incorporated subtle differences, were clearly Ducati-derived. MotoTrans's most notable machine was the 250 cc 24 Horas (Spanish for 24 hours).

Motorcycle designs

2006 Ducati PaulSmart 1000 LE

Ducati is best known for high performance motorcycles characterized by large capacity four-stroke, 90° V-twin engines,[12] with a desmodromic valve design.[13] Ducati refers to this configuration as L-twin because one cylinder is vertical while the other is horizontal, making it look like a letter "L". Modern Ducatis remain among the dominant performance motorcycles available today partly because of the desmodromic valve design, which is nearing its 50th year of use. Desmodromic valves are closed with a separate, dedicated cam lobe and lifter instead of the conventional valve springs used in most internal combustion engines in consumer vehicles. This allows the cams to have a more radical profile, thus opening and closing the valves more quickly without the risk of valve-float, which causes a loss of power that is likely when using a "passive" closing mechanism under the same conditions.

While most other manufacturers use wet clutches (with the spinning parts bathed in oil)[14] Ducati previously used multiplate dry clutches in many of their motorcycles. The dry clutch eliminates the power loss from oil viscosity drag on the engine, even though the engagement may not be as smooth as the oil-bath versions, but the clutch plates can wear more rapidly. Ducati has converted to wet clutches across their current product lines.

Ducati also extensively uses a trellis frame, although Ducati's MotoGP project broke with this tradition by introducing a revolutionary carbon fibre frame for the Ducati Desmosedici GP9.

Product history

See also: Ducati Museum

The chief designer of most Ducati motorcycles in the 1950s was Fabio Taglioni (1920–2001). His designs ranged from the small single-cylinder machines that were successful in the Italian 'street races' to the large-capacity twins of the 1980s. Ducati introduced the Pantah in 1979; its engine was updated in the 1990s in the Ducati SuperSport (SS) series. All modern Ducati engines are derivatives of the Pantah, which uses a toothed belt to actuate the engine's valves. Taglioni used the Cavallino Rampante (identified with the Ferrari brand) on his Ducati motorbikes, Taglioni chose this emblem of courage and daring as a sign of respect and admiration for Francesco Baracca, a heroic World War I fighter pilot who died during an air raid in 1918.[15]

1950s

Main article: Ducati singles

1960s

Main article: Ducati singles
See also: Ducati Apollo

1970s

Main article: Ducati V-twin engine

In 1973, Ducati commemorated its 1972 win at the Imola 200 with the production model green frame Ducati 750 SuperSport.

Ducati also targeted the offroad market with the two-stroke Regolarità 125, building 3,486 models from 1975 to 1979, but the bike was not successful.[16]

In 1975, the company introduced the 860 GT, designed by noted car stylist Giorgetto Giugiaro. Its angular lines were unique, but raised handlebars made for an uncomfortable seating position at high speeds and also caused steering issues.[17]

1980s

Ducati's liquid-cooled multi-valve V-twins made from 1985 on are known as Desmoquattro ("desmodromic valve four"). These include the 851, 916 and 996, 999 and a few predecessors and derivatives.

Main article: Ducati Paso
1993 Ducati 907 i.e.

The Ducati Paso was introduced in 1986 with the Paso 750, followed in 1989 with the Paso 906. The final version came in 1991 with the 907IE (Iniezione Elettronica), now without the name "Paso". The design was from the hand of Massimo Tamburini, who also designed the Ducati 916 and MV Agusta F4. The Paso was a typical "you love it, you hate it" bike. However, at that time it looked like that all-enclosed bodywork would be the future for all motorcycles. The Paso design was copied for the Moto Morini Dart 400 and Cagiva Freccia 125. Together with Tamburini's Bimota DB1, they were enormously influential in terms of styling.

1990s

In 1993, Miguel Angel Galluzzi introduced the Ducati Monster,[18] a naked bike with exposed trellis and engine. Today the Monster accounts for almost half of the company's worldwide sales. The Monster has undergone the most changes of any motorcycle that Ducati has ever produced.

In 1993, Pierre Terblanche, Massimo Bordi and Claudio Domenicali designed the Ducati Supermono. A 550 cc single-cylinder lightweight "Catalog Racer". Only 67 were built between 1993 and 1997.

In 1994, the company introduced the Ducati 916 model designed by Massimo Tamburini,[19] a water-cooled version that allowed for higher output levels and a striking new bodywork that had aggressive lines, an underseat exhaust, and a single-sided swingarm. Ducati has since ceased production of the 916, supplanting it (and its progeny, the 748, 996 and 998) with the 749 and 999.

2000s

In 2006, the retro-styled Ducati PaulSmart 1000 LE was released, which shared styling cues with the 1973 750 SuperSport (itself a production replica of Paul Smart's 1972 race winning 750 Imola Desmo), as one of a SportClassic series representing the 750 GT, 750 Sport, and 750 SuperSport Ducati motorcycles.

Current lineup

Ducati Hypermotard
Ducati Desmosedici RR
Ducati 1098 S Tricolore
Monster[21][22][23]
Multistrada[22][23][24]
Diavel[25]
Superbike[22][23][26]
Hypermotard[22][23][27]
Scrambler

Current engines

Past engines

Motorcycle design history

2007 Ducati Monster S4Rs Testastretta

Ducati (in its various incarnations) has produced several styles of motorcycle engines, including varying the number of cylinders, type of valve actuation and fuel delivery. Ducati is best known for its V-twin engine, called a L-twin by the company, which is the powerplant in the majority of Ducati-marqued motorcycles. Ducati has also manufactured engines with one, two, three or four cylinders; operated by pull rod valves and push rod valves; single, double and triple overhead camshafts; two-stroke and even at one stage manufactured small diesel engines, many of which were used to power boats, generators, garden machinery and emergency pumps (for example, for fire fighting). The engines were the IS series from 7 to 22 hp (5.2 to 16.4 kW) air-cooled and the larger twin DM series water- and air-cooled. The engines have been found in all parts of the globe. Wisconsin Diesel even assembled and "badge engineered" the engines in the USA. They have also produced outboard motors for marine use. Currently, Ducati makes no other engines except for its motorcycles.

On current Ducati motors, except for the Desmosedici and 1199 Panigale, the valves are actuated by a standard valve cam shaft which is rotated by a timing belt driven by the motor directly. The teeth on the belt keep the camshaft drive pulleys indexed. On older Ducati motors, prior to 1986, drive was by solid shaft that transferred to the camshaft through bevel-cut gears. This method of valve actuation was used on many of Ducati's older single-cylinder motorcycles — the shaft tube is visible on the outside of the cylinder.

Ducati is also famous for using the desmodromic valve system championed by engineer and designer Fabio Taglioni, though the firm has also used engines that use valve springs to close their valves. In the early days, Ducati reserved the desmodromic valve heads for its higher performance bikes and its race bikes. These valves do not suffer from valve float at high engine speeds, thus a desmodromic engine is capable of far higher revolutions than a similarly configured engine with traditional spring-valve heads.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Ducati produced a wide range of small two-stroke bikes, mainly sub-100 cc capacities. Large quantities of some models were exported to the United States.

Ducati has produced the following motorcycle engine types:

Enthusiasts groups

A key part of Ducati's marketing strategy since the 1990s has been fostering a distinct community identity in connection with branding efforts including online communities and local, regional and national Ducati enthusiast clubs. There are more than 400 Ducati clubs worldwide and 20,000 registered users of the Ducati Owners Club web site and 17,000 subscribers to the racing web site.[28] Enthusiasts and riders are informally referred to in the motorcycling community as Ducatista (singular) or Ducatisti (plural).

In North America there are several Ducati enthusiasts organizations with varying degrees of factory sponsorship. DESMO, the Ducati Enthusiast Sport Motorcycle Organization, is a North American group affiliated with the factory Desmo Owners Club.[29] Some groups are focused on vintage Ducatis[30] while several are based primarily or entirely on email discussion lists or web forums such as Ducati.net.[31][32]

Ducati products other than motorcycles

1942 Ducati radio

Ducati Meccanica (as the company was previously known) has its marque on non-motorcycle products as well. In the 1930s and 1940s, Ducati manufactured radios, cameras, and electrical products such as a razor. Ducati made a marine binocular called the BIMAR for the Kriegsmarine during World War II, some of which were sold on the civilian market after the war.[33] The Ducati Sogno was a half-frame Leica-like camera which is now a collector's item. Ducati and Bianchi have developed and launched a new line of racing bicycles.[34]

Currently, there are four Ducati companies: Ducati Motor Holding (the subject of this article), Ducati Corse (which runs the Ducati racing program and is wholly owned by Ducati Motor Holding), Ducati Energia, a designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components and systems and Ducati Sistemi, a subsidiary of Ducati Energia. All are located in Borgo Panigale in Bologna, Italy.

Ducati Motor Holding often uses electrical components and subsystems from Ducati Energia.

Merchandising

Ducati has a wide range of accessories, lifestyle products and co-branded merchandise bearing their logos and designs. The company has a licensing agreement with Tumi Inc., launching a collection of eight co-branded luggage pieces in 2006 sold through both of the brands' retail outlets.[35]

Racing history

Main article: Ducati Corse
A Ducati racing motorcycle from 1968

Ducati's history with motorsport began with speed records on Cucciolo motorized bicycle factory racers in 1951, followed in 1954 with bringing in Fabio Taglioni to found a road racing program with the 100 Gran Sport.[36] As of 2009, Ducati was still pursuing the "win on Sunday, sell on Monday" business model and spending 10% of company revenues, €40 million, on its racing business.[37][38]

MotoGP World Championship

Ducati rejoined Grand Prix motorcycle racing in 2003, after a 30-year absence.[39] On September 23, 2007, Casey Stoner clinched his and Ducati's first Grand Prix World Championship.

When Ducati re-joined MotoGP in 2003, MotoGP had changed its rules to allow four-stroke 990 cc engines to race. At the time Ducati was the fastest bike. In 2007, MotoGP reduced the engine size to 800 cc (49 cu in), and Ducati continued to be the fastest with a bike that was markedly quicker than its rivals as was displayed by Casey Stoner on tracks with long straights.

For 2009, Ducati Marlboro Team campaigned their Desmosedici GP9 with former World Champions Casey Stoner and Nicky Hayden.[40] Ducati also supplies customer bikes to the Alice Team, with Mika Kallio and Niccolò Canepa riding for the team in 2009.[41]

Nine-time world champion Valentino Rossi rode for Ducati Corse for the 2011 and 2012 seasons.[42][43] Rossi returned to the Yamaha team for the 2013 season.[44]

For 2013, Ducati Marlboro Team raced with Nicky Hayden and the Italian rider Andrea Dovizioso. In 2014 Cal Crutchlow teamed up with Dovizioso for the season, and he left at the end of the year.

In 2015, Ducati Marlboro Team, under the control of the new race team director Gigi Dall'Igna and the new Desmosedici GP15, raced with two Italian riders: Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone.

For 2015, Ducati Marlboro Team has confirmed the Team of 2015, Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone as official riders, Michele Pirro as official tester.

They also put under contract Casey Stoner, the only rider able to win a World Championship with the Italian Bike. He will be the World Superbike and Moto GP tester, occasionally.

Year Champion Motorcycle
2007 Australia Casey Stoner Ducati Desmosedici GP7

Superbike World Championship (SBK)

The company has won 14 riders world championships and 17 manufacturers world championships, competing since the series' inception in 1988. At the end of 2015, Ducati has amassed 318 wins, more than any other manufacturer involved in the championship.

Year Champion Motorcycle
1990 France Raymond Roche Ducati 851
1991 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1992 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1994 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1995 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1996 Australia Troy Corser Ducati 916
1998 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 916
1999 United Kingdom Carl Fogarty Ducati 996
2001 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 996R
2003 United Kingdom Neil Hodgson Ducati 999
2004 United Kingdom James Toseland Ducati 999
2006 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 999
2008 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 1098
2011 Spain Carlos Checa Ducati 1098

Ducati has also won the manufacturer world championship for years 1991–1996, 1998–2004, 2006, 2008–2009 and 2011.

Supersport World Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
1997 Italy Paolo Casoli Ducati 748

FIM Superstock 1000 Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
2007 Italy  Niccolò Canepa Ducati 1098S
2008 Australia  Brendan Roberts Ducati 1098R
2009 Belgium  Xavier Siméon Ducati 1098R
2011 Italy  Davide Giugliano Ducati 1098R
2014 Argentina  Leandro Mercado Ducati 1199 Panigale R

British Superbike Championship

The British Superbike Championship has been won by Ducati riders on eight occasions and entered since 1988:

Year Champion Motorcycle
1995 Scotland Steve Hislop Ducati 916
1999 Australia Troy Bayliss Ducati 996
2000 England Neil Hodgson Ducati 996
2001 England John Reynolds Ducati 996
2002 Scotland Steve Hislop Ducati 998
2003 England Shane Byrne Ducati 998
2005 Spain Gregorio Lavilla Ducati 999
2008 England Shane Byrne Ducati 1098

AMA Superbike Championship

In the AMA Superbike Championship, Ducati has had its share of success, with Doug Polen winning the title in 1993 and Troy Corser the following year in 1994. Ducati has entered a bike in every AMA Superbike season since 1986, but withdrew from the series after the 2006 season.[45][46][47]

Year Champion Motorcycle
1993 United States Doug Polen Ducati 888
1994 Australia Troy Corser Ducati 888

Ducati had an important place in early Superbike racing history in the United States and vice versa: In 1977, Cycle magazine editors Cook Neilson and Phil Schilling took a Ducati 750SS to first place at Daytona in the second-ever season of AMA Superbike racing. "Neilson retired from racing at the end of the year, but the bike he and Schilling built — nicknamed Old Blue for its blue livery — became a legend," says Richard Backus from Motorcycle Classics: "How big a legend? Big enough for Ducati to team with Italian specialty builder NCR to craft a limited-edition update, New Blue, based on the 2007 Sport 1000S, and big enough to inspire the crew at the Barber Vintage Motorsports Museum (see Barber Motorsports Park), arguably one of the most important motorcycle museums in the world, to commission Ducati specialist Rich Lambrechts to craft a bolt-by-bolt replica for its collection. The finished bike's name? Deja Blue."[48]

Australian Superbike Championship

Year Champion Motorcycle
1999 Australia Steve Martin Ducati 996RS

Formula TT

Ducati's first ever world title was the 1978 TT Formula 1 World Championship, achieved thanks to Mike Hailwood's victory at the Isle of Man TT. Between 1981 and 1984 Tony Rutter won four TT Formula 2 World Championships riding Ducati bikes.

Year Class Champion Motorcycle
1978 F1 United Kingdom Mike Hailwood Ducati NCR 900 SS TT1
1981 F2 United Kingdom Tony Rutter Ducati 600 TT2
1982 F2 United Kingdom Tony Rutter Ducati 600 TT2
1983 F2 United Kingdom Tony Rutter Ducati 600 TT2
1984 F2 United Kingdom Tony Rutter Ducati 600 TT2

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Audi Interim Financial Report 2012". AUDI AG. 2012-07-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2012-08-02. Effective July 19, 2012, the Audi Group acquired 100 percent of the voting rights in the motorcycle manufacturer Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A., Bologna (Italy) via Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A., Sant'Agata Bolognese (Italy), a subsidiary of AUDI AG for a purchase price of EUR 747 million.
  2. ↑ Lodi, Livio (2009). "History of the Ducati Logo: The 1920s". Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
  3. ↑ "Mach 1". ducati.com. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  4. ↑ "DUCATI MOTOR HOLDING SPA Annual and Transition Report (foreign private issuer) (20-F) Item 4. Information on the Company". edgar-online.com. 2004-06-30. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  5. ↑ "History of the Motorcycle". mecossemi.com. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  6. ↑ Cremer, Andreas; Hetzner, Christiaan (April 17, 2012). "UPDATE 2-Audi to pay about 860 mln euros for Ducati". Thomson Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
  7. ↑ Schultz, Jonathan (April 18, 2012), "Volkswagen Group to Add Ducati to Product Portfolio", The New York Times, retrieved April 18, 2012
  8. ↑ Ian Falloon (2006-08-10). The Ducati Bible. Veloce Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84584-012-9. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
  9. ↑ The Ducati Bible: 860, 900 & Mille, Ian Falloon. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  10. ↑ chili sv (2008-08-08). "Ducati to be sold to Performance Motorcycles SpA, taken private – Hell For Leather". Hellforleathermagazine.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  11. ↑ Lodi, Livio (2009). "History of the Ducati Logo: The 1990s and beyond". Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A.
  12. ↑ "History of the Two-Valve Twin". Ducati.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  13. ↑ "Desmo for Dummies". Ducati.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  14. ↑ "What is in an oil". yamaha-motor.ca. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  15. ↑ "Fabio Taglioni: a Legend". ducati.com. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  16. ↑ Alan Cathcart (January–February 2011). "Ducati Regolarità 125". Motorcycle Classics. Retrieved 15 December 2011.
  17. ↑ Roland Brown (July–August 2011). "1975 Ducati 860GT". Motorcycle Classics. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
  18. ↑ "Desmo 2 Valve History". monsta.at. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  19. ↑ "Ducati Official History (The 916)". Ducati Motor Holdings. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Previous Model Years". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2009.
  21. ↑ "Monster". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "2010 Ducati Motorcycles". Total Motorcycle Website. 2010.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Ducati North America BIKES". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2010.
  24. ↑ "Multistrada". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2010.
  25. ↑ "The name is Diavel". Ducati. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  26. ↑ "Superbike". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2010.
  27. ↑ "BIKES Hypermotard". Ducati Motor Holding SpA. 2010.
  28. ↑ Jelassi, Tawfik; Leenen, Stefanie (June 27–29, 2001). "EMBARKING ON E-BUSINESS AT DUCATI MOTORCYCLES (ITALY) [CASE STUDY]" (PDF). Bled, Slovenia: Global Co-Operation in the New Millennium The 9th European Conference on Information Systems.
  29. ↑ "Desmo Owners Club". Ducati Motor Holding. 2009.
  30. ↑ "Ducati Vintage Club Homepage".
  31. ↑ "Ducati.net".
  32. ↑ Duglin Kennedy, Shirley (2005). The Savvy Guide to Motorcycles. Indy Tech Publishing. ISBN 9780790613161.
  33. ↑ Giuseppe Finizio, Anna Vacani, ed., BIMAR: The little known history of the Ducati 20° inclined 10x80 binoculars (PDF), Anna and Terry Vacani's Binocular & Cine Collection, retrieved 2013-03-19
  34. ↑ "Bianchi::Ducati Corse". Bianchiducati.com. Retrieved 2010-10-15.
  35. ↑ "Tumi Time: Tumi+Ducati Collection". Business Week. 2007-01-24. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
  36. ↑ Thompson, Jon F.; Bonnello, Joe (1998), Ducati, MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company, p. 12, ISBN 0-7603-0389-4
  37. ↑ Boland, Vincent (August 12, 2009), "Ducati cuts production and salaries" (General OneFile), Financial Times, p. 12
  38. ↑ Radosta, John S. (April 5, 1970), "Auto Manufacturers Keep One Eye on the Track and the Other on Consumer", The New York Times (ProQuest), p. 414, There's an old saying in the auto world: Win on Sunday, sell on Monday
  39. ↑ "2003 Ducati MotoGP Team". ducati.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  40. ↑ "Hayden to join Stoner at Ducati - Yahoo! Eurosport UK". Uk.eurosport.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 2009-06-14.
  41. ↑ Pramac Racing October 19, 2008 press release http://www.aliceteam.com/en/news/47_list_news_details/news_detail205.php?id=205&sez=News&id_img=955
  42. ↑ Ducati (15 August 2010). "Rossi to ride for Ducati in 2011 (press release)". MotoGP.com Official Website. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  43. ↑ Fiat Yamaha (15 August 2010). "Yamaha and Valentino Rossi to part company at end of 2010 (press release)". MotoGP.com Official Website. Retrieved 2010-08-18.
  44. ↑ Ducati And Rossi To Part Ways At End Of 201, Motorbike News, August 10, 2012
  45. ↑ Minoli, Federico (2006-08-22). "AMA Next Year". ducati.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  46. ↑ Williams, Evan (2007-03-08). "Ducati AMA Superbike Streak Ends". superbikeplanet.com. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  47. ↑ Adams, Dean (2006-08-22). "Bombshell: Ducati Pulls Out Of AMA Superbike". Superbikeplanet.net. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  48. ↑ January/February 2009 By Richard Backus . "One famous Ducati 750SS". Motorcycleclassics.com. Retrieved 2009-07-27.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ducati.


Ducati motorcycle timeline
Type 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 012
Standard / Naked M400 400
M600 620 695 696
M750 800 S2R800 796
M900 1000 S2R1000 1100 1100EVO
S4 S4R
Sport 748 749 848
851
888
916 996 998 999 1098 1198 1199
Desmosedici RR
Touring / Sport touring ST2 ST3
ST4
Cruisers Indiana Diavel
Dual-sport / Off-road Multistrada
Hypermotard
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, February 15, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.