Draft History of Qing

The Draft History of Qing (Chinese: 清史稿; pinyin: Qīng Shǐ Gǎo) is a draft of the official history of the Qing dynasty compiled and written by a team of over 100 historians led by Zhao Erxun who were hired by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China. The draft was published in 1928, but the Chinese Civil War caused a lack of funding for the project and it was put to an end in 1930.^[1] Both of the current regimes claiming Greater China have attempted to complete it.

History

The Qing imperial court had long established a Bureau of State Historiography and precompiled its own dynastic history.^[1] The massive book was started in 1914, and the rough copy was finished in about 1927. 1,100 copies of the book were published. The Beiyang government moved 400 of the original draft into the northern provinces, where it re-edited the content twice, thus creating three different copies of the book. It was banned by the Nationalist Government in 1930. A historian writes in retrospect, "Not only will the Draft History of Qing live forever, but also Qing history as such will forever remain in draft."^[1]

The draft contains 529 volumes. It attempts to follow the format of previous official histories, containing four sections:

纪 (Ji), containing information about relevant emperors
志 (Zhi), containing events that happened, i.e. astronomical events
表 (Biao), containing lists of people who held important posts or were royalty
传 (Zhuan), containing information concerning notable persons.

Shortcomings of draft

Because of the lack of funding, the authors were forced to publish quickly, and consequently this project was never finished, remaining in the draft stages. The authors openly acknowledged this, and admitted there may have been factual or superficial errors.^[2]

The draft was later criticized for being biased against the Xinhai Revolution. Notably, it does not have records of historical figures in the revolution, even those that had been born before the end of the Qing dynasty, although it includes biographies of various others who were born after the collapse of the Qing dynasty. The historians, who were Qing loyalists and/or sympathizers, had a tendency to villainize the revolutionaries.^[3] In fact, the draft completely avoided the use of the Minguo calendar, which was unacceptable for an official history meant to endorse the rise of a new regime.^[1]

Modern attempts

In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China, the Republic of China government in Taiwan published its own History of Qing, added 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revised many existing chapters to denounce the Communist Party as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed the passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.^[4] This edition has not been accepted as the official History of Qing because it is recognized that it was a rushed job published for political purposes. It does not correct most of the many errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.^[1]

An additional project, attempting to actually write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000 and only published 33 chapters out of the over 500 projected.^[1] The New History was abandoned because of the rise of the Pan-Green Coalition, which saw Taiwan as a separate entity from China and therefore not as the new Chinese regime that would be responsible for writing the official history of the previous dynasty.

In 1961, the People's Republic of China also attempted to complete writing the history of the Qing dynasty, but the historians were prevented from doing so by the Cultural Revolution.^[3]

In 2002, the People's Republic of China once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing. As of December 2013, the project has been delayed twice and will not be completed until 2016.^[5]

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 Hsi-yuan Chen, 'Last chapter unfinished. The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography', in: Historiography East and West, 2 (2004), pp. 173-204. (Abstract)
↑ Preface, The Draft History of Qing Revised Edition, 1977, 中华书局.
1 2 Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese history : a new manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 834–5. ISBN 0674067150.
↑ http://big5.huaxia.com/zhwh/sslh/2007698.html
↑ http://www.bj.xinhuanet.com/jyyf/2013-12/18/c_118606338.htm

External links

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Draft History of Qing

Republic of China New History of Qing (1994) on CTEXT (incomplete)

Twenty-Four Histories

Records of the Grand Historian (Sima Qian)
Book of Han (Ban Gu)
Book of the Later Han (Fan Ye)
Records of the Three Kingdoms (Chen Shou)
Book of Jin (Fang Xuanling et al.)
Book of Song (Shen Yue)
Book of Qi (Xiao Zixian)
Book of Liang (Yao Silian)
Book of Chen (Yao Silian)
Book of Wei (Wei Shou)
Book of Northern Qi (Li Baiyao)
Book of Zhou (Linghu Defen et al.)
Book of Sui (Wei Zheng et al.)
History of the Southern Dynasties (Li Yanshou)
History of the Northern Dynasties (Li Yanshou)
Old Book of Tang (Liu Xu et al.)
New Book of Tang (Ouyang Xiu et al.)
Old History of the Five Dynasties (Xue Juzheng et al.)
New History of the Five Dynasties (Ouyang Xiu)
History of Song (Toqto'a et al.)
History of Liao (Toqto'a et al.)
History of Jin (Toqto'a et al.)
History of Yuan (Song Lian et al.)
History of Ming (Zhang Tingyu et al.)

Qing dynasty topics

History	Seven Grievances First Manchu invasion of Korea Second Manchu invasion of Korea Qing conquest of the Ming Battle of Shanhai Pass Great Clearance Revolt of the Three Feudatories Sino-Russian border conflicts Dzungar–Qing War Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) Chinese Rites controversy Ten Great Campaigns Miao Rebellion (1735–36) Lhasa riot of 1750 Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa Sino-Nepalese War Miao Rebellion (1795–1806) White Lotus Rebellion First Opium War Sino-Sikh War Taiping Rebellion Nian Rebellion Red Turban Rebellion (1854–56) Miao Rebellion (1854–73) Nepalese–Tibetan War Panthay Rebellion Second Opium War Amur Acquisition Self-Strengthening Movement Dungan Revolt (1862–77) Mudan Incident (1871) Tianjin Massacre Margary Affair Northern Chinese Famine Qing reconquest of Xinjiang Sino-French War Sikkim Expedition Jindandao Incident First Sino-Japanese War Gongche Shangshu movement Dungan Revolt (1895–96) Hundred Days' Reform Boxer Rebellion Red Lanterns Eight-Nation Alliance New Policies British expedition to Tibet 1905 Tibetan Rebellion Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) Railway Protection Movement Xinhai Revolution Wuchang Uprising Xinhai Lhasa turmoil Mongolian Revolution of 1911 Xinhai Revolution in Xinjiang Manchu Restoration

Government	Emperor List Family tree Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty Flag of the Qing dynasty Cup of Solid Gold Great Qing Legal Code Grand Council Imperial Household Department Imperial Clan Court Ministry of Posts and Communications Zongli Yamen Lifan Yuan Amban Imperial Commissioner Provincial governor Provincial military commander Nine Gates Infantry Commander Viceroys Zhili Shaan-Gan Liangjiang Huguang Sichuan Min-Zhe Liangguang Yun-Gui Three Northeast Provinces

Military	Military of the Qing dynasty Eight Banners Green Standard Army Ever Victorious Army Xiang Army Chu Army Huai Army Beiyang Army Wuwei Troop New Army Imperial Guards Brigade Peking Field Force Hushenying Shuishiying Qing dynasty in Inner Asia Manchuria under Qing rule Mongolia under Qing rule Administrative divisions Xinjiang under Qing rule General of Ili Tibet under Qing rule Golden Urn List of imperial residents Taiwan under Qing rule Provincial Administration Hall

Compilations & Documents	Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor Gujin Tushu Jicheng Kangxi Dictionary Peiwen Yunfu Quan Tangshi Treaty of Nerchinsk Treaty of Kyakhta (1727) Pentaglot Dictionary History of Ming Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao Researches on Manchu Origins Imperial Decree of declaration of war against foreign powers Imperial Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol Qinding Xianfa Dagang Unequal treaty Treaty of Nanking Treaty of the Bogue Treaty of Wanghia Treaty of Whampoa Treaty of Canton Treaty of Kulja Treaty of Aigun Treaty of Tientsin Convention of Tientsin Convention of Peking Treaty of Tarbagatai Burlingame Treaty Chefoo Convention Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking Treaty of Shimonoseki Li–Lobanov Treaty Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory Boxer Protocol Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet

Palaces & Mausoleums	Forbidden City Mukden Palace Summer Palace Old Summer Palace Chengde Mountain Resort Fuling Tomb Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties Eastern Qing tombs Western Qing tombs

Society & Culture	Qing poetry Kaozheng Changzhou School of Thought Literary Inquisition Booi Aha Dibao Queue Qing official headwear Shamanism in the Qing dynasty Islam during the Qing dynasty Four Wangs Manchu Han Imperial Feast

Other topics	Manchu people Aisin Gioro Names of the Qing dynasty Draft History of Qing New Qing History Willow Palisade Chuang Guandong Canton System Treaty ports Anti-Qing sentiment Qing conquest theory Timeline of late anti-Qing rebellions Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty

Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → N. & S. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms → Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → Modern China

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