Dodger Stadium

Dodger Stadium
Chavez Ravine,[1]
Blue Heaven On Earth[2]
Location 1000 Vin Scully Avenue[3][4]
Los Angeles, California 90012
Coordinates 34°4′25″N 118°14′24″W / 34.07361°N 118.24000°W / 34.07361; -118.24000Coordinates: 34°4′25″N 118°14′24″W / 34.07361°N 118.24000°W / 34.07361; -118.24000
Public transit Dodger Stadium Express,
connecting to Union Station[5]
Owner Guggenheim Baseball Management
Operator Los Angeles Dodgers
Capacity 56,000[6]
Field size Left Field - 330 ft (101 m)
Medium Left-Center - 360 ft (110 m)
True Left-Center - 375 ft (114 m)
Center Field - 395 ft (120 m)
True Center Field - 400 ft (122 m)
True Right-Center - 375 ft (114 m)
Medium Right-Center - 360 ft (110 m)
Right Field - 330 ft (101 m)
Backstop - 55 ft (17 m)
Surface Santa Ana Bermuda Grass
Construction
Broke ground September 17, 1959
Built 1959–1962
Opened April 10, 1962
54 years ago
Construction cost $23 million
($180 million in 2015 dollars[7])
Architect Praeger-Kavanagh-Waterbury
Structural engineer William Simpson & Associates Inc.[8]
Services engineer SA Bogen Engineers[9]
General contractor Vinell Construction Company[10]
Tenants
Los Angeles Dodgers (MLB) (1962–present)
Los Angeles / California Angels (MLB) (1962–1965)
1984 Summer Olympics (baseball)

Dodger Stadium, occasionally called by the metonym Chavez Ravine, is a baseball park located in the Elysian Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the home field of the Los Angeles Dodgers, the city's Major League Baseball (MLB) franchise. Opened 54 years ago on April 10, 1962, it was constructed in less than three years at a cost of $23 million, financed by private sources.

Dodger Stadium is currently the third-oldest ballpark in MLB, after Fenway Park in Boston (1912) and Wrigley Field in Chicago (1914) and is the largest MLB stadium by seat capacity. Often referred to as a "pitcher's ballpark", the stadium has seen 12 no-hitters, two of which were perfect games.

The stadium hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1980, as well as games of eight World Series (1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, and 1988). It also hosted the semifinals and finals of the 2009 World Baseball Classic as well as exhibition baseball during the 1984 Summer Olympics.

The 2012 season marked the 50th anniversary of the stadium.

The stadium hosted a soccer tournament on August 3, 2013 featuring four clubs, the hometown team Los Angeles Galaxy, and European giants Real Madrid, Everton, and Juventus.

For the first time at Dodger Stadium, the Los Angeles Kings and Anaheim Ducks played a regular season game on January 25, 2014 as part of the NHL Stadium Series.

History

Construction

In the mid-1950s, Brooklyn Dodgers team president Walter O'Malley had tried to build a domed stadium in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, but was unable to reach an agreement with city officials for the land acquisition, and eventually reached a deal with the city of Los Angeles in California. The land for Dodger Stadium was purchased from local owners and inhabitants in the early 1950s by the city of Los Angeles using eminent domain with funds from the Federal Housing Act of 1949. The city had planned to develop the Elysian Park Heights public housing project, which included two dozen 13-story buildings and more than 160 two-story townhouses, in addition to newly rebuilt playgrounds and schools, and a college.

Before construction could begin on the housing project, the local political climate changed greatly when Norris Poulson was elected mayor of Los Angeles in 1953. Proposed public housing projects such as Elysian Park Heights lost most of their support as they became associated with socialist ideals. Following protracted negotiations, the city purchased the Chavez Ravine property back from the Federal Housing Authority at a drastically reduced price, with the stipulation that the land be used for a public purpose. It was not until June 3, 1958, when Los Angeles voters approved a "Taxpayers Committee for Yes on Baseball" referendum, that the Dodgers were able to acquire 352 acres (1.42 km2) of Chavez Ravine from the city. While Dodger Stadium was under construction, the Dodgers played in the league's largest capacity venue from 1958 through 1961 at their temporary home, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, which could seat in excess of 90,000 people.

Los Angeles-based Mike Davis, in his seminal work on the city, City of Quartz, describes the process of gradually convincing Chavez Ravine homeowners to sell. With nearly all of the original Spanish-speaking homeowners initially unwilling to sell, developers resorted to offering immediate cash payments, distributed through their Spanish-speaking agents. Once the first sales had been completed, remaining homeowners were offered increasingly lesser amounts of money, to create a community panic of not receiving fair compensation, or of being left as one of the few holdouts. Many residents continued to hold out despite the pressure being placed upon them by developers, resulting in the Battle of Chavez Ravine, an unsuccessful ten-year struggle by the residents to maintain control of their property. The controversy surrounding the construction of Dodger Stadium provided the inspiration for singer Ry Cooder's 2005 concept album, Chávez Ravine.

Dodger Stadium was the first Major League Baseball stadium since the initial construction of the original Yankee Stadium to be built using 100% private financing, and the last until AT&T Park in San Francisco opened in 2000. Ground was broken for Dodger Stadium on September 17, 1959. The top of local ridges were removed and the soil was used to fill in Sulfur and Cemetery Ravines to provide a level surface for a parking lot and the stadium. A local elementary school (Palo Verde) was simply buried and sits beneath the parking lot northwest of third base.[11] A total of 8 million cubic yards of earth were moved in the process of building the stadium. 21,000 precast concrete units, some weighing as much as 32 tons, were fabricated onsite and lowered into place with a specially built crane to form the stadium's structural framework. The stadium was originally designed to be expandable to 85,000 seats by expanding the upper decks over the outfield pavilions; the Dodgers have never pursued such a project.

Dodger Stadium was also the home of the Los Angeles Angels (now Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim) from 1962 through 1965. To avoid constantly referring to their landlords, the Angels called the park Chavez Ravine Stadium (or just "Chavez Ravine"), after the geographic feature in which the stadium sits.

Frank McCourt era

Dodger Stadium seat removal, 2005 offseason.
The new all-you-can-eat buffet in the right-field pavilion

At the conclusion of the 2005 season, the Los Angeles Dodgers made major renovations during the subsequent off-season.

The largest of these improvements was the replacement of nearly all the seats in the stadium. The seats that were removed had been in use since 1975 and helped give the stadium its unique "space age" feel with a color palette of bright yellow, orange, blue, and red. The new seats are in the original (more muted) 1962 color scheme consisting of yellow, light orange, turquoise, and sky blue. 2,000 pairs of seats were made available for purchase at $250, with the proceeds going to charity.

The baseline seating sections have been converted into retro-style "box" seating, adding leg room and a table. Other repairs were made to the concrete structure of the stadium. These improvements mark the second phase of a multi-year improvement plan for Dodger Stadium.

Between 2003 and 2005, Dodger Stadium upgraded with LED video displays. The large main video display measures 27 feet high by 47 feet wide.[12]

In 2008, the Dodgers announced a $412 million project to build a Dodger museum, shops, and restaurants around Dodger Stadium. In a press release, the team described the various features of the renovation as follows:

In the 2008–2009 offseason, the upper levels of the stadium were supposed to be renovated to match the repairs and improvements made to the field level. The improvements were to include the removal of the trough urinals in the men's restrooms, new concession stands and earthquake retrofitting to the concrete structure. It was also to include the replacement of the outfield scoreboards and monitors with new HD monitors. Due to the 2009 World Baseball Classic hosted at Dodger Stadium, these renovations were put on hold. The divorce of Frank and Jamie McCourt, as well as a weak economy, were the reasons for the postponement.[14]

To pay for an outstanding loan with the Dodgers former owner News Corporation, former owner Frank McCourt used Dodger Stadium as collateral to obtain a $250 million loan.[15]

In 2008, the Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously to give the Dodger Stadium area bounded by Academy Rd, Lookout Dr. and Stadium Way its own zip code, 90090 (as of July 2009). This also gives the area a new name, Dodgertown. The signs from the former Dodgertown spring training facility in Vero Beach, Florida will likely be integrated into the $500 million project.[16]

New ownership and further renovation

Dodger Stadium during a postgame "fireworks night" promotion. Notice the new HD screens in place of the old rectangular video board and scoreboard.
Tommy Lasorda's Trattoria, an Italian restaurant in the right field concourse at Dodger Stadium. The restaurant is a product of the minor 2014 renovations to Dodger Stadium.


Following the sale of the Dodgers in 2012, the team brought on the architect, urban planner, and stadium specialist Janet Marie Smith to lead renovations efforts to the 50-year-old stadium.[17][18] Renovations to Dodger Stadium began in the winter of 2012. Both video boards were replaced with High Definition screens, and new clubhouses and weight rooms were installed. The restrooms, concession stands, sound system and batting cages were also improved and renovated.

Dodgers owner Guggenheim Partners has internally discussed moving the Dodgers to a new stadium at a Downtown Los Angeles site proposed by the Anschutz Entertainment Group to allow an NFL team to build a stadium at the Dodger Stadium site. Guggenheim Partners has also considered allowing an NFL team to build a stadium next to Dodger Stadium.[19]

The extensive renovations to Dodger Stadium were ready for the 2013 season and included new HD hexagonal video boards, a new sound system, wider concourses, more standing room viewing areas, improved restrooms and a children's playground amongst others.[20]

Between the 2013 and 2014 seasons, more renovations were put in place. Dodger Stadium was the beneficiary of improvements such as wider concourses in the pavilions, new restaurants "Think Blue Bar-B-Que" and "Tommy Lasorda's Trattoria", dedicated team store buildings replacing the tents that previously served as team stores, bullpen overlooks with overlook bars, and tree relocation at the top of the stadium.[21]

Features

Design

Stairs to upper deck

Dodger Stadium was one of the last baseball-only facilities built before the dawn of the multi-purpose stadium. It was built near the convergence of several freeways near downtown Los Angeles, with an expansive parking lot surrounding the stadium. With the construction of many new MLB ballparks in recent years, it is now the third-oldest park still in use, and the oldest on the West Coast.

Dodger Stadium offered several innovative design features. One of these was a covered and screened section of dugout-level seats behind home plate. Dodger owner Walter O'Malley was inspired to incorporate this feature into the Dodger Stadium design after having seen it at Tokyo's Korakuen Stadium during the Brooklyn Dodgers' postseason goodwill tour of Japan in 1956. The original dugout seating area was replaced by more conventional box seating in a 1999 renovation, but this feature has been replicated at Progressive Field in Cleveland and Angel Stadium of Anaheim.

Two of Dodger Stadium's most distinctive features are the wavy roof atop each outfield pavilion and the top of a 10-story elevator shaft bearing the Dodger logo rising directly behind home plate at the top of the uppermost seating level.

Terraced landscaping in parking lot

A unique terraced-earthworks parking lot was built behind the main stands, allowing ticketholders to park at roughly the level of their seats, minimizing use of ramps once inside. The stadium was also designed to be earthquake-resistant, an important consideration in California, and it has withstood several serious earthquakes.

Dodger Stadium was originally equipped with two large Fair Play electronic scoreboard units above the left- and right-field pavilions. The right-field board displayed in-game information. The left-field board displayed scores of out-of-town games and other messages. Smaller auxiliary scoreboards were installed at field level on the box seat fences beyond the first- and third-base dugouts during the inaugural 1962 season. The left-field message board was replaced by a Mitsubishi Electric Diamond Vision video board in 1980. The field-level auxiliary scoreboards were replaced by larger units installed on the facade of the Loge (second) seating level in 1998; these, in turn, were replaced by a video ribbon in 2005. Field-level out-of-town scoreboards were installed on the left- and right-field walls in 2003.

Strobe lights were added in 1999; they flash when the Dodgers take the field, after a Dodger home run, and after a Dodger win.

Hall of Retired Numbers

In addition to those of Don Drysdale, Sandy Koufax, and Don Sutton, the retired numbers of Pee Wee Reese, Jackie Robinson, Duke Snider, Tommy Lasorda, Walter Alston, Roy Campanella and Jim Gilliam are mounted below the pavilion roofs behind the outfield fence.

The Dodgers devote significant resources to the park's maintenance. For example, it is repainted every year, and a full-time crew of gardeners maintain the site. No plans are in the works to replace it. Renovations were made in 1999 and again in 2004 that initially added additional field level seats, particularly behind home plate where previously the only person seen there was scout Mike Brito, in his trademark Panama hat, tracking pitch speed. After some criticism of the sightlines with these new seats, they were replaced with box seats.

Location

View of downtown
Dodger Stadium and
the Los Angeles skyline, 1987
Think Blue sign in the mountains north of Dodger Stadium, a homage to the nearby Hollywood Sign.

Built in the Los Angeles community of Chavez Ravine in Solano Canyon, the stadium overlooks downtown Los Angeles and provides views of the city to the south, the green tree-lined hills of Elysian Park to the north and east, and the San Gabriel Mountains beyond the outfield pavilions. Due to dry summers in Southern California, rainouts at Dodger Stadium are rare. Prior to 1976, the Dodgers were rained out only once, against the St. Louis Cardinals, on April 21, 1967, ending a streak of 737 consecutive games without a postponement. On April 12, 1976, the second home rainout ended a streak of 724 straight games. April 19–21, 1988 saw three consecutive rainouts, the only time consecutive games have been rained out at Dodger Stadium.[22] No rainouts occurred between April 21, 1988 and April 11, 1999 - a major league record of 856 straight home games without a rainout.[22] That record has since been broken, with no rainouts since April 17, 2000, 1,213 consecutive games as of the second game of the 2015 season.[23]

Seating

Dodger Stadium is the only current MLB park (excluding the most recently built parks) that has never increased its capacity. It has historically held 56,000 fans, due to a conditional-use permit limiting its capacity. Every time the Dodgers add seats, they always remove an equal number of seats in the upper deck or in the pavilion to keep the capacity the same.[24] Through the sale of standing room only tickets, the Dodgers' 2009 home opener drew 57,099 fans, the largest crowd in stadium history. Following a number of incidents in the early 1970s in which fans showered Cincinnati Reds left fielder Pete Rose with beer, bottles, cups, and trash, the sale of beer was discontinued in both pavilions. Beer sales were reinstated in the right field pavilion in 2008, when that section was converted into the All You Can Eat Pavilion. Fans seated in that section can eat unlimited hot dogs and peanuts and also have access to free soft drinks. There is a charge for beer.[25]

With the retirement of the original Yankee Stadium and Shea Stadium in 2008, the park claimed the title of being the largest capacity stadium in the Majors.

As of 2010, there are a total of 2,098 club seats and 68 luxury suites. Both of these amounts will increase once the renovations are complete.

Due to renovations made in the 2012-2013 off season, the current maximum capacity of Dodger Stadium is less than 56,000, although the team's president, Stan Kasten, refuses to provide an exact number.[26] A 53,393 attendance is considered a sellout.[27][28] The high water mark since the renovations is 56,800 in Games 3,4 and 5 of the 2008 NLDS. [29] The team's 2013 media guide and website still report the capacity as 56,000.[6][30] The record attendance for the Dodgers was in the 2007 season, with 3.86 million in total attendance.[31]

Center field dimension and playing surface

Dodger Stadium in 2002

For various reasons, Dodger Stadium has long enjoyed a reputation as a pitchers' park. At first, the relatively deep outfield dimensions were a factor, with the power alleys being about 380 feet. Home plate was moved 10 feet toward center field in 1969, but that move also expanded foul ground by 10 feet, a tradeoff which helped to offset the increased likelihood of home runs caused by the decreased field dimensions. Also, during evening games, as the sun sets, the surrounding air cools quickly due to the ocean climate, becoming more dense. As a result, deep fly balls that might otherwise be home runs during the day instead often remain in play becoming outs. The park has been home to 11 no-hitters, while players have hit for the cycle just twice in Dodger Stadium.

Recently, Dodger Stadium has been more neutral with respect to home runs.[32] The stadium does depress doubles and triples quite a bit, due to its uniform outfield walls and relatively small "corners" near the foul poles. However, the extremely short outfield walls near the foul poles also make some balls that would bounce off the wall in other parks go for home runs. With some expansion of the box seat area and the removal of significant foul territory, the ballpark has become more neutral, favoring neither pitchers nor hitters. Baseball-Reference's Park Factor measurement of 102 for the 2006 and 2007 seasons is evidence of this.

Although the distance to center field has been marked at 395 feet since 1973, it is still actually 400 feet (120 m) to center, as has been the case since 1969. The two 395-foot signs erected in 1973 are to the left and right of dead center.[24] However, curvature of the fence between the posted distance signs is not exactly radial from home plate, thus the distance from home plate directly to center field is most likely 5 feet farther than the posted 395 feet (120 m).[33] As of 2012, distance to center field is indicated 395 feet (120 m), and is located virtually exactly at the center field point.

With the opening of Citi Field and the demolition of Shea Stadium in 2009, Dodger Stadium became the only stadium with symmetrical outfield dimensions remaining in the National League and only one of four total in Major League Baseball. The other three symmetrical fields are Kansas City's Kauffman Stadium, Toronto's Rogers Centre, and Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, all in the American League.

Pitchers such as Sandy Koufax, Don Drysdale, Don Sutton, Fernando Valenzuela, and Orel Hershiser became superstars after arriving in Los Angeles. The pitcher's edge is also evident in the fact that 11 no-hitters have been thrown in the stadium, including two perfect games (by the Dodgers' Sandy Koufax in 1965, and by Dennis Martínez of the former Montreal Expos in 1991). Bo Belinsky threw the first ever no-hitter in Dodger Stadium on May 5, 1962 while pitching for the Los Angeles Angels (that club referred to the park as "Chavez Ravine".)

The park's significant advantage was eroded somewhat since 1969, in general because MLB rules were changed after the "Year of the Pitcher" to lower the maximum height of the pitcher's mound, and more specifically because the Dodgers moved the diamond about 10 feet (3 m) towards center field. This also gave the fielders more room to catch foul balls, so there was some tradeoff. Following the 2004 season, the stadium underwent a renovation which significantly reduced the amount of foul territory. Seats were added which were closer to home plate than the pitcher's mound, the dugouts were moved 20 feet closer to the field, and previously open space down the foul lines was filled with new seats.

Historic events

1963 World Series

The Dodgers won the 1963 World Series over the New York Yankees, sweeping the Yankees by winning game 4 by a score of 2-1. Through the 2015 season, this remains the only time the Dodgers ever clinched a World Series at home.

1988 National League Championship Series

Until 1988, Dodger Stadium had never hosted a seventh game of a postseason series. The Dodgers won Game 7 of the 1988 National League Championship Series over the New York Mets, 6-0.

No hitters in Dodger Stadium

(*-Perfect game)

Date Pitcher Team Opponent Box score
May 5, 1962 Bo Belinsky Angels Orioles
June 30, 1962 Sandy Koufax Dodgers Mets
May 11, 1963 Sandy Koufax Dodgers Giants
September 9, 1965* Sandy Koufax Dodgers Cubs
July 20, 1970 Bill Singer Dodgers Phillies
June 29, 1990 Fernando Valenzuela Dodgers Cardinals
July 28, 1991* Dennis Martínez Expos Dodgers
Aug. 17, 1992 Kevin Gross Dodgers Giants
April 8, 1994 Kent Mercker Braves Dodgers
July 14, 1995 Ramón Martínez Dodgers Marlins
June 18, 2014 Clayton Kershaw Dodgers Rockies
August 30, 2015 Jake Arrieta Cubs Dodgers

Home Runs out of Dodger Stadium

Five home runs have been hit completely out of Dodger Stadium. Outfielder Willie Stargell of the Pittsburgh Pirates hit two of those home runs. Stargell hit a 507-foot home run off the Dodgers' Alan Foster on August 6, 1969 that completely cleared the right field pavilion and struck a bus parked outside the stadium. Stargell then hit a 470-foot home run off Andy Messersmith on May 8, 1973 that landed on the right field pavilion roof and bounced into the parking lot. Dodger catcher Mike Piazza hit a 478-foot home run off Frank Castillo of the Colorado Rockies on September 21, 1997 that landed on the left field pavilion roof and skipped under the left field video board and into the parking lot. On May 22, 1999, St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Mark McGwire cleared the left field pavilion with a 483-foot home run off the Dodgers' Jamie Arnold. And most recently, on May 12, 2015, Giancarlo Stanton of the Miami Marlins hit a 478-foot home run over the left-field roof off of Mike Bolsinger.[34]

Dodger Stadium hosts the 2009 World Baseball Classic. The top of a ten-story elevator shaft bears the World Baseball Classic logo.

Other events

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Dodger Stadium History". Dodgers.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  2. ↑ "Dodger Stadium's New Signage Creates "Blue Heaven" Atmosphere". SignWeb.com. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  3. ↑ Gurnick, Ken (January 29, 2016). "Road to Dodger Stadium to be renamed Vin Scully Avenue". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  4. ↑ Dilbeck, Steve (January 29, 2016). "Council votes unanimously to rename street Vin Scully Avenue". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Dodger Stadium Express". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  6. 1 2 "2014 Dodger Season Tickets Go on Sale" (Press release). Major League Baseball Advanced Media. September 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  7. ↑ Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved November 10, 2015.
  8. ↑ William M. Simpson Orange County Register
  9. ↑ Engineering News-Record (New York City: McGraw-Hill) 178 (2): 62. 1967. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ http://www.walteromalley.com/stad_facts_index.php
  11. ↑ "Map--Diagram of proposed Dodger Stadium in Chavez Ravine - 1957." Los Angeles Examiner, 23 September 1957. http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll44/id/91758 Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  12. ↑ "Daktronics on Display at Dodger Stadium". All Business.
  13. ↑ Hernandez, Dylan; Shaikin, Bill (April 25, 2008). "Stadium Makeover Is Unveiled". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  14. ↑ Roderick, Kevin (November 2, 2009). "Dodger Stadium Work on Hold". LA Observed. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  15. ↑ Bloom, Barry M. (May 12, 2005). "Dodgers to Stay in Place for 25 Years". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  16. ↑ Zavis, Alexandra (October 8, 2008). "'Dodgertown' Could Be Home Base". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  17. ↑ Maddaus, Gene (August 6, 2012). "Dodgers Hire Janet Marie Smith, Star Stadium Designer, To Renovate Dodger Stadium". LA Weekly. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
  18. ↑ Smith is best known as the driving force behind the massively influential Oriole Park at Camden Yards. She is also responsible for Turner Field in Atlanta and the recent renovations at Fenway Park.
  19. ↑ "Not Everyone Shares Roger Goodell's Positive Sentiments Regarding L.A. Stadium Situation". Yahoo! Sports. March 19, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Dodger Stadium Renovation Details". TrueBlueLA. January 8, 2013. Retrieved August 17, 2013.
  21. ↑ "2014 Dodger Stadium renovations: The secret of their access". January 7, 2014. Retrieved February 15, 2015.
  22. 1 2 "Dodger Stadium". Baseball Statistics. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Dodger Stadium rainouts are very rare". Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  24. 1 2 Lowry, Phillip (2005). Green Cathedrals. New York City: Walker & Company. ISBN 0-8027-1562-1.
  25. ↑ Paulas, Rick (18 May 2011). "An MLB guide to all you can eat". ESPN. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
  26. ↑ Shaikin, Bill (August 10, 2013). "Dodgers take aim at 4-million home attendance". Los Angeles Times.
  27. ↑ https://twitter.com/Dodgers/status/378406052506529792
  28. ↑ Montano, Al (July 25, 2013). "Cincinnati 5, Dodgers 2: Reds Cool Off L.A.". Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
  29. ↑ http://www.baseball-reference.com/boxes/LAN/LAN200810120.shtml
  30. ↑ "2013 Los Angeles Dodgers Media Guide". Major League Baseball Advanced Media. p. 1. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  31. ↑ Shaikin, Bill (July 22, 2010). "Dodgers' Attendance Isn't Always What It Seems". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 5, 2013.
  32. ↑ "MLB Park Factors". ESPN. Retrieved August 14, 2013.
  33. ↑ Clem's History of Dodger Stadium Dimensions
  34. ↑ "Giancarlo Stanton hits a ball out of Dodger Stadium". New York Post. May 12, 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  35. ↑ Victory Tour (The Jacksons tour)
  36. ↑ Blumenthal, Ralph (24 March 1996). "The Three Tenors Juggernaut". New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  37. ↑ "American certifications – "Three Tenors, The"". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  38. ↑ "British certifications – Placido Domingo". British Phonographic Industry. Retrieved 2015-07-08. Enter Placido Domingo in the field Search. Select Artist in the field Search by. Click Search

General references

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