Docusate

Docusate sodium
Systematic (IUPAC) name
Sodium 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-dioxobutane-2-sulfonate
Clinical data
Trade names Colace, Ex-Lax, Senokot S
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a601113
Pregnancy
category
  • US: C (Risk not ruled out) [1]
Pharmacokinetic data
Onset of action 12 hrs to 5 days[2]
Duration of action 3 days[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number 577-11-7
ATC code A06AA02
PubChem CID 23673837
ChemSpider 10861
UNII F05Q2T2JA0
Chemical data
Formula C20H37NaO7S
Molar mass 444.56 g/mol
Physical data
Density 1.1 g/cm3
Melting point 153 to 157 °C (307 to 315 °F)
Solubility in water 1 in 70 parts mg/mL (20 °C)

Docusate, also known as docusate salts or dioctyl sulfosuccinate,[3] is a laxative used to treat constipation.[2] It is considered a good choice in children who have hard feces.[2] For constipation due to the use of opiates it may be used with a stimulant laxative.[2] It can be taken by mouth or rectally.[2] Usually it works in one to three days.[2]

Side effects are uncommon.[2] Rarely there may be abdominal cramps or diarrhea.[2] Long term use may cause poor bowel function.[1] Docusate is acceptable during pregnancy and breastfeeding.[4] It is a laxative of the stool softener type and works by allowing more water to be absorbed by the feces.[1][5] It typically comes in the form of a sodium, calcium, or potassium salts.[2]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[6] It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[5] In the United States one hundred doses are about 14 USD.[2] Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is also used as a food additive, emulsifier, dispersant, and wetting agent, among others.[7]

Medical use

Constipation

Docusate is used to treat constipation, and in painful anorectal conditions such as hemorrhoids and anal fissures to help avoid straining during bowel movements.

Given orally, the effects are usually seen 1 to 3 days after the first dose.[8] Given rectally, as an enema or suppository, a bowel movement usually occurs within 5 to 20 minutes.[9]

The drug may be used in people who are receiving opioid medication, though prolonged use may cause irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Data supporting its efficacy in treating chronic constipation are lacking.[10]

The effectiveness of laxatives for constipation in those receiving palliative care is unclear as it has not been sufficiently studied.[11] The comparative effectiveness of different laxatives in this group is also unclear as of 2015.[12]

Other

Docusate sodium, when used with ear syringing, may help with earwax removal.[13]

Available forms

Docusate sodium can be given by mouth or rectally. It is also used as an emulsifier and dispersant in topical preparations. People taking oral docusate should drink plenty of water to irrigate the bowel, thereby increasing motility.

Contraindications

Docusate is contraindicated in patients with appendicitis, acute abdomen, or ileus. It is not suitable for the treatment of chronic constipation, since its mode of action is as a symptom reliever, not a cure for any specific underlying cause.[10]

Side effects

Possible side effects are typically mild and include stomach pain, diarrhea, or cramping. Serious allergic reactions can occur with the drug. The most severe side effect of docusate, although very rare, is rectal bleeding.[8]

Interactions

Docusate should not be used in addition to mineral oil as the emulsifier will result in mineral oil being absorbed rather than functioning as a lubricant for the bowel walls, possibly resulting in foreign body granulomas. The substance might also increase resorption of other drugs, for example dantron (1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone).[10]

Other uses

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is used as a surfactant in a wide range of applications, often under the name Aerosol-OT. It is unusual in that it is able to form microemulsions without the use of co-surfactants, and has a rich variety of aqueous-phase behavior including multiple liquid crystalline phases.[14]

Physical and chemical properties

Solubility of dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in water is 1:70 (14 g/l) at 25 °C, increasing to 1:20 at 70 °C. Solubility is better in less polar solvents: 1:30 in ethanol, 1:1 in chloroform and diethylether, and practically unlimited in petroleum ether (25 °C). It is also highly soluble in glycerol, although this is a rather polar solvent.

The ester groups are easily cleaved under basic conditions, but are stable against acids.[10]

Docusate salts include docusate calcium, docusate sodium, and docusate potassium.[1][3]

Mechanism of action

Docusate does not stay in the gastrointestinal tract, but is absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted via the gallbladder[10] after undergoing extensive metabolism.

The effect of docusate may not necessarily be all due to its surfactant properties. Perfusion studies suggest that docusate inhibits fluid absorption or stimulates secretion in the portion of the small intestine known as the jejunum.

Toxicity

Toxicity for different species varies widely, but dioctyl sulfosuccinate biodegrades quickly in soil and water, a typical finding being >90% in 12 to 17 days. In the atmosphere, it is predicted to be removed by a photochemical reaction with an estimated half-life of 18 hours.[18]

Humans

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate is a strong irritant for eyes and lungs, and also a skin irritant. Ingestion can cause the side effects described above, such as diarrhea, intestinal bloating, and occasionally cramping pains. DSS is not known to be carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic.[19]

Marine species

Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate has been determined to be of low toxicity for crustaceans like the hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus and the shrimp Crangon crangon. The median lethal dose (LD50) for these species is about 100 mg/l of a docusate-containing formulation after 48 hours of exposition, although the concentration of the formulation is not specified in the study.

Toxicity for molluscs varies widely, with 48-hour LD50 found between 5 mg/l for the common limpet and 100 mg/l for the common periwinkle. Various species of phytoplankton have an LD50 around 8 mg/l. All of these doses refer to the mentioned formulation, not the pure chemical.[20]

In a 2010 study, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate exhibited higher toxicity against bacteria (Vibrio fischeri, Anabaena sp.) and algae (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata) than a number of fluorinated surfactants (PFOS, PFOA, or PFBS). Measuring bioluminescence inhibition of the bacteria and growth inhibition of the algae, the ED50 were in the range of 43–75 mg/l. Combinations of the fluorinated compounds with DSS showed mid to highly synergistic effects in most settings, meaning that such combinations are significantly more toxic than the individual substances.[21]

Freshwater species

The substance is highly toxic for rainbow trout with a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 0.56 mg/l after 48 hours for the pure substance. It is only slightly to moderately toxic for rainbow trout fingerlings, and slightly toxic for harlequin rasboras (LC50 27 mg/l of a 60% formulation after 48 hours).[20]

Society and culture

Brandnames

In the U.S., it is available under multiple brand names: Aqualax, Calube, Colace, Colace Micro-Enema, Correctol Softgel Extra Gentle, DC-240, Dialose, Diocto, Dioctocal, Dioctosoftez, Dioctyn, Dionex, Doc-Q-Lace, Docu Soft, Docucal, Doculax, Docusoft S, DOK, DOS, Doss-Relief, DSS, Dulcolax - Stool Softener (not to be confused with another drug marketed under the Dulcolax brand, bisacodyl, which is a stimulant laxative), Ex-Lax Stool Softener, Fleet Sof-Lax, Genasoft, Kasof, Laxa-basic, Modane Soft, Octycine-100, Pedia-Lax, Preferred Plus Pharmacy Stool Softener, Regulax SS, Sulfalax Calcium, Sur-Q-Lax, Surfak Stool Softener and Therevac-SB. Generic preparations are also available.

In the UK, it sold under the brand name Docusol (Typharm Ltd) and DulcoEase (Boehringer Ingelheim).

In Australia, it is sold as Coloxyl and Coloxyl with senna.

In India, preparations include Laxatin by Alembic, Doslax by Raptakos Laboratories, Cellubril by AstraZeneca, and Laxicon.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 2013 Nurse's Drug Handbook. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. 2013. p. 366. ISBN 9781449642846.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Docusate Salts". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Aug 11, 2015.
  3. 1 2 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (2011-08-15). "Stool Softeners".
  4. ↑ Yaffe, Sumner J. (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9 ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1651. ISBN 9781608317080.
  5. 1 2 Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition (27 ed.). Burlington, Ma.: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 112. ISBN 9781449665869.
  6. ↑ "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
  7. ↑ Michael, fcompiled by; Ash, Irene (2004). Handbook of preservatives. Endicott, N.Y.: Synapse information resources. p. 375. ISBN 9781890595661.
  8. 1 2 drugs.com: Docusate
  9. ↑ nursingTimes.com: Docusate sodium
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Dinnendahl, V, Fricke, U, ed. (2010). Arzneistoff-Profile (in German) 2 (23 ed.). Eschborn, Germany: Govi Pharmazeutischer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7741-9846-3.
  11. ↑ Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (Jun 26, 2014). "Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate or Docusate (Calcium or Sodium) for the Prevention or Management of Constipation: A Review of the Clinical Effectiveness". PMID 25520993.
  12. ↑ Candy, B; Jones, L; Larkin, PJ; Vickerstaff, V; Tookman, A; Stone, P (13 May 2015). "Laxatives for the management of constipation in people receiving palliative care.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 5: CD003448. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003448.pub4. PMID 25967924.
  13. ↑ GlobalRPH.com: How effective is docusate as a cerumenolytic agent?
  14. ↑ Nave, Sandrine; Eastoe, Julian; Penfold, Jeff (November 2000). "What Is So Special about Aerosol-OT? 1. Aqueous Systems". Langmuir 16 (23): 8733–8740. doi:10.1021/la000341q.
  15. ↑ PAN Pesticides Database: Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
  16. ↑ Jasek, W, ed. (2008). Austria-Codex Stoffliste (in German) (41 ed.). Vienna: Österreichischer Apothekerverlag. p. 316. ISBN 978-3-85200-190-6.
  17. ↑ Flynn, P.F. (2004). "Multidimensional multinuclear solution NMR studies of encapsulated macromolecules". Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 45: 31–51. doi:10.1016/j.pnmrs.2004.04.003.
  18. ↑ Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sodium Sulfosuccinate
  19. ↑ ScienceLab.com: Docusate sodium Material Safety Data Sheet
  20. 1 2 PAN Pesticides Database – Chemical Toxicity Studies on Aquatic Organisms: Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate
  21. ↑ Rosal, R; Rodea-Palomares, I; Boltes, K; Fernández-Piñas, F; Leganés, F; Petre, A (2010). "Ecotoxicological assessment of surfactants in the aquatic environment: combined toxicity of docusate sodium with chlorinated pollutants.". Chemosphere 81 (2): 288–93. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.050. PMID 20579683.

External links

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