Detoxification (alternative medicine)

Detoxification (also sometimes called body cleansing) in the context of alternative medicine consists of an approach that aims to rid the body of "toxins" – accumulated harmful substances that allegedly exert undesirable effects on individual health in the short or long term. Detoxification usually includes one or more of the following: dieting, fasting, consuming exclusively or avoiding specific foods (such as fats, carbohydrates, fruits, vegetables, juices, herbs, or water), colon cleansing, chelation therapy, or the removal of dental fillings.^[1][2]

The British organisation Sense About Science has described some detox diets and commercial products as "a waste of time and money";^[3][4] many researchers agree that there is no clinical evidence that such diets are effective.^[5] The "toxins" usually remain undefined, with little to no evidence of toxic accumulation in the patient.^[6]

Background

Suspicions of the inefficacy of purging became widespread by the 1830s.^[7] Biochemistry and microbiology appeared to support auto-intoxication theory in the 19th century, but by the early twentieth century detoxification-based approaches quickly fell out of favour.^[8][9] Even though abandoned by mainstream medicine, the idea has persisted in the popular imagination and amongst alternative-medicine practitioners.^[10][11][12] In recent years, notions of body cleansing have undergone something of a resurgence, along with many other alternative medical approaches. Nonetheless, mainstream medicine continues to produce evidence that the field is unscientific and anachronistic.^[10]

Types

Detox diets

Detox diets are dietary plans that claim to have detoxifying effects. The general idea suggests that most food contains contaminants: ingredients deemed unnecessary for human life, such as flavor enhancers, food colorings, pesticides, and preservatives. Scientists, dietitians, and doctors, while generally viewing "detox diets" as harmless (unless nutritional deficiency results), often dispute the value and need of "detox diets", due to lack of supporting factual evidence or coherent rationale.^[13] In cases where a person suffers from a disease, belief in the efficacy of a detox diet can result in delay or failure to seek effective treatment.^[14]

Detox diets can involve consuming extremely limited sets of foods (only water or juice, for example, a form of fasting^[15] known as juice fasting), eliminating certain foods (such as fats) from the diet,^[16] or eliminating processed foods and alleged irritants.^[17] Detox diets are often high in fiber. Proponents claim that this causes the body to burn accumulated stored fats, releasing fat-stored "toxins" into the blood, which can then be eliminated through the blood, skin, urine, feces and breath. Proponents claim that things such as an altered body-odor support the notion that detox diets have an effect. Opponents counter that the body rids itself of toxins naturally, and a healthy, balanced diet is best for the body.^[2] Although a brief fast of a single day is unlikely to cause harm, prolonged fasting (as recommended by certain detox diets) can have dangerous health consequences or can even be fatal.^[1][18]

Colon cleansing

Colon cleansing involves giving an enema (colonic) containing some salt, and sometimes coffee or herbs to remove food that, according to proponents, remains in the colon, producing nonspecific symptoms and general ill-health. However, the colon usually does not require any help cleaning itself. The practice can be potentially dangerous if incorrectly practised.^[1]

Heavy metals

Practitioners may recommend detoxification as a treatment to address the notion that mercury poisoning arises from consumption of contaminated fish and from dental amalgam fillings – Quackwatch states: "Removing good fillings is not merely a waste of money. In some cases, it results in tooth loss because when fillings are drilled out, some of the surrounding tooth structure will be removed with it.".^[1]

"Detoxification" devices

Certain devices are promoted to allegedly remove toxins from the body. One version involves a foot-bath using a mild electric current, while another involves small adhesive pads applied to the skin (usually the foot). In both cases, the production of an alleged brown "toxin" appears after a brief delay. In the case of the foot bath, the "toxin" is actually small amounts of rusted iron leaching from the electrodes.^[19] The adhesive pads change color due to oxidation of the pads' ingredients in response to the skin's moisture. In both cases, the same color-changes occur irrespective of whether the water or patch even make contact with the skin (they merely require water—thus proving the color-change does not result from any body-detoxification process).^[1]

Criticism

Body cleansing and detoxification have been referred to as an elaborate hoax used by con artists to cure nonexistent illnesses.^[20] Physicians contend that the "toxins" in question do not even exist.^[1][21]

Medical experts state that body cleansing is unnecessary as the human body is naturally capable of maintaining itself, with several organs dedicated to cleansing the blood and the gut.^[22] Alan Boobis OBE, a professor and toxicologist at Imperial College London, states:

The body’s own detoxification systems are remarkably sophisticated and versatile. They have to be, as the natural environment that we evolved in is hostile. It is remarkable that people are prepared to risk seriously disrupting these systems with unproven ‘detox’ diets, which could well do more harm than good.^[13]

The apparently satisfied testimonial and anecdotal accounts by customers may arise through:^[23]

• astroturfing companies or individuals creating false anecdotes
• legitimate customers who are experiencing the placebo effect after using the products
• natural recovery from an actual illness that would have occurred without the use of the product
• psychological improvements on illnesses that are psychosomatic or the result of neurosis
• the lack of a larger number of dissatisfied customers not posting equally applicable anecdotes about their poorer experiences.

References

External links

• Carroll, RT (24 April 2010). "Detoxification therapies". Skepdic.com. Retrieved 23 June 2010.