Deodoro da Fonseca

His Excellency Deodoro da Fonseca
Marshal Deodoro in 1889
1st President of Brazil
In office 15 November 1889 – 23 November 1891
Vice President	None (1889–1891) Floriano Peixoto (1891)
Preceded by	Pedro II (Emperor of Brazil)
Succeeded by	Floriano Peixoto
4th Honorary President of the Superior Military Court
In office 15 November 1889 – 23 November 1891
Preceded by	Emperor D. Pedro II
Succeeded by	Floriano Peixoto
94th President of the Province of São Pedro do Rio Grande do Sul
In office 8 May 1886 – 9 November 1886
Monarch	Pedro II
Preceded by	Baron of Lucena
Succeeded by	Marquess of Abrantes
Personal details
Born	(1827-08-05)5 August 1827 Vila de Santa Maria Madalena da Lagoa do Sul (now Marechal Deodoro), Alagoas, Empire of Brazil
Died	23 August 1892(1892-08-23) (aged 65) Barra Mansa, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Nationality	Brazilian
Political party	Independent
Spouse(s)	Mariana da Fonseca
Awards	Order of the Southern Cross
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	Empire of Brazil Brazil
Service/branch	Brazilian Army
Years of service	1843–1892
Rank	Field Marshal
Battles/wars	Paraguayan War

Proclamation of the Republic on November 15, 1889

Monument where Deodoro da Fonseca is buried.

Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca (Portuguese pronunciation: [mɐnuˈɛɫ deoˈdɔɾu da fõˈsekɐ]; 5 August 1827 – 23 August 1892) was a Brazilian politician and military officer who served as the first President of Brazil. He took office after heading a military coup that deposed Emperor Pedro II and proclaimed the Republic in 1889, disestablishing the Empire, and stepped down little more than two years after his election in 1891, under great political pressure. He is therefore the first Brazilian President to have resigned from office.

Fonseca was born the third child of a large military family in Vila Madalena, Alagoas, a town that today bears his name as Marechal Deodoro, in Northeast Brazil. He was the son of Manuel Mendes da Fonseca Galvão (1785–1859) and his wife Rosa Maria Paulina de Barros Cavalcanti (1802–1873). In the period of the Brazilian Empire, his older brother Severino Martins da Fonseca was nominated the first Baron of Alagoas. Another notable relative was the Portuguese humanist Francisco de Holanda (d. 1585), his remote uncle. Fonseca pursued a military career that was notable for his suppression of the Praieira revolt in Pernambuco in 1848, Brazil's response to the European year of failed liberal revolutions.^[1] He also saw action during the Paraguayan War (1864–1870), attaining the rank of captain. In 1884 he was promoted to the rank of field-marshal, and he later achieved the rank of full marshal. His personal courage, military competence and manly personal style made him a national figure. As Governor of Rio Grande do Sul, Fonseca was courted by republican intellectuals such as Benjamin Constant and Rui Barbosa in the café society of São Paulo. In 1886, alerted that the imperial government was ordering the arrest of prominent republicans, Fonseca went to Rio de Janeiro and assumed leadership of the army faction that was favorable to the abolition of slavery.

Emperor Pedro II had advocated the abolition of slavery for decades, freeing his own slaves in 1840, but he believed slavery should be done away with slowly, so as not to damage the Brazilian economy. His daughter, Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, abolished slavery entirely in 1888, during her third regency (while her father was away from the country). Enraged oligarchs played a role in the subsequent coup d'état. Fonseca's prestige placed him at the head of the military coup that deposed the emperor on 15 November 1889, and he was briefly the head of the provisional government that called a Constituent Congress to draft a new constitution for a United States of Brazil. Soon, however, he was in conflict with the civilian republican leaders. His election as president on 25 February 1891, by a narrow plurality, was backed with military pressure on Congress.

The Fonseca administration, divided by political and personal animosity between the president and Vice President Floriano Peixoto, encountered strong opposition within the Congress, which chose a policy of obstruction. During the first months of his presidency, he permitted his ministers almost unrestricted control of their ministries.^[2] Arbitrary presidential decrees (such as the concession of the port of Torres to a private company and Decree 528 that opened the country to further immigration except by Africans) and the disastrous conduct of economic policy during the bubble of the Encilhamento strengthened the resistance in Congress, which coalesced round Vice-President Peixoto, and soured public opinion. This also caused republicans of the South to withdraw their support from the marshal and provisional government.^[3] The situation reached a crisis stage when Fonseca dissolved the National Congress and declared a "state of emergency" on 3 November 1891. A group of deputies opposed this decision and found support among the high-ranking officers of the Navy, including Admiral Custódio José de Melo. The marshal found himself on the brink of a civil war. On 23 November 1891 he signed a resignation (to no one in particular) and turned over the presidency to Floriano Peixoto.

Deodoro da Fonseca died in Rio de Janeiro on 23 August 1892.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deodoro da Fonseca.

• List of presidents of Brazil

References

• Charles Willis Simmons, Marshal Deodoro and the fall of Dom Pedro II, 1966