Dental consonant

Dental
◌̪
Places of articulation
Tongue shape

A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as /t/, /d/, /n/, and /l/ in some languages. Dentals are primarily distinguished from sounds in which contact is made with the tongue and the gum ridge, as in English (see Alveolar consonant), due to the acoustic similarity of the sounds and the fact that in the Roman alphabet they are generally written using the same symbols (t, d, n, and so on).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the diacritic for dental consonant is U+032A ◌̪ COMBINING BRIDGE BELOW.

Dentals cross-linguistically

For many languages, such as Albanian, Irish or Russian, velarization is generally associated with more dental articulations of coronal consonants so that velarized consonants (such as Albanian /ɫ/) tend to be dental or denti-alveolar, whereas non-velarized consonants tend to be retracted to an alveolar position.[1]

Sanskrit, Hindi and all other Indic languages have an entire set of dental stops that occur phonemically as voiced and voiceless, and with or without aspiration. The nasal /n/ also exists in these languages, but is quite alveolar and apical in articulation. To the Indian speaker, the alveolar /t/ and /d/ of English sound more like the corresponding retroflex consonants of his own language than like the dentals.

Spanish /t/ and /d/ are laminal denti-alveolar,[2] whereas /l/ and /n/ are prototypically alveolar but assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant. Likewise, Italian /t/, /d/, /t͡s/, /d͡z/ are denti-alveolar ([t̪], [d̪], [t̪͡s̪], and [d̪͡z̪] respectively) and /l/ and /n/ become denti-alveolar before a following dental consonant.[3] [4]

Although denti-alveolar consonants are often described as dental, it is the rear-most point of contact that is most relevant, for this is what defines the maximum acoustic space of resonance and will give a consonant its characteristic sound.[5] In the case of French, the rear-most contact is alveolar or sometimes slightly pre-alveolar.

Dental consonants in the world's languages

Dental/denti-alveolar consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet include:

IPA Description Example
Language Orthography IPA Meaning
n̪ dental nasal Russian банк [ban̪k] 'bank'
t̪ voiceless dental stop Finnish tutti [t̪ut̪t̪i] 'pacifier'
d̪ voiced dental stop Arabic دين [d̪iːn] 'religion'
s̪ voiceless dental sibilant fricative Polish kosa [kɔs̪a] 'scythe'
z̪ voiced dental sibilant fricative Polish koza [kɔz̪a] 'goat'
θ voiceless dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")		 English thing [θɪŋ] 'thing'
ð voiced dental nonsibilant fricative
(also often called "interdental")		 English this [ðɪs] 'this'
ð̞ dental approximant Spanish codo [koð̞o] 'elbow'
l̪ dental lateral approximant Spanish alto [al̪t̪o] 'tall'
r̪ dental trill Hungarian ró [r̪oː] 'to carve'
t̪ʼ dental ejective
ɗ̪ voiced dental implosive
ǀ dental click release (many distinct consonants) Xhosa ukúcola [ukʼúkǀola] 'to grind fine'

See also

References

  1. ↑ Recasens & Espinosa (2005:4)
  2. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:257)
  3. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
  4. ↑ Real Academia Española (2011)
  5. ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.

Bibliography

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