Denali

This article is about the mountain. For the surrounding national park, see Denali National Park and Preserve. For other uses, see Denali (disambiguation).
Denali
Mount McKinley

A snow-covered, gently sloping mountain is in the background, with a lake in the foreground

From the north, with Wonder Lake
in the foreground
Highest point
Elevation 20,310 ft (6190 m) top of snow [1][2] NAVD88
Prominence 20,146 ft (6140 m) [3]
Isolation 4629 mi (7450 km) [3]
Listing
Coordinates 63°04′10″N 151°00′27″W / 63.0695°N 151.0074°W / 63.0695; -151.0074Coordinates: 63°04′10″N 151°00′27″W / 63.0695°N 151.0074°W / 63.0695; -151.0074 [4]
Geography
Denali

Alaska

Location Denali National Park and Preserve, Alaska, U.S.
Parent range Alaska Range
Topo map USGS Mt. McKinley A-3
Climbing
First ascent June 7, 1913 by
Hudson Stuck
Harry Karstens
Walter Harper
Robert Tatum
Easiest route West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb)

Denali /dᵻˈnɑːli/[5][6] (also known as Mount McKinley, its former official name)[7] is the highest mountain peak in North America, with a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level. At some 18,000 ft (5,500 m), the base-to-peak rise is the largest of any mountain situated entirely above sea level.[8] With a topographic prominence of 20,156 feet (6,144 m) and a topographic isolation of 4,629 miles (7,450 km), Denali is the third most prominent and third most isolated peak after Mount Everest and Aconcagua. Located in the Alaska Range in the interior of the U.S. state of Alaska, Denali is the centerpiece of Denali National Park and Preserve.

The Koyukon people who inhabit the area around the mountain have referred to the peak as "Denali" for centuries. In 1896, a gold prospector named it "Mount McKinley" in support of then-presidential candidate William McKinley; that name was the official name recognized by the United States government from 1917–2015. In August 2015, following the 1975 lead of the state of Alaska, the U.S. Department of the Interior announced the change of the official name of the mountain to Denali.[9][10] Prior to this, most Alaskans already referred to the mountain as Denali.[7]

In 1903, James Wickersham recorded the first attempt at climbing Denali, which was unsuccessful. In 1906, Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent, which was later proven to be false. The first verifiable ascent to Denali's summit was achieved on June 7, 1913, by climbers Hudson Stuck, Harry Karstens, Walter Harper, and Robert Tatum, who went by the South Summit. In 1951, Bradford Washburn pioneered the West Buttress route, considered to be the safest and easiest route, and therefore the most popular currently in use.[11]

On September 2, 2015, the U.S. Geological Survey announced that the mountain is 20,310 feet (6,190 m) high,[1] not 20,320 feet (6,194 m), as measured in 1952 using photogrammetry.

Geology and features

Denali is a granitic pluton lifted by tectonic pressure from the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North American Plate; at the same time, the sedimentary material above and around the mountain was stripped away by erosion.[12] The forces that lifted Denali also cause many deep earthquakes in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. The Pacific Plate is seismically active beneath Denali, a tectonic region that is known as the "McKinley cluster".[13]

Denali has a summit elevation of 20,310 feet (6,190 m) above sea level, making it the highest peak in North America and the northernmost mountain above 6,000 meters elevation in the world.[1] Measured from base to peak at some 18,000 ft (5,500 m), it is also the largest of any mountain entirely above sea level.[8] Denali rises from a sloping plain with elevations from 1,000 to 3,000 ft (300 to 910 m), for a base-to-peak height of 17,000 to 19,000 ft (5,000 to 6,000 m).[14] By comparison, Mount Everest rises from the Tibetan Plateau at a much higher base elevation. Base elevations for Everest range from 13,800 ft (4,200 m) on the south side to 17,100 ft (5,200 m) on the Tibetan Plateau, for a base-to-peak height in the range of 12,000 to 15,300 ft (3,700 to 4,700 m).[15] Denali's base-to-peak height is little more than half the 33,500 ft (10,200 m) of the volcano Mauna Kea, which lies mostly under water.[16]

Layout of the mountain

Denali has two significant summits: the South Summit is the higher one, while the North Summit has an elevation of 19,470 ft (5,934 m)[12] and a prominence of approximately 1,270 ft (387 m).[17] The North Summit is sometimes counted as a separate peak (see e.g., fourteener) and sometimes not; it is rarely climbed, except by those doing routes on the north side of the massif.

Five large glaciers flow off the slopes of the mountain. The Peters Glacier lies on the northwest side of the massif, while the Muldrow Glacier falls from its northeast slopes. Just to the east of the Muldrow, and abutting the eastern side of the massif, is the Traleika Glacier. The Ruth Glacier lies to the southeast of the mountain, and the Kahiltna Glacier leads up to the southwest side of the mountain.[18][19] With a length of 44 mi (71 km), the Kahiltna Glacier is the longest glacier in the Alaska Range.

Naming

The Koyukon Athabaskans who inhabit the area around the mountain have for centuries referred to the peak as Dinale or Denali. The name is based on a Koyukon word for "high" or "tall".[20] During the Russian ownership of Alaska, the common name for the mountain was Bolshaya Gora (Russian: Большая Гора, bolshaya = Russian for big; gora = Russian for mountain), which is the Russian translation of Denali.[21] It was briefly called Densmore's Mountain in the late 1880s and early 1890s[22] after Frank Densmore, an Alaskan prospector who was the first European to reach the base of the mountain.[23]

In 1896, a gold prospector named it McKinley as political support for then-presidential candidate William McKinley, who became president the following year. The United States formally recognized the name Mount McKinley after President Wilson signed the Mount McKinley National Park Act of February 26, 1917.[24] In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson declared the north and south peaks of the mountain the "Churchill Peaks", in honor of British statesman Winston Churchill.[25] The Alaska Board of Geographic Names changed the name of the mountain to Denali in 1975, which was how it is called locally.[7][26] However, a request in 1975 from the Alaska state legislature to the United States Board on Geographic Names to do the same at the federal level was blocked by Ohio congressman Ralph Regula, whose district included McKinley's hometown of Canton.[27]

On August 30, 2015, just ahead of a presidential visit to Alaska, the Barack Obama administration announced that the name Denali would be restored in line with the Alaska Geographic Board's designation.[10][28] U.S. Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell issued the order changing the name to Denali on August 28, 2015, effective immediately.[9] Jewell said the change had been "a long time coming".[29] The renaming of the mountain received praise from Alaska's senior U.S. senator, Lisa Murkowski,[30] who had previously introduced legislation to accomplish the name change,[31] but it drew criticism from several Ohio politicians, such as Governor John Kasich, U.S. Senator Rob Portman, U.S. House Speaker John Boehner, and Representative Bob Gibbs, who described Obama's action as "constitutional overreach" because he said an act of Congress is required to rename the mountain;[32][33][34] The Alaska Dispatch News reported that the Secretary of the Interior has authority under federal law to change geographic names when the Board of Geographic Names does not act on a naming request within a "reasonable" period of time. Jewell told the Alaska Dispatch News that "I think any of us would think that 40 years is an unreasonable amount of time."[35]

Indigenous names for Denali can be found in seven different Alaskan languages.[36] The names fall into two categories. To the south of the Alaska Range in the Dena'ina and Ahtna languages the mountain is known by names that are translated as "big mountain". To the north of the Alaska Range in the Lower Tanana, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Holikachuk, and Deg Xinag languages the mountain is known by names that are translated as "the high one",[37] "the tall one" (Koyukon, Lower and Middle Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim, Deg Xinag, and Holikachuk), or "big mountain" (Ahtna and Dena'ina).[38] Asked about the importance of the mountain and its name, Will Mayo, former president of the Tanana Chiefs Conference, an organization that represents 42 Athabaskan tribes in the Alaskan interior, said “It’s not one homogeneous belief structure around the mountain, but we all agree that we’re all deeply gratified by the acknowledgment of the importance of Denali to Alaska’s people."[39]

The following table lists the Alaskan Athabascan names for Denali.[38]

Literal meaning Native language Spelling in the
local practical alphabet		 Spelling in a
standardized alphabet		 IPA transcription
'the tall one' Koyukon Deenaalee Diinaalii /diˈnæli/
Lower Tanana Deenadheet, Deenadhee Diinaadhiit, Diinaadhii /diˈnæðid/
Middle Tanana Diineezi Diinaadhi /diˈnæði/
Upper Kuskokwim Denaze Diinaazii /diˈnæzi/
Deg Xinag Dengadh, Dengadhi Dengadh, Dengadhe /dɛˈŋað, dɛˈŋaðɛ/
Holikachuk Denadhe Diinaadhii /diˈnæði/
'big mountain' Ahtna Dghelaay Ce'e, Deghilaay Ce'e Dghelaay Ke'e, Deghilaay Ke'e /dɣɛˈlɔj ˈkɛˀɛ/
Upper Inlet Dena'ina Dghelay Ka'a Dghelay Ka'a /dɣɛˈlaj ˈkaˀa/
Lower Inlet Dena'ina Dghili Ka'a Dghili Ka'a /dɣili ˈkaˀa/

History

In a grayscale photograph, two men stand in front of a tent and snowy evergreen trees
Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens, co-leaders of the first successful summit of Denali in 1913

The Koyukon Athabaskans, living in the Yukon, Tanana and Kuskokwim basins, were the first Native Americans with access to the flanks of the mountain.[4] A British naval captain and explorer, George Vancouver, is the first European on record to have sighted Denali, when he noted "distant stupendous mountains" while surveying the Knik Arm of the Cook Inlet on May 6, 1794.[40] The Russian explorer Lavrenty Zagoskin explored the Tanana and Kuskokwim rivers in 1843 and 1844, and was likely the first European to sight the mountain from the other side.[41]

William Dickey, a New Hampshire-born resident of Seattle, Washington who had been digging for gold in the sands of the Susitna River, wrote, after his returning from Alaska, an account in the New York Sun that appeared on January 24, 1897.[42] His report drew attention with the sentence "We have no doubt that this peak is the highest in North America, and estimate that it is over 20,000 feet (6,100 m) high." Until then, Mount Logan in Canada's Yukon Territory was believed to be the continent’s highest point. Though later praised for his estimate, Dickey admitted that other prospector parties had also guessed the mountain to be over 20,000 feet (6,100 m).[43]

The reverse side of the Denali National Park quarter

On November 5, 2012, the United States Mint released a twenty-five cent piece depicting Denali National Park. It is the fifteenth of the America the Beautiful Quarters series. The reverse features a Dall sheep with the peak of Denali in the background.[44]

Climbing history

The first recorded attempt to climb Denali was by Judge James Wickersham in 1903, via the Peters Glacier and the North Face, now known as the Wickersham Wall. Because of the route's history of avalanche danger, it was not successfully climbed until 1963.[45]

Famed explorer Dr. Frederick Cook claimed the first ascent of the mountain in 1906. His claim was regarded with some suspicion from the start, but was also widely believed. It was later proved false, with some crucial evidence provided by Bradford Washburn when he was sketched on a lower peak.

Several tents are pitched near the edge of a snow-covered cliff
High camp (17,200 ft or 5,200 m) of the West Buttress Route pioneered by Bradford Washburn, photographed in 2001

In 1910, four area locals - Tom Lloyd, Peter Anderson, Billy Taylor, and Charles McGonagall - known as the Sourdough Expedition, attempted to climb Denali despite a lack of climbing experience. The group spent approximately three months on the mountain. Their purported summit ascent day included carrying a bag of doughnuts each, a thermos of hot chocolate, and a 14-foot (4.2 m) spruce pole. Two of them reached the North Summit, the lower of the two, and erected the pole near the top. According to the group, the time they took to reach the summit was a total of 18 hours. Until the first ascent in 1913, their claims were disbelieved, in part due to false claims they had climbed both summits.

In 1912, the Parker-Browne expedition nearly reached the summit, turning back within just a few hundred yards of it due to harsh weather. Hours after their ascent, a massive earthquake (the Great Earthquake of 1912) shattered the glacier they had ascended.[46][47]

The first ascent of the main summit of Denali came on June 7, 1913, by a party led by Hudson Stuck and Harry Karstens. The first man to reach the summit was Walter Harper, an Alaska Native. Robert Tatum also made the summit. Using the mountain's contemporary name, Tatum later commented, "The view from the top of Mount McKinley is like looking out the windows of Heaven!"[48] They ascended the Muldrow Glacier route pioneered by the earlier expeditions, which is still often climbed today. Stuck confirmed, via binoculars, the presence of a large pole near the North Summit; this report confirmed the Sourdough ascent, and today it is widely believed that the Sourdoughs did succeed on the North Summit. However, the pole was never seen before or since, so there is still some doubt. Stuck also discovered that the Parker-Browne party were only about 200 feet (61 m) of elevation short of the true summit when they turned back.

The mountain is regularly climbed today; in 2003, around 58% of climbers reached the top. But by 2003, the mountain had claimed the lives of nearly 100 mountaineers over time.[49] The vast majority of climbers use the West Buttress Route, pioneered in 1951 by Bradford Washburn,[11] after an extensive aerial photographic analysis of the mountain. Climbers typically take two to four weeks to ascend Denali.

Timeline

An aerial view of Denali; an airplane wing is visible in the lower-left corner
Denali's West Buttress (lower left to upper right), August 2010
A rotating 3-D computer image of the mountain
A three-dimensional representation of the mountain created with topographic data
In an aerial image, a mountain is surrounded by many smaller mountains and a glacier
South view from 27,000 feet (8,200 m)

Weather station

Denali seen through a green field
The east side viewed from Denali National Park and Preserve, which surrounds the mountain

The Japan Alpine Club installed a meteorological station on a ridge near the summit of Denali at an altitude of 18,733 feet (5,710 m) in 1990.[70] In 1998, this weather station was donated to the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.[70] In June 2002, a weather station was placed at the 19,000-foot (5,800 m) level. This weather station was designed to transmit data in real-time for use by the climbing public and the science community. Since its establishment, annual upgrades to the equipment have been performed with instrumentation custom built for the extreme weather and altitude conditions. This weather station is the third-highest weather station in the world.[71]

The weather station recorded a temperature of −75.5 °F (−59.7 °C) on December 1, 2003. On the previous day of November 30, 2003, a temperature of −74.4 °F (−59.1 °C) combined with a wind speed of 18.4 miles per hour (29.6 km/h) to produce a North American record windchill of −118.1 °F (−83.4 °C).

Even in July, this weather station has recorded temperatures as low as −22.9 °F (−30.5 °C) and windchills as low as −59.2 °F (−50.7 °C).

Historical record

The mountain is characterized by extremely cold weather. Temperatures as low as −75.5 °F (−59.7 °C) and wind chills as low as −118.1 °F (−83.4 °C) have been recorded by an automated weather station located at 18,733 feet (5,700 m). According to the National Park Service, in 1932 the Liek-Lindley expedition recovered a self-recording minimum thermometer left near Browne's Tower, at about 15,000 feet (4,600 m), on Denali by the Stuck-Karstens party in 1913. The spirit thermometer was calibrated down to −95 °F (−71 °C), and the lowest recorded temperature was below that point. Harry J. Lek took the thermometer back to Washington, D.C. where it was tested by the United States Weather Bureau and found to be accurate. The lowest temperature that it had recorded was found to be approximately −100 °F (−73 °C).[72] Another thermometer was placed at the 15,000 feet (4,600 m) level by the U.S. Army Natick Laboratory, and was there from 1950 to 1969. The coldest temperature recorded during that period was also −100 °F (−73 °C).[73]

Subpeaks and nearby mountains

The top of Denali is shrouded in clouds
Denali, here shrouded in clouds, is large enough to create its own localized weather

Besides the North Summit mentioned above, other features on the massif which are sometimes included as separate peaks are:

Nearby peaks include:

Taxonomic honors

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Mark Newell; Blaine Horner (September 2, 2015). "New Elevation for Nation’s Highest Peak" (Press release). USGS. Retrieved September 26, 2015.
  2. ↑ Wagner, Mary Jo (November 2015). "Surveying at 20,000 feet". The American Surveyor 12 (10): 10–19. ISSN 1548-2669.
  3. 1 2 "Denali, Alaska". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Denali". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
  5. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach, James Hartmann and Jane Setter, eds., English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  6. ↑ "Denali". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 Mr. Wyden, from the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources (September 10, 2013). "Senate Report 113-93 - Designation of Denali in the State of Alaska". U.S. Government Publishing Office. Retrieved 2015-09-16. The State of Alaska changed the name of the mountain to Denali in 1975, although the U.S. Board on Geographic Names has continued to use the name Mount McKinley. Today most Alaskans refer to Mount McKinley as Denali.
  8. 1 2 Helman, Adam (2005). The Finest Peaks: Prominence and Other Mountain Measures. Trafford. p. 9. ISBN 1412236649. the base to peak rise of Mt. McKinley is the largest of any mountain that lies entirely above sea level, some 18,000 feet.
  9. 1 2 "Denali Name Change" (PDF) (Press release). U.S. Department of the Interior. August 28, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  10. 1 2 Campbell, Jon (August 30, 2015). "Old Name Officially Returns to Nation’s Highest Peak". U.S. Board of Geographic Names (U.S. Geological Survey). Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 Roberts, David (April 2007). "The Geography of Brad Washburn (1910-2007)". National Geographic Adventure. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  12. 1 2 Brease, P. (May 2003). "GEO-FAQS #1 – General Geologic Features" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  13. ↑ Hanson, Roger A. "Earthquake and Seismic Monitoring in Denali National Park" (PDF). National Park Service. pp. 23–25. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  14. ↑ Clark, Liesl (2000). "NOVA Online: Surviving Denali, The Mission". NOVA. Public Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2007-06-07.
  15. ↑ Mount Everest (Map). 1:50,000. Cartography by Bradford Washburn. 1991. ISBN 3-85515-105-9. Prepared for the Boston Museum of Science, the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research, and the National Geographic Society
  16. ↑ "Mountains: Highest Points on Earth". National Geographic. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  17. ↑ "Mount McKinley-North Peak, Alaska". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  18. ↑ "Denali National Park and Preserve". AreaParks.com. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  19. ↑ "Denali National Park". PlanetWare. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  20. ↑ Martinson, Erica (August 30, 2015). "McKinley no more: America's tallest peak to be renamed Denali". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved August 31, 2015. The name “Denali” is derived from the Koyukon name and is based on a verb theme meaning “high” or “tall,” according to linguist James Kari of the Alaska Native Language Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, in the book “Shem Pete’s Alaska.” It doesn't mean "the great one," as is commonly believed, Kari wrote.
  21. ↑ Dictionary of Alaska Place Names (PDF). United States Department of the Interior. 1976. p. 610. ISBN 0944780024..
  22. ↑ Norris, Frank. "Crown Jewel of the North: An Administrative History of Denali National Park and Preserve, Vol. 1" (PDF). National Park Service. p. 1.
  23. ↑ Berton, Pierre (1990) [1972]. Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899 (revised ed.). p. 84. ISBN 0-14-011759-8. OCLC 19392422.
  24. ↑ http://books.google.com/books?id=iXk1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA558&lpg=PA558&dq=1917+mckinley+national+park+act&source=bl&ots=RKllG6f-x3&sig=gtP360oa0zTouyCFNCb4AWb_z3E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=a25hU_yFCqmrsQTs34HwBw&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=1917%20mckinley%20national%20park%20act&f=false
  25. ↑ Johnson, Lyndon B. (October 23, 1965). "Statement by the President Designating Two Peaks of Mount McKinley in Honor of Sir Winston Churchill". The American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved December 29, 2015.
  26. ↑ Senator Ron Wyden (September 10, 2013). "Senate Report 113-93, Designation of Denali in the State of Alaska". US Government Publishing Office. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  27. ↑ Monmonier, Mark (1995). Drawing the Line: Tales of Maps and Cartocontroversy. Henry Holt and Company. p. 67. ISBN 0-8050-2581-2. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
  28. ↑ Richardson, Jeff (August 30, 2015). "Denali to be restored as name of North America's tallest mountain". Fairbanks Daily News-Miner. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  29. ↑ "President Obama OKs renaming of Mount McKinley to Denali". Alaska Dispatch News. August 30, 2015. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
  30. ↑ Matthew Smith - "Murkowski thanks Obama for restoring Denali", (video) Alaska Public Radio, KNOM, Nome, August 31, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-01
  31. ↑ Michael A. Memoli - "Mt. McKinley, America's Tallest Peak, is Getting Back its Original Name: Denali", Los Angeles Times, August 30, 2015. Retrieved 2015-09-1
  32. ↑ "Ohio lawmakers slam Obama plans to rename Mt. McKinley 'Denali' during Alaska trip". Fox News. August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  33. ↑ Glionna, John M. (August 31, 2015). "It's back to Denali, but some McKinley supporters may be in denial". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Ohio Gov. Kasich opposes changing name of Mount McKinley". KTUU. Associated Press. August 31, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  35. ↑ Martinson, Erica (August 30, 2015). "McKinley no more: North America's tallest peak to be renamed Denali". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
  36. ↑ Kari, James. 1981. Native names celebrate the mountain's grandeur. Now in the North, February.
  37. ↑ Robert Hedin and Gary Holthaus (1989), Alaska: Reflections on Land and Spirit, p. 95
  38. 1 2 Kari, James (2003), Names for Denali/Mt. McKinley in Alaska Native Languages, pp.211-213.
  39. ↑ Thiessen, Mark (2015-08-31). "Renaming Mount McKinley to Denali: 9 questions answered". Associated Press. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  40. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 42.
  41. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 44.
  42. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 47.
  43. ↑ Sherwonit, Bill (2000-10-01). Denali: A Literary Anthology. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-89886-710-X. See, particularly, chapter 4 (pages 52–61): "Discoveries in Alaska", 1897, by William A. Dickey.
  44. ↑ "Denali National Park Quarter". National Park Quarters. Retrieved 2013-03-17.
  45. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 139.
  46. ↑ "North peak of Mount McKinley: A Timely Escape". The American Alpine Club. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  47. ↑ Heacox, Kim (2015). Rhythm of the Wild: A Life Inspired by Alaska's Denali National Park. Connecticut: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 55–56. ISBN 9781493003891. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  48. ↑ Coombs & Washburn 1997, p. 26.
  49. ↑ Glickman, Joe (August 24, 2003). "Man Against the Great One". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  50. 1 2 Borneman, Walter R. (2003). Alaska: Saga of a Bold Land. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-050306-8. Retrieved 2013-02-13.
  51. ↑ Stuck, Hudson. The Ascent of Denali.
  52. ↑ Verschoth, Anita (March 28, 1977). "Mount Mckinley On Cross-country Skis And Other High Old Tales". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved 2013-03-18.
  53. ↑ Waterman 1998, p. 31.
  54. 1 2 3 4 "Historical Timeline". Denali National Park and Preserve. National Park Service. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
  55. ↑ "Denali (Mount McKinley)". SummitPost.org. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  56. 1 2 "Cassin Ridge" (PDF). supertopo.com. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
  57. ↑ ""
  58. ↑ Geiger, John (2009). The Third Man Factor. Weinstein Books. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-60286-116-9. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  59. ↑ "Climb Mount McKinley, Alaska". National Geographic. Retrieved 2013-03-21.
  60. ↑ Blomberg, Gregg (1968). "The Winter 1967 Mount McKinley Expedition". American Alpine Club. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  61. ↑ Tabor, James M. (2007). Forever on the Mountain: The Truth Behind One of Mountaineering's Most Controversial and Mysterious Disasters. W. W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-06174-4.
  62. ↑ Babcock, Jeffrey T. (2012). Should I Not Return: The Most Controversial Tragedy in the History of North American Mountaineering!. Publication Consultants. ISBN 978-1-59433-270-8.
  63. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 214.
  64. ↑ Beckey 1993, p. 298.
  65. ↑ "Exposure, Weather, Climbing Alone — Alaska Mount McKinley". Accident Reports. American Alpine Journal 5 (2): 25. 1985. Retrieved 2015-03-08.
  66. ↑ "Mount McKinley, South Face, New Route". Climbs And Expeditions. American Alpine Journal (Golden, Colorado: American Alpine Club) 26 (58): 174. 1985. ISSN 0065-6925.
  67. ↑ "Denali First Ascents and Interesting Statistics" (PDF). National Park Service.
  68. ↑ "North America, United States, Alaska, Denali National Park, Denali, Butte Direct". American Alpine Journal (Golden, Colorado: American Alpine Club) 40 (72): 217. 1998. ISSN 0065-6925.
  69. ↑ Secor 1998, p. 35.
  70. 1 2 Rozell, Ned (July 17, 2003). "Mountaineering and Science Meet on Mt. McKinley". Ketchikan, Alaska: Sitnews. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  71. ↑ "Japanese install probe on tallest US peak". The Japan Times. July 17, 2006. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  72. ↑ Dixon, Joseph S. (1938). Fauna of the National Parks of the United States. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved 2013-01-24.
  73. ↑ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/the-coldest-places-on-earth Wunderground.com - Weather Extremes: The Coldest Places On Earth

Bibliography

External links

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