Demographics of Canada

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1851	2,414,519	—
1861	3,174,442	+31.5%
1871	3,689,000	+16.2%
1881	4,325,000	+17.2%
1891	4,833,000	+11.7%
1901	5,371,000	+11.1%
1911	7,207,000	+34.2%
1921	8,788,000	+21.9%
1931	10,377,000	+18.1%
1941	11,507,000	+10.9%
1951	14,050,000	+22.1%
1961	18,271,000	+30.0%
1971	21,962,032	+20.2%
1981	24,819,915	+13.0%
1991	28,037,420	+13.0%
2001	31,020,596	+10.6%
2011	34,342,780	+10.7%
Starting in 1951, figures represent third quarter populations (July 1). Source: Statistics Canada, 1851–1941[1] and 1951–2011[2]

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Canada, including population density, ethnicity, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population, the People of Canada.

Population

The Canada 2011 Census had a total population count of 33,476,688 individuals, making up approximately 0.5% of the world's total population.^[3][4] Estimates have the population around 35 million as of December 2012.^[5]

Ethnic origin[Note 1]	Canadian	English	French	Scottish	Irish	German	Italian	Chinese	First Nations	Ukrainian	Dutch
Canada	32.1	19.8	15.4	14.3	13.8	9.7	4.5	4.5	4.1	3.8	3.2
Ontario	23	24.7	11.2	17.5	16.5	9.5	7.2	5.4	2.6	2.8	4.1
Quebec	60.1	3.3	28.8	2.7	5.5	1.8	4.0	1.2	3.0	0.4	0.3
British Columbia	17.7	29.6	8.9	20.3	15.2	13.8	3.5	10.6	4.7	4.8	4.8
Alberta	21.8	24.9	11.1	18.8	15.8	19.2	2.5	4.4	5.0	9.7	5.1
Manitoba	18.2	22.1	13.1	18.5	13.4	19.1	1.6	1.5	10.6	14.7	4.9
Newfoundland and Labrador	53.4	39.4	5.4	6.0	19.7	1.2	0.2	0.2	3.1	0.1	0.3
Prince Edward Island	44.9	28.7	21.3	38	27.9	4.1	0.5	0.1	1.0	0.3	3.1
Nova Scotia	37.6	34.2	18	29.8	24.5	12	1.8	1.0	3.4	1.1	4.0
New Brunswick	57.8	23	26.8	17.7	18.9	3.8	1.7	1.1	3.3	0.1	1.8
Saskatchewan	25	24.5	11.4	17.9	14.5	28.6	0.5	1.0	10.5	12.6	3.4

Provinces and territories

Province or territory	Population	Percentage	Total land area (km2)	Density (people/km2)	House of Commons seats	People per seat
Ontario	7007128518210000000♠12,851,821	38.39%	7006107639500000000♠1,076,395	12.19	121	7005106213000000000♠106,213
Quebec	7006790300100000000♠7,903,001	23.61%	7006136512800000000♠1,365,128	5.76	78	7005101321000000000♠101,321
British Columbia	7006440005700000000♠4,400,057	13.14%	7005925186000000000♠925,186	4.84	42	7005104763000000000♠104,763
Alberta	7006364525700000000♠3,645,257	10.89%	7005642317000000000♠642,317	5.77	34	7005107213000000000♠107,213
Manitoba	7006120826800000000♠1,208,268	3.61%	7005553556000000000♠553,556	2.22	14	7004863050000000000♠86,305
Saskatchewan	7006103338100000000♠1,033,381	3.09%	7005591670000000000♠591,670	1.75	14	7004738130000000000♠73,813
Nova Scotia	7005921727000000000♠921,727	2.75%	7004533380000000000♠53,338	17.63	11	7004837930000000000♠83,793
New Brunswick	7005751171000000000♠751,171	2.24%	7004714500000000000♠71,450	10.50	10	7004751170000000000♠75,117
Newfoundland and Labrador	7005514536000000000♠514,536	1.54%	7005373872000000000♠373,872	1.36	7	7004735050000000000♠73,505
Prince Edward Island	7005140204000000000♠140,204	0.42%	7003566000000000000♠5,660	24.98	4	7004350510000000000♠35,051
Northwest Territories	7004414620000000000♠41,462	0.12%	7006118308500000000♠1,183,085	0.04	1	7004414620000000000♠41,462
Yukon	7004338970000000000♠33,897	0.10%	7005474391000000000♠474,391	0.07	1	7004338970000000000♠33,897
Nunavut	7004319060000000000♠31,906	0.09%	7006193611300000000♠1,936,113	0.02	1	7004319060000000000♠31,906
Canada	7007334766880000000♠33,476,688	100%	7006925216100000000♠9,252,161	3.73	338	7004990430000000000♠99,043

Sources: Statistics Canada^[6][7]

Cities

Largest cities or towns in Canada 2011 Census[8]
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Toronto Montreal	1	Toronto	Ontario	2,615,060	11	Quebec City	Quebec	516,622	Calgary Ottawa
	2	Montreal	Quebec	1,649,519	12	Surrey	British Columbia	468,251
	3	Calgary	Alberta	1,096,833	13	Laval	Quebec	401,553
	4	Ottawa	Ontario	883,391	14	Halifax	Nova Scotia	390,096
	5	Edmonton	Alberta	812,201	15	London	Ontario	366,151
	6	Mississauga	Ontario	713,443	16	Markham	Ontario	301,709
	7	Winnipeg	Manitoba	663,617	17	Vaughan	Ontario	288,301
	8	Vancouver	British Columbia	603,502	18	Gatineau	Quebec	265,349
	9	Brampton	Ontario	523,911	19	Longueuil	Quebec	231,409
	10	Hamilton	Ontario	519,949	20	Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	222,189

Census metropolitan areas

Largest metropolitan areas in Canada by population (2011 Census)
Name	Province	Population	Name	Province	Population
Toronto	Ontario	5,583,064	London	Ontario	474,786
Montreal	Quebec	3,824,221	St. Catharines–Niagara	Ontario	392,184
Vancouver	British Columbia	2,313,328	Halifax	Nova Scotia	390,328
Ottawa–Gatineau	Ontario–Quebec	1,236,324	Oshawa	Ontario	356,177
Calgary	Alberta	1,214,839	Victoria	British Columbia	344,615
Edmonton	Alberta	1,159,869	Windsor	Ontario	319,246
Quebec	Quebec	0765,706	Saskatoon	Saskatchewan	260,600
Winnipeg	Manitoba	0730,018	Regina	Saskatchewan	210,556
Hamilton	Ontario	0721,053	Sherbrooke	Quebec	201,890
Kitchener–Cambridge–Waterloo	Ontario	0477,160	St. John's	Newfoundland and Labrador	196,966

Population growth rates

According to OECD/World Bank, the population in Canada increased from 1990 to 2008 with 5.6 million and 20.4% growth in population, compared to 21.7% growth in the United States and 31.2% growth in Mexico. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics, between 1990–2008 the world population growth was 27%, a total of 1,423 million people.^[9]

Rank	Province or territory	Population (2011)	Population (2006)	Difference	Change (%)
1	Ontario	7007128518210000000♠12,851,821	7007121602820000000♠12,160,282	7005691539000000000♠691,539	5.7
2	Quebec	7006790300100000000♠7,903,001	7006754613100000000♠7,546,131	7005356870000000000♠356,870	4.7
3	British Columbia	7006440005700000000♠4,400,057	7006411348700000000♠4,113,487	7005286570000000000♠286,570	7.0
4	Alberta	7006364525700000000♠3,645,257	7006329035000000000♠3,290,350	7005354907000000000♠354,907	10.8
5	Manitoba	7006120826800000000♠1,208,268	7006114840100000000♠1,148,401	7004598670000000000♠59,867	5.2
6	Saskatchewan	7006103338100000000♠1,033,381	7005968157000000000♠968,157	7004652240000000000♠65,224	6.7
7	Nova Scotia	7005921727000000000♠921,727	7005913462000000000♠913,462	7003826500000000000♠8,265	0.9
8	New Brunswick	7005751171000000000♠751,171	7005729997000000000♠729,997	7004211740000000000♠21,174	2.9
9	Newfoundland and Labrador	7005514536000000000♠514,536	7005505469000000000♠505,469	7003906700000000000♠9,067	1.8
10	Prince Edward Island	7005140204000000000♠140,204	7005135851000000000♠135,851	7003435300000000000♠4,353	3.2
11	Northwest Territories	7004414620000000000♠41,462	7004414640000000000♠41,464	2999800000000000000♠−2	0.0
12	Yukon	7004338970000000000♠33,897	7004303720000000000♠30,372	7003352500000000000♠3,525	11.6
13	Nunavut	7004319060000000000♠31,906	7004294740000000000♠29,474	7003243200000000000♠2,432	8.3
Total	Canada	7007334766880000000♠33,476,688	7007316128970000000♠31,612,897	7006186379100000000♠1,863,791	5.9

Derived from: Statistics Canada – (table) Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2011 and 2006 Censuses – 100% Data

Population projection

Population projections - High-growth scenario (Statistics Canada) Year Pop. ±% 2011 33,470,000 —     2021 39,110,000 +16.9% 2031 44,430,000 +13.6% 2041 49,900,000 +12.3% 2051 56,070,000 +12.4% 2061 63,000,000 +12.4% [10]

Canada population projection, 2010 est. (US Census Bureau) Year Pop. ±% 2020 36,387,000 —     2030 38,565,000 +6.0% 2040 40,070,000 +3.9% 2050 41,136,000 +2.7% [11]

Vital statistics

[12][13][14]	Average population (x 1,000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Birth rate (per 1,000)	Death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)
1900	5,500	150,000	89,000	61,000	27.2	16.2	11.0
1901	5,600	175,000	79,000	96,000	31.2	14.1	17.1
1902	5,760	180,000	77,000	103,000	31.3	13.4	17.9
1903	5,930	186,000	78,000	108,000	31.3	13.2	18.1
1904	6,100	192,000	82,000	110,000	31.4	13.5	17.9
1905	6,280	195,000	82,000	113,000	31.0	13.0	18.0
1906	6,460	193,000	85,000	108,000	29.9	13.2	16.7
1907	6,650	196,000	85,000	111,000	29.5	12.8	16.7
1908	6,850	208,000	86,000	122,000	30.3	12.6	17.7
1909	7,040	213,000	90,000	123,000	30.2	12.8	17.4
1910	7,250	220,000	95,000	125,000	30.4	13.1	17.3
1911	7,460	225,000	100,000	125,000	30.1	13.4	16.7
1912	7,610	238,000	99,000	139,000	31.3	13.0	19.3
1913	7,760	246,000	102,000	144,000	31.7	13.1	19.6
1914	7,910	252,000	100,000	152,000	31.9	12.6	19.3
1915	8,060	257,000	101,000	156,000	31.9	12.5	19.4
1916	8,220	252,000	107,000	145,000	30.7	13.0	17.7
1917	8,380	244,000	106,000	138,000	29.1	12.7	16.4
1918	8,450	243,000	134,000	109,000	28.8	15.9	12.9
1919	8,710	241,000	119,000	122,000	27.7	13.7	14.0
1920	8,880	259,000	118,000	141,000	29.2	13.3	15.9
1921	9,060	265,000	105,000	160,000	29.3	11.6	17.7
1922	9,230	261,000	107,000	154,000	28.3	11.6	16.7
1923	9,400	251,000	111,000	140,000	26.7	11.8	14.9
1924	9,560	255,000	104,000	151,000	26.7	10.9	15.8
1925	9,730	254,000	104,000	150,000	26.1	10.7	15.4
1926	9,890	244,000	113,000	131,000	24.7	11.4	13.3
1927	10,040	244,000	110,000	134,000	24.3	11.0	13.3
1928	10,190	246,000	114,000	132,000	24.1	11.2	12.9
1929	10,350	243,000	118,000	125,000	23.5	11.4	12.1
1930	10,498	251,000	113,000	138,000	23.9	10.8	13.1
1931	10,630	247,000	108,000	139,000	23.2	10.2	13.0
1932	10,794	243,000	108,000	135,000	22.5	10.0	12.5
1933	10,919	229,000	106,000	123,000	21.0	9.7	11.3
1934	11,029	228,296	105,277	123,019	20.7	9.5	11.2
1935	11,135	228,396	109,724	118,672	20.5	9.9	10.6
1936	11,242	227,980	111,111	116,869	20.3	9.9	10.4
1937	11,339	227,878	118,019	109,859	20.1	10.4	9.7
1938	11,448	237,091	110,647	126,444	20.7	9.7	11.0
1939	11,565	237,991	112,729	125,262	20.6	9.7	10.9
1940	11,682	252,577	114,717	137,860	21.6	9.8	11.8
1941	11,810	263,993	118,797	145,196	22.4	10.1	12.3
1942	11,962	281,569	117,110	164,459	23.5	9.8	13.7
1943	12,125	292,943	122,640	170,303	24.2	10.1	14.1
1944	12,291	283,967	120,393	163,574	24.0	9.8	14.2
1945	12,441	300,570	117,319	183,251	24.3	9.5	14.8
1946	12,637	343,504	118,785	224,719	27.2	9.4	17.8
1947	12,919	372,443	121,478	250,965	28.9	9.4	19.5
1948	13,167	359,860	122,974	236,886	27.3	9.3	18.0
1949	13,475	367,092	124,567	242,525	27.2	9.2	18.0
1950	13,737	372,009	124,220	247,789	27.1	9.0	18.0
1951	14,050	381,092	125,823	255,269	27.1	9.0	18.2
1952	14,496	403,559	126,385	277,174	27.8	8.7	19.1
1953	14,886	417,884	127,791	290,093	28.1	8.6	19.5
1954	15,330	436,198	124,855	311,343	28.5	8.1	20.3
1955	15,736	442,937	128,476	314,461	28.1	8.2	20.0
1956	16,123	450,739	131,961	318,778	28.0	8.2	19.8
1957	16,677	469,093	136,579	332,514	28.1	8.2	19.9
1958	17,120	470,118	135,201	334,917	27.5	7.9	19.6
1959	17,522	479,275	139,913	339,362	27.4	8.0	19.4
1960	17,909	478,551	139,693	338,858	26.7	7.8	18.9
1961	18,271	475,700	140,985	334,715	26.0	7.7	18.3
1962	18,614	469,693	143,699	325,994	25.2	7.7	17.5
1963	18,964	465,767	147,367	318,400	24.6	7.8	16.8
1964	19,325	452,915	145,850	307,065	23.4	7.5	15.9
1965	19,678	418,595	148,939	269,656	21.3	7.6	13.7
1966	20,048	387,710	149,863	237,847	19.3	7.5	11.9
1967	20,412	370,894	150,283	220,611	18.2	7.4	10.8
1968	20,744	364,310	153,196	211,114	17.6	7.4	10.2
1969	21,028	369,647	154,477	215,170	17.6	7.3	10.2
1970	21,324	371,988	155,961	216,027	17.4	7.3	10.1
1971	21,962	362,187	157,272	204,915	16.7	7.3	9.5
1972	22,218	347,319	162,413	184,906	15.8	7.4	8.4
1973	22,492	343,373	164,039	179,334	15.4	7.4	8.1
1974	22,808	350,650	166,794	178,851	15.3	7.4	7.9
1975	23,143	359,323	167,176	191,919	15.6	7.3	8.3
1976	23,450	359,987	167,009	192,978	15.4	7.2	8.3
1977	23,726	361,400	167,498	193,902	15.3	7.1	8.2
1978	23,963	358,852	168,179	190,673	15.0	7.0	8.0
1979	24,202	366,064	168,183	197,881	15.1	6.9	8.2
1980	24,516	370,709	171,473	199,236	15.1	7.0	8.1
1981	24,820	371,346	171,029	200,317	14.9	6.8	8.0
1982	25,117	373,082	174,413	198,669	14.8	6.9	7.9
1983	25,367	373,689	174,484	199,205	14.6	6.8	7.8
1984	25,608	377,031	175,727	201,304	14.6	6.8	7.8
1985	25,843	375,727	181,323	194,404	14.4	7.0	7.5
1986	26,101	372,913	184,224	188,689	14.3	7.1	7.2
1987	26,449	369,742	184,953	184,789	14.0	7.0	7.0
1988	26,795	376,795	190,011	186,784	14.1	7.1	7.0
1989	27,282	392,661	190,965	201,696	14.4	7.0	7.4
1990	27,698	405,486	191,973	213,513	14.6	6.9	7.7
1991	28,031	402,533	195,569	206,964	14.4	7.0	7.4
1992	28,367	398,643	196,535	202,108	14.1	6.9	7.1
1993	28,682	388,394	204,912	183,482	13.5	7.1	6.4
1994	28,999	385,114	207,077	178,037	13.3	7.1	6.1
1995	29,302	378,016	210,733	167,283	12.9	7.2	5.7
1996	29,611	366,200	212,880	153,320	12.4	7.2	5.2
1997	29,907	348,598	215,669	132,929	11.7	7.2	4.4
1998	30,157	342,418	218,091	124,327	11.4	7.2	4.1
1999	30,404	337,249	219,530	117,719	11.1	7.2	3.9
2000	30,689	327,882	218,062	109,820	10.7	7.1	3.6
2001	31,021	333,744	219,538	114,206	10.8	7.1	3.7
2002	31,373	328,802	223,603	105,199	10.5	7.1	3.4
2003	31,676	335,202	226,169	109,033	10.6	7.1	3.4
2004	31,941	337,072	226,584	110,488	10.6	7.1	3.5
2005	32,245	342,176	230,132	112,044	10.6	7.1	3.5
2006	32,576	354,617	228,079	126,538	10.9	7.0	3.9
2007	32,930	367,864	235,217	132,647	11.2	7.1	4.0
2008	33,318	377,886	238,617	139,269	11.3	7.2	4.2
2009	33,727	380,863	242,277	138,586	11.3	7.2	4.1
2010	34,127	377,213	247,926	129,287	11.1	7.3	3.8
2011	34,484	377,636	254,731	122,905	11.0	7.4	3.6
2012	34,880	381,429	256,965	124,464	10.9	7.4	3.6
2013		385,179

Age characteristics:

Population by age and gender, 2011[15]
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0 to 4 years	7005961150000000000♠961,150	7005915945000000000♠915,945	7006187709500000000♠1,877,095	7000560000000099999♠5.6%
5 to 9 years	7005925965000000000♠925,965	7005883935000000000♠883,935	7006180989500000000♠1,809,895	7000540000000000000♠5.4%
10 to 14 years	7005983995000000000♠983,995	7005936360000000000♠936,360	7006192035500000000♠1,920,355	7000570000000000000♠5.7%
15 to 19 years	7006111584500000000♠1,115,845	7006106229500000000♠1,062,295	7006217813500000000♠2,178,135	7000650000000000000♠6.5%
20 to 24 years	7006110877500000000♠1,108,775	7006107867000000000♠1,078,670	7006218745000000000♠2,187,450	7000650000000000000♠6.5%
25 to 29 years	7006107727500000000♠1,077,275	7006109231500000000♠1,092,315	7006216959000000000♠2,169,590	7000650000000000000♠6.5%
30 to 34 years	7006105881000000000♠1,058,810	7006110409500000000♠1,104,095	7006216290500000000♠2,162,905	7000650000000000000♠6.5%
35 to 39 years	7006106420000000000♠1,064,200	7006110973500000000♠1,109,735	7006217393000000000♠2,173,930	7000650000000000000♠6.5%
40 to 44 years	7006114172000000000♠1,141,720	7006118315500000000♠1,183,155	7006232487500000000♠2,324,875	7000690000000000000♠6.9%
45 to 49 years	7006131871500000000♠1,318,715	7006135642000000000♠1,356,420	7006267513000000000♠2,675,130	7000800000000000000♠8%
50 to 54 years	7006130903000000000♠1,309,030	7006134994000000000♠1,349,940	7006265896500000000♠2,658,965	7000790000000000000♠7.9%
55 to 59 years	7006114730000000000♠1,147,300	7006119333500000000♠1,193,335	7006234063500000000♠2,340,635	7000700000000000000♠7%
60 to 64 years	7006100269000000000♠1,002,690	7006104998500000000♠1,049,985	7006205267000000000♠2,052,670	7000610000000000000♠6.1%
65 to 69 years	7005738010000000000♠738,010	7005783705000000000♠783,705	7006152171500000000♠1,521,715	7000450000000000000♠4.5%
70 to 74 years	7005543435000000000♠543,435	7005609630000000000♠609,630	7006115306500000000♠1,153,065	7000340000000000000♠3.4%
75 to 79 years	7005417945000000000♠417,945	7005504755000000000♠504,755	7005922700000000000♠922,700	7000280000000099999♠2.8%
80 to 84 years	7005291085000000000♠291,085	7005410985000000000♠410,985	7005702070000000000♠702,070	7000210000000000000♠2.1%
85 years and over	7005208300000000000♠208,300	7005437215000000000♠437,215	7005645515000000000♠645,515	7000190000000000000♠1.9%
Total	7007164142250000000♠16,414,225	7007170624600000000♠17,062,460	7007334766850000000♠33,476,685	7002100000000000000♠100%
0 to 14 years	7006287111000000000♠2,871,110	7006273624000000000♠2,736,240	7006560734500000000♠5,607,345	7001168000000000000♠16.8%
15 to 64 years	7007113443600000000♠11,344,360	7007115799450000000♠11,579,945	7007229242850000000♠22,924,285	7001685000000000000♠68.5%
65 years and over	7006219877500000000♠2,198,775	7006274629000000000♠2,746,290	7006494506500000000♠4,945,065	7001148000000000000♠14.8%

Net migration rate: 5.65 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Urbanization:

• urban population: 81% of total population (2010)
• rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change (2010-2015 est.)

Sex ratio:

• at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
• under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
• 15 – 24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
• 25 - 54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
• 55 - 64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
• 65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
• total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Maternal mortality rate: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2010 est.)

Life expectancy:

• total population: 81.57 years
• male: 78.98 years
• female: 84.31 years (2013 est.)

Median age

• total: 40.6 years
  • male: 39.6 years
  • female: 41.5 years (2011)

Median age by province and territory, 2011

1. Newfoundland and Labrador: 44.0
2. Nova Scotia: 43.7
3. New Brunswick:43.7
4. Prince Edward Island: 42.8
5. Quebec: 41.9
6. British Columbia: 41.9
7. Ontario: 40.4
8. Yukon: 39.1
9. Manitoba: 38.4
10. Saskatchewan: 38.2
11. Alberta: 36.5
12. Northwest Territories: 32.3
13. Nunavut: 24.1

Total: 40.6

Sources: Statistics Canada^[16]

Ethnicity

Ethnic origin

In the 2006 census, Canadians could identify as being of one or more ethnicities. Percentages therefore add up to more than 100%. The most common response was 'Canadian'. As data is completely self-reported, and reporting individuals may have varying definitions of "Ethnic origin" (or may not know their ethnic origin), these figures should not be considered an exact record of the relative prevalence of different ethno-cultural ancestries but rather how Canadians self-identify.

Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, approximately 28% of the population will be foreign-born. The number of people belonging to visible minority groups will double,^[17] and make up the majority of the population in Toronto and Vancouver.

Counting both single and multiple responses, the most commonly identified ethnic origins were (2011):

Ethnic origin[Note 1]	%	Population	Area of largest proportion
Canadian	32.16%	7007105638050000000♠10,563,805	Quebec (59.1%)
English	19.81%	7006650950000000000♠6,509,500	Newfoundland and Labrador (43.4%)
French	15.42%	7006506569000000000♠5,065,690	Quebec (29.1%)
Scottish	14.35%	7006471496500000000♠4,714,965	Prince Edward Island (39.3%)
Irish	13.83%	7006454486500000000♠4,544,865	Prince Edward Island (30.4%)
German	9.75%	7006320332500000000♠3,203,325	Saskatchewan (28.6%)
Italian	4.53%	7006148842000000000♠1,488,420	Ontario (7.0%)
Chinese	4.53%	7006148758000000000♠1,487,580	British Columbia (10.7%)
First Nations	4.17%	7006136911500000000♠1,369,115	Northwest Territories (37.0%)
Ukrainian	3.81%	7006125117000000000♠1,251,170	Manitoba (14.9%)
East Indian	3.55%	7006116514500000000♠1,165,145	British Columbia (6.3%)
Dutch (Netherlands)	3.25%	7006106724500000000♠1,067,245	Alberta (5.1%)
Polish	3.08%	7006101070000000000♠1,010,700	Manitoba (7.3%)
Filipino	2.02%	7005662605000000000♠662,605	Manitoba (5.2%)
British, not included elsewhere	1.75%	7005576030000000000♠576,030	Yukon (2.4%)
Russian	1.68%	7005550515000000000♠550,515	Manitoba (4.3%)
Welsh	1.40%	7005458705000000000♠458,705	Yukon (2.8%)
Norwegian	1.38%	7005452710000000000♠452,710	Saskatchewan (6.9%)
Métis	1.36%	7005447655000000000♠447,655	Northwest Territories (6.7%)
Portuguese	1.31%	7005429850000000000♠429,850	Ontario (2.3%)
American	1.13%	7005372575000000000♠372,575	Yukon (2.2%)
Spanish	1.12%	7005368305000000000♠368,305	British Columbia (1.4%)
Swedish	1.04%	7005341845000000000♠341,845	Saskatchewan (3.2%)
Hungarian	0.96%	7005316760000000000♠316,760	Saskatchewan (2.8%)
Jewish	0.94%	7005309650000000000♠309,650	Ontario (1.4%)

Data from the same subject matter, though from 2001, is also grouped more geographically by Statistics Canada as follows:^[18]

	2001
North American (non-aboriginal)	40.21%
British Isles	33.64%
French	15.89%
Western European	12.78%
Eastern European	8.50%
Southern European	7.87%

	2001
East and Southeast Asian	6.03%
Aboriginal	4.45%
South Asian	3.25%
Northern European	3.22%
Caribbean	1.70%
Other European	1.28%

	2001
Arab	1.17%
African	0.99%
Latin, Central and South American	0.82%
West Asian	0.69%
Oceania	0.16%

Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents (32,852,325 in 2011) and total more than 100% due to dual responses.
All ethnocultural ancestries with responses totalling to more than 1% of the total number of responses are listed in the table above according to the exact terminology used by Statistics Canada.^[19][20]

The most common ethnic origins per province are as follows^[21] (total responses; only percentages 10% or higher shown; ordered by percentage of "Canadian"):

• Quebec (7,723,525): Canadian (59.1%), French (29.1%)
• New Brunswick (735,835): Canadian (50.3%), French (27.2%), English (25.9%), Irish (21.6%), Scottish (19.9%)
• Newfoundland and Labrador (507,265): Canadian (49.0%), English (43.4%), Irish (21.8%)
• Nova Scotia (906,170): Canadian (39.1%), Scottish (31.2%), English (30.8%), Irish (22.3%), French (17.0%), German (10.8%)
• Prince Edward Island (137,375): Scottish (39.3%), Canadian (36.8%), English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%)
• Ontario (12,651,795): Canadian (23.3%), English (23.1%), Scottish (16.4%), Irish (16.4%), French (10.8%)
• Alberta (3,567,980): English (24.9%), Canadian (21.8%), German (19.2%), Scottish (18.8%), Irish (15.8%), French (11.1%)
• Manitoba (1,174,345): English (21.8%), German (18.6%), Canadian (18.5%), Scottish (18.0%), Ukrainian (14.9%), Irish (13.2%), French (12.6%), North American Indian (10.6%)
• Saskatchewan (1,008,760): German (28.6%), English (24.9%), Scottish (18.9%), Canadian (18.8%), Irish (15.5%), Ukrainian (13.5%), French (12.2%), North American Indian (12.1%)
• British Columbia (4,324,455): English (27.7%), Scottish (19.3%), Canadian (19.1%), German (13.1%), Chinese (10.7%)
• Yukon (33,320): English (28.5%), Scottish (25.0%), Irish (22.0%), North American Indian (21.8%), Canadian (21.8%), German (15.6%), French (13.1%)
• Northwest Territories (40,800): North American Indian (37.0%), Scottish (13.9%), English (13.7%), Canadian (12.8%), Irish (11.9%), Inuit (11.7%)
• Nunavut (31,700): Inuit (85.4%)

Visible minority population

Statistics Canada identifies visible minorities in accordance with the Employment Equity Act. Statistics Canada states the "Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.'"^[22]

Visible and non-visible minority populations by group, 1996–2011
Group	1996[23][24]		2001[25]		2006[26]		2011[22]
	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.	Total	Pct.
Total visible minority population	7006319748000000000♠3,197,480	7001112000000000000♠11.2%	7006398384500000000♠3,983,845	7001134000000000000♠13.4%	7006506809500000000♠5,068,095	7001162000000000000♠16.2%	7006626475000000000♠6,264,750	7001191000000000000♠19.1%
South Asian	7005670590000000000♠670,590	7000240000000000000♠2.4%	7005917075000000000♠917,075	7000310000000000000♠3.1%	7006126286500000000♠1,262,865	7000400000000000000♠4%	7006156740000000000♠1,567,400	7000480000000000000♠4.8%
Chinese	7005860150000000000♠860,150	7000300000000000000♠3%	7006102939500000000♠1,029,395	7000350000000000000♠3.5%	7006121656500000000♠1,216,565	7000390000000000000♠3.9%	7006132475000000000♠1,324,750	7000400000000000000♠4%
Black	7005573860000000000♠573,860	7000200000000000000♠2%	7005662215000000000♠662,215	7000220000000000000♠2.2%	7005783795000000000♠783,795	7000250000000000000♠2.5%	7005945665000000000♠945,665	7000290000000000000♠2.9%
Filipino	7005234195000000000♠234,195	6999800000000000000♠0.8%	7005308575000000000♠308,575	7000100000000000000♠1%	7005410695000000000♠410,695	7000130000000000000♠1.3%	7005619310000000000♠619,310	7000190000000000000♠1.9%
Latin American	7005176970000000000♠176,970	6999600000000000000♠0.6%	7005216980000000000♠216,980	6999700000000000000♠0.7%	7005304245000000000♠304,245	7000100000000000000♠1%	7005381280000000000♠381,280	7000120000000000000♠1.2%
Arab/West Asian	7005244665000000000♠244,665	6999900000000000000♠0.9%
Arab			7005194685000000000♠194,685	6999700000000000000♠0.7%	7005265550000000000♠265,550	6999900000000000000♠0.9%	7005380620000000000♠380,620	7000120000000000000♠1.2%
Southeast Asian	7005172765000000000♠172,765	6999600000000000000♠0.6%	7005198880000000000♠198,880	6999700000000000000♠0.7%	7005239935000000000♠239,935	6999800000000000000♠0.8%	7005312075000000000♠312,075	6999900000000000000♠0.9%
West Asian			7005109285000000000♠109,285	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	7005156700000000000♠156,700	6999500000000000000♠0.5%	7005206840000000000♠206,840	6999600000000000000♠0.6%
Korean	7004648350000000000♠64,835	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7005100660000000000♠100,660	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	7005141890000000000♠141,890	6999500000000000000♠0.5%	7005161130000000000♠161,130	6999500000000000000♠0.5%
Japanese	7004681350000000000♠68,135	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7004733150000000000♠73,315	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7004813000000000000♠81,300	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	7004872700000000000♠87,270	6999300000000000000♠0.3%
Visible minority, n.i.e.	7004697450000000000♠69,745	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7004989150000000000♠98,915	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	7004714200000000000♠71,420	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7005106475000000000♠106,475	6999300000000000000♠0.3%
Multiple visible minorities	7004615750000000000♠61,575	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7004738750000000000♠73,875	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	7005133120000000000♠133,120	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	7005171935000000000♠171,935	6999500000000000000♠0.5%
Not a visible minority	7007253306450000000♠25,330,645	7001888000000000000♠88.8%	7007256551850000000♠25,655,185	7001866000000000000♠86.6%	7007261729350000000♠26,172,935	7001838000000000000♠83.8%	7007265875750000000♠26,587,575	7001809000000000000♠80.9%
Aboriginal identity (see breakdown below)	7005799005000000000♠799,005	7000280000000099999♠2.8%	7005976305000000000♠976,305	7000330000000000000♠3.3%	7006117278500000000♠1,172,785	7000380000000000000♠3.8%	7006140068500000000♠1,400,685	7000430000000000000♠4.3%
Others (Caucasian or White)	7007245316400000000♠24,531,640	7001860000000000000♠86%	7007246788800000000♠24,678,880	7001833000000000000♠83.3%	7007250001500000000♠25,000,150	7001800000000000000♠80%	7007251868900000000♠25,186,890	7001767000000000000♠76.7%
Total population in private households	7007285281250000000♠28,528,125	7002100000000000000♠100%	7007296390300000000♠29,639,030	7002100000000000000♠100%	7007312410300000000♠31,241,030	7002100000000000000♠100%	7007328523200000000♠32,852,320	7002100000000000000♠100%

By province and territory

Visible minority population by province and territory, 2011[27]
Province/territory	Not a visible minority	South Asian	Chinese	Black	Filipino	Latin American	Arab	Southeast Asian	West Asian	Korean	Japanese	Visible minority, n.i.e.	Multiple visible minorities	Total visible minority population	Total population	Percent visible minority
Alberta[28]	2,690,960	156,665	133,390	74,435	106,035	41,305	34,920	41,025	16,030	15,000	12,415	6,270	18,840	656,325	3,567,980	18.39%
British Columbia[29]	2,911,295	313,440	438,140	33,260	126,040	35,465	14,090	51,970	38,960	53,770	38,120	6,465	31,160	1,180,870	4,324,455	27.31%
Manitoba[30]	824,830	25,265	17,025	19,610	59,220	9,140	3,235	7,565	2,040	3,045	1,745	1,765	3,975	153,625	1,174,350	13.08%
New Brunswick[31]	696,080	2,445	2,540	4,870	1,100	1,160	1,380	730	305	1,855	305	85	360	17,135	735,835	2.33%
Newfoundland and Labrador[32]	464,540	1,855	1,645	1,455	350	185	370	320	155	80	60	205	250	6,930	507,270	1.37%
Northwest Territories[33]	16,920	185	380	555	895	105	115	230	60	50	45	75	30	2,720	40,800	6.67%
Nova Scotia[34]	825,055	4,965	6,050	20,790	1,890	1,360	6,290	1,155	1,365	960	445	720	1,290	47,270	906,175	5.22%
Nunavut[35]	3,825	95	65	120	130	25	15	30	0	10	0	10	0	510	31,700	1.61%
Ontario[36]	9,070,800	965,990	629,140	539,205	275,380	172,560	151,645	137,875	122,530	78,290	29,085	81,130	96,735	3,279,565	12,651,795	25.92%
Prince Edward Island[37]	130,890	485	1,830	390	85	235	200	205	345	140	210	75	70	4,260	137,380	3.10%
Quebec[38]	6,740,375	83,320	82,845	243,625	31,495	116,380	166,260	65,855	23,445	6,665	4,025	8,895	17,420	850,235	7,732,525	11.00%
Saskatchewan[39]	787,745	12,325	11,300	7,255	16,025	3,250	2,095	4,910	1,600	1,270	720	745	1,775	63,275	1,008,760	6.27%
Yukon[40]	23,590	365	400	100	675	110	0	210	0	0	80	35	35	2,025	33,320	6.08%
Canada[41]	25,186,890	1,567,400	1,324,750	945,665	619,310	381,280	380,620	312,075	206,840	161,130	87,270	106,475	171,935	6,264,750	32,852,325	19.07%

'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere'^[42]
All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census.

By city over 100,000

Visible minority in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2011[27]
City	Population	European	Visible minority	Black	East Asian	Latin American	South Asian	Southeast Asian	West Asian and Arab	Multiracial	Other
Toronto	2,576,025	50.2%	49.1%	8.5%	12.7%	2.8%	12.3%	7.0%	3.1%	1.5%	1.3%
Montreal	1,612,640	67.7%	31.7%	9.1%	3.2%	4.2%	3.3%	3.8%	7.2%	0.6%	0.3%
Calgary	1,082,235	67.3%	30.1%	2.9%	8.1%	1.8%	7.5%	6.3%	2.3%	0.8%	0.3%
Ottawa	867,090	74.2%	23.7%	5.7%	4.5%	1.2%	3.9%	2.8%	4.6%	0.7%	0.2%
Edmonton	795,675	64.7%	30.0%	3.8%	7.1%	1.7%	7.2%	6.5%	2.6%	0.8%	0.3%
Mississauga	708,725	45.8%	53.7%	6.3%	8.3%	2.2%	21.8%	7.8%	4.6%	1.5%	1.3%
Winnipeg	649,995	66.9%	21.4%	2.7%	2.9%	1.0%	3.5%	9.8%	0.7%	0.6%	0.2%
Vancouver	590,210	46.2%	51.8%	1.0%	30.9%	1.6%	6.0%	9.0%	1.7%	1.5%	0.2%
Brampton	521,315	32.9%	66.4%	13.5%	1.8%	2.2%	38.4%	5.1%	1.5%	1.4%	2.6%
Hamilton	509,640	82.3%	15.7%	3.2%	2.2%	1.4%	3.4%	2.6%	2.2%	0.4%	0.3%
Quebec City	502,595	95.0%	4.0%	1.1%	0.4%	1.0%	0.2%	0.4%	0.8%	0.1%	0.1%
Surrey	463,340	44.5%	52.6%	1.3%	8.5%	1.2%	30.7%	8.5%	1.2%	0.9%	0.2%
Laval	392,725	78.7%	20.7%	6.2%	0.9%	2.5%	1.7%	2.2%	6.7%	0.3%	0.1%
Halifax	384,330	88.4%	9.1%	3.6%	1.5%	0.3%	1.0%	0.6%	1.8%	0.3%	0.1%
London	360,715	82.0%	16.1%	2.4%	2.9%	2.7%	2.2%	1.7%	3.4%	0.5%	0.2%
Markham	300,135	27.5%	72.3%	3.2%	39.7%	0.5%	19.1%	3.9%	3.2%	1.9%	0.7%
Vaughan	286,305	68.4%	31.4%	2.7%	6.3%	2.1%	9.7%	5.7%	3.1%	1.0%	0.8%
Gatineau	261,665	86.2%	10.3%	3.9%	1.0%	1.5%	0.3%	0.7%	2.7%	0.2%	0.1%
Longueuil	227,970	84.8%	14.2%	4.6%	1.4%	2.5%	0.9%	1.4%	2.4%	0.2%	0.2%
Burnaby	220,255	39.1%	59.5%	1.6%	36.0%	1.7%	7.9%	7.7%	2.7%	1.8%	0.2%
Saskatoon	218,315	77.4%	12.8%	1.1%	2.7%	0.6%	2.7%	3.9%	1.1%	0.4%	0.2%
Kitchener	215,950	80.1%	18.4%	3.1%	2.2%	2.7%	4.1%	3.0%	2.3%	0.6%	0.4%
Windsor	208,015	74.8%	22.9%	4.6%	3.2%	1.1%	3.9%	3.1%	6.3%	0.5%	0.4%
Regina	189,740	78.6%	11.5%	1.6%	2.2%	0.7%	2.6%	3.5%	0.6%	0.3%	0.0%
Richmond	189,305	28.6%	70.4%	0.7%	49.8%	0.9%	7.7%	7.8%	1.2%	2.3%	0.2%
Richmond Hill	184,370	46.9%	52.9%	2.0%	26.9%	0.9%	8.1%	3.0%	10.3%	1.3%	0.4%
Oakville	180,430	77.2%	22.8%	2.7%	5.3%	1.5%	7.2%	2.7%	2.3%	0.8%	0.4%
Burlington	173,495	87.1%	12.0%	1.6%	2.4%	1.0%	3.6%	1.3%	1.4%	0.5%	0.2%
Greater Sudbury	157,765	89.1%	2.7%	0.6%	0.6%	0.2%	0.4%	0.3%	0.3%	0.1%	0.0%
Sherbrooke	150,255	93.6%	5.5%	1.7%	0.3%	1.4%	0.3%	0.4%	1.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Oshawa	147,680	88.7%	9.3%	3.2%	1.1%	0.7%	1.9%	1.2%	0.5%	0.4%	0.4%
Saguenay	141,335	96.6%	0.9%	0.3%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%	0.1%	0.2%	0.0%	0.0%
Lévis	135,835	98.0%	1.4%	0.4%	0.3%	0.2%	0.0%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Barrie	133,240	89.8%	7.6%	1.9%	1.3%	0.8%	1.3%	1.0%	0.3%	0.4%	0.4%
Abbotsford	130,950	66.5%	29.6%	0.9%	2.9%	0.6%	22.4%	1.5%	0.3	0.4%	0.3%
St. Catharines	128,770	88.3%	9.9%	2.1%	1.9%	1.5%	1.1%	1.3%	1.3%	0.3%	0.3%
Trois-Rivières	126,980	96.3%	2.5%	0.9%	0.2%	0.6%	0.0%	0.1%	0.5%	0.0%	0.0%
Cambridge	125,060	85.4%	12.6%	1.9%	1.2%	1.0%	5.2%	1.7%	0.9%	0.3%	0.4%
Coquitlam	125,015	54.1%	43.8%	1.0%	24.1%	1.5%	4.2%	5.1%	5.9%	1.3%	0.2%
Kingston	118,930	89.7%	7.4%	0.9%	2.1%	0.7%	1.7%	0.9%	0.9%	0.1%	0.1%
Whitby	120,285	79.5%	19.2%	6.2%	2.5%	0.8%	4.7%	2.2%	1.2%	1.0%	0.7%
Guelph	120,550	82.7%	15.7%	1.4%	3.1%	1.0%	4.1%	4.0%	1.3%	0.5%	0.2%
Kelowna	114,570	87.9%	7.6%	0.6%	2.6%	0.5%	2.3%	1.0%	0.3%	0.2%	0.2%
Saanich	107,855	79.3%	18.0%	1.1%	8.6%	0.7%	3.8%	2.4%	0.7%	0.4%	0.2%
Ajax	109,220	53.2%	45.8%	16.0%	2.8%	1.0%	13.8%	5.0%	2.7%	2.0%	2.6%
Thunder Bay	105,950	87.1%	3.4%	0.5%	1.0%	0.2%	0.5%	0.7%	0.2%	0.2%	0.1%
Terrebonne	105,610	91.7%	7.6%	4.5%	0.2%	1.3%	0.1%	0.2%	1.1%	0.1%	0.1%
St. John's	103,905	93.3%	4.4%	0.9%	1.1%	0.1%	1.2%	0.3%	0.3%	0.1%	0.1%
Langley	103,145	83.2%	13.4%	0.5%	6.3%	0.6%	2.7%	2.4%	0.4%	0.5%	0.1%
Chatham-Kent	101,680	93.2%	3.9%	1.9%	0.5%	0.3%	0.5%	0.5%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%

Aboriginal population

Aboriginal population in Canada, 1996–2011 censuses
Group	1996[23]		2001[25]		2006[26]		2011[22]
	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total	%	Total
Total Aboriginal	2.8%	799,005	3.3%	976,305	3.8%	1,172,785	4.3%	1,400,685
First Nations	1.8%	529,040	2.1%	608,850	2.2%	698,025	2.6%	851,560
Métis	0.7%	204,115	1.0%	292,305	1.2%	389,780	1.4%	451,795
Inuit	0.14%	40,220			0.16%	50,485	0.2%	59,445

Note: Inuit, other Aboriginal and mixed Aboriginal groups are not listed as their own, but they are all accounted for in total Aboriginal

By province and territory

Aboriginal population by province and territory, 2011[27]
Province/territory	Not Aboriginal	First Nations	Métis	Inuit	Aboriginal, n.i.e.	Multiple Aboriginal identities	Total Aboriginal population	Total population
Alberta[28]	2,690,960	116,670	96,870	1,985	3,300	1,870	220,695	3,567,980
British Columbia[29]	2,911,295	155,020	69,475	1,570	3,745	2,480	232,290	4,324,455
Manitoba[30]	824,830	114,225	78,830	580	1,055	1,200	195,895	1,174,350
New Brunswick[31]	696,080	16,120	4,850	485	1,020	150	22,620	735,835
Newfoundland and Labrador[32]	464,540	19,315	7,660	6,265	2,300	260	35,800	507,270
Northwest Territories[33]	16,920	13,350	3,250	4,335	185	45	21,160	40,800
Nova Scotia[34]	825,055	21,895	10,050	695	980	225	33,850	906,175
Nunavut[35]	3,825	125	130	27,070	15	20	27,365	31,700
Ontario[36]	9,070,800	201,100	86,020	3,355	8,040	2,910	301,430	12,651,795
Prince Edward Island[37]	130,890	1,520	410	55	235	0	2,230	137,380
Quebec[38]	6,740,375	82,425	40,960	12,570	4,415	1,545	141,915	7,732,525
Saskatchewan[39]	787,745	103,205	52,450	290	1,120	675	157,740	1,008,760
Yukon[40]	23,590	6,585	845	175	70	25	7,705	33,320
Canada[41]	25,186,890	851,560	451,795	59,440	26,475	11,415	1,400,685	32,852,325

'n.i.e.' means 'not included elsewhere'^[42]
All statistics are from the Canada 2011 Census.

By city over 100,000

Aboriginal population in Canadian cities over 100,000 people, 2011[27]
City	Population	European	Total Aboriginal	First Nations	Métis
Toronto	2,576,025	50.2%	0.7%	0.5%	0.2%
Montreal	1,612,640	67.7%	0.6%	0.3%	0.2%
Calgary	1,082,235	67.3%	2.7%	1.2%	1.4%
Ottawa	867,090	74.2%	2.1%	1.2%	0.7%
Edmonton	795,675	64.7%	5.3%	2.4%	2.7%
Mississauga	708,725	45.8%	0.5%	0.3%	0.1%
Winnipeg	649,995	66.9%	11.7%	5.9%	6.3%
Vancouver	590,210	46.2%	2.0%	1.3%	0.6%
Brampton	521,315	32.9%	0.7%	0.4%	0.2%
Hamilton	509,640	82.3%	2.0%	1.6%	0.3%
Quebec City	502,595	95.0%	0.9%	0.5%	0.4%
Surrey	463,340	44.5%	2.9%	1.9%	1.0%
Laval	392,725	78.7%	0.6%	0.3%	0.2%
Halifax	384,330	88.4%	2.5%	1.5%	0.8%
London	360,715	82.0%	1.9%	1.4%	0.4%
Markham	300,135	27.5%	0.2%	0.1%	0.1%
Vaughan	286,305	68.4%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Gatineau	261,665	86.2%	3.5%	1.8%	1.5%
Longueuil	227,970	84.8%	1.0%	0.6%	0.0%
Burnaby	220,255	39.1%	1.5%	0.9%	0.5%
Saskatoon	218,315	77.4%	10.2%	4.9%	4.6%
Kitchener	215,950	80.1%	1.5%	0.9%	0.5%
Windsor	208,015	74.8%	2.3%	1.3%	0.9%
Regina	189,740	78.6%	9.9%	5.8%	3.9%
Richmond	189,305	28.6%	1.0%	0.7%	0.3%
Richmond Hill	184,370	46.9%	0.2%	0.1%	0.0%
Oakville	180,430	77.2%	0.6%	0.4%	0.2%
Burlington	173,495	87.1%	0.9%	0.5%	0.3%
Greater Sudbury	157,765	89.1%	8.2%	3.8%	4.1%
Sherbrooke	150,255	93.6%	0.9%	0.5%	0.3%
Oshawa	147,680	88.7%	2.0%	1.2%	0.8%
Saguenay	141,335	96.6%	2.5%	0.8%	1.6%
Lévis	135,835	98.0%	0.5%	0.2%	0.2%
Barrie	133,240	89.8%	2.6%	1.4%	1.2%
Abbotsford	130,950	66.5%	4.0%	2.5%	1.6%
St. Catharines	128,770	88.3%	1.9%	1.2%	0.6%
Trois-Rivières	126,980	96.3%	1.1%	0.6%	0.4%
Cambridge	125,060	85.4%	2.0%	1.2%	0.6%
Coquitlam	125,015	54.1%	2.1%	1.1%	0.9%
Kingston	118,930	89.7%	2.9%	2.0%	0.8%
Whitby	120,285	79.5%	1.2%	0.7%	0.4%
Guelph	120,550	82.7%	1.6%	1.0%	0.6%
Kelowna	114,570	87.9%	4.5%	2.1%	2.3%
Saanich	107,855	79.3%	2.7%	1.5%	1.1%
Ajax	109,220	53.2%	1.0%	0.7%	0.3%
Thunder Bay	105,950	87.1%	9.5%	7.3%	2.0%
Terrebonne	105,610	91.7%	0.7%	0.5%	0.1%
St. John's	103,905	93.3%	2.6%	1.2%	0.8%
Langley	103,145	83.2%	3.4%	1.6%	1.7%
Chatham-Kent	101,680	93.2%	2.9%	1.7%	0.9%

Languages

Language used most often at work:^[43]

• English: 78.3%
• French: 21.7%
• Non-official languages: 2%

Languages by language used most often at home:^[44]

• English: 67.1%
• French: 21.5%
• Non-official languages: 11.4%

Languages by mother tongue:

First language	Population (2011)	% of total population (2011)	Population (2006)	% of total population (2006)	Increase (2006–2011)	Notes
Single language responses	32,481,635	7001981000000000000♠98.1%	30,848,270	98.7%	7000530000000000000♠5.3%
Official languages	25,913,955	7001782000000000000♠78.2%	24,700,425	79.1%	7000490000000000000♠4.9%
English	18,858,980	7001569000000000000♠56.9%	17,882,775	57.2%	7000550000000000000♠5.5%
French	7,054,975	7001213000000000000♠21.3%	6,817,650	21.8%	7000350000000000000♠3.5%
Non-official languages	6,567,680	7001198000000000000♠19.8%	6,147,840	19.7%	7000680000000000000♠6.8%
Punjabi	430,705	7000130000000000000♠1.3%	367,505	1.2%	7001172000000000000♠17.2%
Chinese, n.o.s.	425,210	7000130000000000000♠1.3%	456,705	1.5%	2999309999999999999♠−6.9%
Spanish	410,670	7000120000000000000♠1.2%	345,345	1.1%	7001189009999900000♠18.9%
German	409,200	7000120000000000000♠1.2%	450,570	1.4%	2999080000000000000♠−9.2%
Italian	407,485	7000120000000000000♠1.2%	455,040	1.5%	2998895000000000000♠−10.5%
Cantonese	372,460	7000110000000000000♠1.1%	361,450	1.2%	7000300000000000000♠3%
Arabic	327,870	7000100000000000000♠1%	261,640	0.8%	7001253000000000000♠25.3%
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	327,445	7000100000000000000♠1%	235,615	0.8%	7001390000000000000♠39%
Mandarin	248,705	6999800000000000000♠0.8%	170,950	0.5%	7001455000000000000♠45.5%
Portuguese	211,335	6999600000000000000♠0.6%	219,275	0.7%	2999640000000000000♠−3.6%
Polish	191,645	6999600000000000000♠0.6%	211,175	0.7%	2999080000000000000♠−9.2%
Urdu	172,800	6999500000000000000♠0.5%	145,805	0.5%	7001185000000000000♠18.5%
Persian	170,045	6999500000000000000♠0.5%	134,080	0.4%	7001268000000000000♠26.8%
Russian	164,330	6999500000000000000♠0.5%	133,580	0.4%	7001230000000000000♠23%
Vietnamese	144,880	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	141,625	0.5%	7000230000000099999♠2.3%
Korean	137,925	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	125,570	0.4%	7000980000000000000♠9.8%
Tamil	131,265	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	115,880	0.4%	7001133000000000000♠13.3%
Ukrainian	111,540	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	134,500	0.4%	2998829000000000000♠−17.1%
Dutch	110,490	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	128,900	0.4%	2998857000000000000♠−14.3%
Greek	108,925	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	117,285	0.4%	2999290000000000000♠−7.1%
Gujarati	91,450	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	81,465	0.3%	7001123000000000000♠12.3%
Hindustani (Hindi)	90,545	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	78,240	0.3%	7001157000000000000♠15.7%
Romanian	90,300	6999300000000000000♠0.3%	78,495	0.3%	7001150000000000000♠15%
Cree, n.o.s.	77,900	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	78,855	0.3%	2999880000000000000♠−1.2%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to simply as 'Cree'.
Hungarian	67,920	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	73,335	0.2%	2999259999999999999♠−7.4%
Creoles	61,725	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	53,515	0.2%	7001153000000000000♠15.3%
Bengali	59,370	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	45,685	0.1%	7001300000000000000♠30%
Serbian	56,420	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	51,665	0.2%	7000920000000099999♠9.2%
Croatian	49,730	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	55,330	0.2%	2998899000000000000♠−10.1%
Japanese	39,985	6999100000000000000♠0.1%	40,200	0.1%	3000500000000000000♠−0.5%
Inuktitut	33,500	6999100000000000000♠0.1%	32,015	0.1%	7000460000000099999♠4.6%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Inuktitut, n.i.e.'.
Somali	31,380	6998900000000000000♠0.09%	27,320	0.09%	7001149000000000000♠14.9%
Armenian	29,795	6998900000000000000♠0.09%	30,130	0.1%	2999890000000000000♠−1.1%
Turkish	29,640	6998900000000000000♠0.09%	24,745	0.08%	7001198000000000000♠19.8%
Albanian	23,820	6998700000000000000♠0.07%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Czech	23,585	6998700000000000000♠0.07%	24,450	0.08%	2999650000000000000♠−3.5%
Khmer (Cambodian)	19,440	6998600000000000000♠0.06%	19,105	0.06%	7000180000000000000♠1.8%
Bulgarian	19,050	6998600000000000000♠0.06%	16,790	0.05%	7001135000000000000♠13.5%
Hebrew	18,450	6998600000000000000♠0.06%	17,635	0.06%	7000460000000099999♠4.6%
Amharic	18,020	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	14,555	0.05%	7001238000000000000♠23.8%
Ilocano	17,915	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	13,450	0.04%	7001332000000000000♠33.2%
Ojibway	17,625	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	24,190	0.08%	2998729000000000000♠−27.1%
Slovak	17,580	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	18,820	0.06%	2999340000000000000♠−6.6%
Finnish	17,415	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	21,030	0.07%	2998828000000000000♠−17.2%
Macedonian	17,245	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	18,435	0.06%	2999350000000000000♠−6.5%
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	16,970	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bisayan languages	16,240	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	11,240	0.04%	7001445000000000000♠44.5%
Malayalam	16,080	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	11,925	0.04%	7001348009999900000♠34.8%
Yiddish	15,205	6998500000000000000♠0.05%	16,295	0.05%	2999330000000000000♠−6.7%
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	14,185	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	10,180	0.03%	7001393009999900000♠39.3%
Danish	14,145	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	18,735	0.06%	2998755000000000000♠−24.5%
Niger–Congo languages, n.i.e.	14,075	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lao	12,970	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	13,940	0.04%	2999300000000000000♠−7%
Akan (Twi)	12,680	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	12,780	0.04%	3000199999999999999♠−0.8%
Pashto	12,465	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	9,025	0.03%	7001381000000000000♠38.1%
Bosnian	11,685	6998400000000000000♠0.04%	12,790	0.04%	2999140000000000000♠−8.6%
Sindhi	11,330	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	10,355	0.03%	7000940000000000000♠9.4%
Dene	11,215	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	9,745	0.03%	7001151000000000000♠15.1%
Oromo	11,140	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Malay	10,910	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	9,490	0.03%	7001150000000000000♠15%
Innu/Montagnais	10,785	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	10,975	0.04%	2999830000000000000♠−1.7%	In the 2006 Census, this language was referred to as 'Montagnais-Naskapi'.
Slovenian	10,775	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	13,135	0.04%	2998820000000000000♠−18%
Tigrigna	10,220	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	7,105	0.02%	7001438000000000000♠43.8%
Serbo-Croatian	10,155	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	12,510	0.04%	2998812000000000000♠−18.8%
Swahili	10,090	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	7,935	0.03%	7001272000000000000♠27.2%
Oji-Cree	9,835	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	11,690	0.04%	2998841009999900000♠−15.9%
Kurdish	9,805	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	7,660	0.02%	7001280000000000000♠28%
Taiwanese	9,635	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	9,620	0.03%	6999200000000000000♠0.2%
Telugu	9,315	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	6,625	0.02%	7001406000000000000♠40.6%
African languages, n.i.e.	9,125	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Afrikaans	8,770	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Nepali	8,480	6998300000000000000♠0.03%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Thai	7,935	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mi'kmaq	7,635	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	7,365	0.02%	7000370000000000000♠3.7%
Swedish	7,350	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	8,220	0.03%	2998894000000000000♠−10.6%
Lithuanian	7,245	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	8,335	0.03%	2998869000000000000♠−13.1%
Bantu languages, n.i.e.	7,150	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Estonian	6,385	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	8,240	0.03%	2998775000000000000♠−22.5%
Maltese	6,220	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	6,405	0.02%	2999710000000000000♠−2.9%
Latvian	6,200	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	7,000	0.02%	2998886000000000000♠−11.4%
Fukien	5,925	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Berber languages (Kabyle)	5,855	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Marathi	5,830	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Atikamekw	5,820	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	5,250	0.02%	7001109000000000000♠10.9%
Norwegian	5,800	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	7,225	0.02%	2998803000000000000♠−19.7%
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5,255	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hakka	5,115	6998200000000000000♠0.02%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Flemish	4,690	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	5,660	0.02%	2998829000000000000♠−17.1%
Tibetan languages	4,640	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	4,360	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,975	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)	3,895	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sign languages, n.i.e.	3,815	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	3,630	6998100000000000000♠0.01%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lingala	3,085	6997900000000099999♠0.009%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Stoney	3,050	6997900000000099999♠0.009%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Burmese	2,985	6997900000000099999♠0.009%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Shanghainese	2,920	6997900000000099999♠0.009%	N/A	N/A	N/A
Siouan languages (Dakota/Sioux)	N/A	N/A	5,585	0.02%	N/A
Blackfoot	N/A	N/A	3,085	0.01%	N/A
Frisian	N/A	N/A	2,890	0.009%	N/A
Dogrib	N/A	N/A	2,020	0.006%	N/A
Algonquin	N/A	N/A	1,920	0.006%	N/A
South Slave	N/A	N/A	1,605	0.005%	N/A
Carrier	N/A	N/A	1,560	0.005%	N/A
Gitksan	N/A	N/A	1,180	0.004%	N/A
Chilcotin	N/A	N/A	1,070	0.003%	N/A
North Slave (Hare)	N/A	N/A	1,065	0.003%	N/A
Shuswap	N/A	N/A	935	0.003%	N/A
Nisga’a	N/A	N/A	680	0.002%	N/A
Malecite	N/A	N/A	535	0.002%	N/A
Chipewyan	N/A	N/A	525	0.002%	N/A
Inuinnaqtun	N/A	N/A	365	0.001%	N/A
Kutchin-Gwich’in (Loucheux)	N/A	N/A	360	0.001%	N/A
Mohawk	N/A	N/A	290	0.0009%	N/A
Tlingit	N/A	N/A	80	0.0003%	N/A
Other languages	77,890	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	172,650	0.6%	2998451000000000000♠−54.9%
Multiple language responses	639,540	7000190000000000000♠1.9%	392,760	1.3%	7001628000000000000♠62.8%
English and French	144,685	6999400000000000000♠0.4%	98,630	0.3%	7001467000000000000♠46.7%
English and a non-official language	396,330	7000120000000000000♠1.2%	240,005	0.8%	7001650999999900000♠65.1%
French and a non-official language	74,430	6999200000000000000♠0.2%	43,335	0.1%	7001718000000000000♠71.8%
English, French, and a non-official language	24,095	6998700000000000000♠0.07%	10,790	0.03%	7002123300000000000♠123.3%
Total	33,121,175	7002100000000000000♠100%	31,241,030	100%	7000600000000000000♠6%
[45][46] n.i.e. = not included elsewhere n.o.s. = not otherwise specified

Religion

Top Self-Identified Religious Affiliations in Canada^{[47][48][49][50]}

	1991 number	1991 %	2001 number	2001 %	% change (in numbers)	2011 number	2011 %
Christian	22,468,260	83	22,799,645	77	+1.5	22,102,700	67.3
– Catholic	12,335,255	45.7	12,936,905	43.6	+4.8	12,728,900	38.7
– Protestant	9,427,675	34.9	8,654,850	29.2	−8.2
– United Church of Canada	3,093,120	11.3	2,839,125	9.5	−8.2	2,007,600	6.1
– Anglican Church of Canada	2,188,110	8.0	2,035,495	6.8	−7.0	1,631,800	5.0
– Baptist	663,360	2.4	729,475	2.4	+10.0	635 840	1.9
– Lutheran	636,205	2.3	606,590	2.0	−4.7	478 185	1.4
– Presbyterian	636,295	2.3	409,830	1.4	−35.6	472 385	1.4
– Pentecostal	436,435	1.6	369,475	1.2	−15.3	478 705	1.4
– Mennonite	207,970	0.8	191,465	0.6	−7.9
– Jehovah's Witnesses	168,375	0.6	154,745	0.5	−8.1
– Methodist	83,910	0.3	106,545	0.4	+27.0
– Mormon	100,770	0.4	104,750	0.3	+3.9
– Salvation Army	112,345	0.4	87,785	0.3	−21.9
– Christian Reformed Church in North America	84,685	0.3	76,665	0.3	−9.5
– Christian and Missionary Alliance	59,365	0.2	66,280	0.2	+11.9
– Adventists	52,365	0.2	62,875	0.2	+20.1
– Christian Orthodox	387,395	1.4	479,620	1.6	+23.8	550,700	1.7
– Greek Orthodox	231,965	0.9	215,200	0.7	−7.1	220,300
– Christian, not included elsewhere¹	353,040	1.3	780,450	2.6	+121.1		4.5
Other religion	1,148,060	4.3	1,988,635	6.7	+73.2	2,373,700	7.2
– Muslim	253,265	0.9	579,640	2.0	+128.9	1,053,945	3.2
– Hindu	157,015	0.6	297,200	1.0	+89.3	498,000	1.5
– Sikh	147,440	0.5	278,410	0.9	+88.8	455,000	1.4
– Buddhist	163,415	0.6	300,345	1.0	+83.8	366,800	1.1
– Jewish	318,185	1.2	329,995	1.1	+3.7	329,500	1.0
No religion	3,397,000	12.6	4,900,095	16.5	+44.2	7,850,600	23.9
¹ Includes persons who report only "Christian", only "Protestant", and those in denominations less than 60,000 * For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.

Note(s):

• Catholic includes Roman Catholic, Eastern Catholic, Polish National Catholic Church, and Old Catholic
• Other religions also includes Bahá'í Faith, Eckankar, Jainism, Shinto, Taoism, Zoroastrianism, Aboriginal belief systems, Neo-Paganism, Wicca, Unity – New Thought – Pantheist, Scientology, Rastafari movement, New Age, Gnostic, Satanism, et cetera
• No religion includes Atheism, Agnosticism, Humanism, et cetera

See also

• 1666 census of New France
• Canada 1906 Census
• Canada 1911 Census
• Canada 1996 Census
• Canada 2001 Census
• Canada 2006 Census
• Canada 2011 Census
• List of Canadian census areas demographic extremes
• Cahiers québécois de démographie academic journal
• Canadian Studies in Population academic journal
• Canada – Wikipedia book

Notes

1. 1 2 Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table". Statistics Canada.  Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". 

References

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Demographics of Canada.

• Canada Year Book (2010) – Statistics Canada
• Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036 – Statistics Canada

Links related to Demographics of Canada People of Canada Ethnic ancestry Canada Canadian Aboriginals First Nations Inuit Métis Africa Arab Algerian Egyptian Moroccan Black African Igbo Nigerian South Sudanese Berber Cape Verdean Coptic Ethiopian Somali South African Zimbabwean Americas North America American Mexican Caribbean Barbadian Cuban Guyanese Haitian Jamaican Trinidadian/Tobagonian Latin America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Cuban Peruvian Salvadoran Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central Asia Kazakh Tajik Uzbek East Asia Chinese Tibetan Japanese Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Asia Bangladeshi Indian Anglo-Indian Tamil Nepali Pakistani Romani Sri Lankan Tamil Southeast Asia Cambodian Filipino Hong Kong Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Asia Afghan Arab Iraqi Jordanian Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Armenian Assyrian Azerbaijani Georgian Iranian Israeli Jewish Kurdish Turkish Europe Central Europe Austrian Czech German Hungarian (Magyar) Polish Slovak Slovenian Swiss Eastern Europe Belarusian Moldovan Russian Tatar Ukrainian Northern Europe Scandinavian Danish Finnish Icelandic Norwegian Swedish Estonian Latvian Lithuanian Southeast Europe Albanian Bosnian Bulgarian Croatian Greek Macedonian Montenegrin Romanian Serbian Southern Europe Italian Maltese Portuguese Spanish Basque Western Europe Belgian Flemish - Walloons British Cornish English Manx Scottish Welsh Dutch French Acadians Basque Breton Québécois Irish Luxembourgian Scotch-Irish Oceania Australian Kanaka (Hawaiian) Demographics Languages Religion Population totals 1666 census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census By province & territory.. Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland & Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon By city.. Calgary Edmonton Montreal Ottawa Toronto Vancouver Winnipeg Canadian cities by census Culture & society Architecture Art Charter Cinema Citizenship Crime Cuisine Education Folklore Government Health Heritage Minutes History Identity Immigration Law Literature Media Military Multiculturalism Music Nationalism Politics Poverty Protection of Social programs Sport Symbols Theatre List of Canadians By city By province & territory.. Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Members of.. Canada's Walk of Fame Fathers of Confederation The Greatest Canadian Historic significance Newsmaker of the Year Order of Canada (Companions) Victoria Cross Individuals by.. Aboriginals Actors Artists Composers Monarchs Musicians Painters Prime Ministers Net worth Province and city Radio personalities Sports personalities TV personalities Writers Category Portal WikiProject Census divisions of Canada (by province or territory) Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list (Timeline) Pre-colonization New France (1534–1763) British Canada (1763–1867) Post-Confederation (1867–1914) World Wars and Interwar Years (1914–1945) Modern times: 1945–1960 1960–1981 1982–1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor general Parliament (Senate House of Commons) Prime minister (list) Courts (Supreme court) Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions (west to east) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Health care Crime Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metro areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sport Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal WikiProject Demographics of North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Canadian identity Canadians Constitutional debate in Canada Culture of Canada Canadian cultural protectionism Demographics of Canada Multiculturalism in Canada National identities in Canada Annexationism Canadian nationalism Quebec nationalism Western alienation Alberta separatism Relations between English and French Canada Acadian movement Anti-Quebec sentiment National question (Quebec) Federalism Sovereigntism Distinct society État québécois Two Solitudes Notable events: Manitoba Schools Question (1890–96) Regulation 17 (1912) Conscription Crisis of 1917 Conscription Crisis of 1944 Quiet Revolution Vive le Québec libre speech (1967) October Crisis (1970) Quebec referendum, 1980 Quebec referendum, 1995 Unity Rally Québécois nation motion (2006) Multicultural politics Canadian Multiculturalism Act Cultural mosaic Section Twenty-seven of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Reasonable accommodation Global Centre for Pluralism Multicultural media in Canada Famous multiculturalism cases (since 1971) 1976 separate schools case 1985 and 1986 Sunday shopping cases 1985 day-of-rest case 1986 separate schools case 1986 homeschooling case 1990 RCMP turban controversy 2001 religious university case 2004 succah case 2006 Kirpan case 2006 school etiquette case Language politics Official bilingualism in Canada Gendron Commission Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories Legal dispute over Quebec's language policy Official bilingualism in the public service of Canada Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism Timeline of official languages policy in Canada Immigration to Canada Canadian nationality law Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada Economic impact of immigration to Canada History of immigration to Canada Permanent residency see also :Template:Canadian citizenship Race and ethnicity Canadian Anti-racism Education and Research Society Canadian Race Relations Foundation Ethnic origins of people in Canada List of ethnic interest groups in Canada Visible minority Racism cases 1899 coalminers' case 1903 voting rights case 1914 employment case 1939 tavern case 1946 Japanese deportation case 1951 housing case 1970 liquor law case Quebec historical anti-Semitism controversy Aboriginal politics National organizations Métis Red River Rebellion (1869) North-West Rebellion (1885) Indian Act (1876-present) Indian Register 1969 White Paper Oka Crisis (1990) Self-Government Inuit territories Inuvialuit (1984) NunatuKavut claimed Nunavik (no final agreement) Nunavut agreement 1993 establishment 1999 First Nations territories Eeyou Istchee James Bay Nitassinan claimed Royal Commission (1991–96) Kelowna Accord (2005) Indian Residential Schools Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2008–) Idle No More protest movement (2012–) see also Template:Canadian Aboriginal case law Federal-Provincial &Territorial relations province building Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations (1937–40) Royal Commission of Inquiry on Constitutional Problems (1953–56) Patriation debate (1960s to 1982) Fulton–Favreau formula (to 1965) Canada Act 1982 and Constitution Act, 1982 Canada Health Act (1984) Victoria Charter (1971) Meech Lake Accord (1987–90) Citizen's Forum on National Unity (1990–91) Charlottetown Accord (1992) Calgary Declaration (1997) See also template:Constitution of Canada, Category:Federalism in Canada, and Category:Canadian federalism case law Symbols in Canada National Provincial and territorial Royal Flags Heraldry Debates and legislation: Name (1867) Canadian Citizenship Act 1946 Great Canadian Flag Debate (1963–64) National Anthem Act (1980) Debate on the monarchy in Canada (Monarchism in Canada and Republicanism in Canada)