Dopamine receptor D2

Dopamine receptor D2

Rendering based on PDB 1I15​.
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols DRD2 ; D2DR; D2R
External IDs OMIM: 126450 MGI: 94924 HomoloGene: 22561 IUPHAR: 215 ChEMBL: 217 GeneCards: DRD2 Gene
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 1813 13489
Ensembl ENSG00000149295 ENSMUSG00000032259
UniProt P14416 P61168
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_000795 NM_010077
RefSeq (protein) NP_000786 NP_034207
Location (UCSC) Chr 11:
113.41 – 113.48 Mb		 Chr 9:
49.34 – 49.41 Mb
PubMed search

Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.The dopamine D2 receptor was discovered in 1975 by Philip Seeman who had named it as the antipsychotic dopamine receptor [1] The dopamine D2 receptor is the main receptor for all antipsychotic drugs. Any drug that does not interfere with dopamine action at the D2 receptor does not have an antipsychotic action.

Function

This gene encodes the D2 subtype of the dopamine receptor, which is coupled to Gi subtype of G protein-coupled receptor. This G protein-coupled receptor inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity.[2]

In mice, regulation of D2R surface expression by the calcium sensor NCS-1 in the dentate gyrus is involved in exploration, synaptic plasticity and memory formation.[3]

In flies, activation of the D2 autoreceptor protected dopamine neurons from cell death induced by a toxin mimicking Parkinson's disease pathology.[4]

Isoforms

Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms.[5]

The long form (D2Lh) has the "canonical" sequence and functions as a classic post-synaptic receptor.[6] The short form (D2Sh) is pre-synaptic and functions as an autoreceptor and regulates the levels of dopamine in the synaptic cleft.[6] Agonism of D2sh receptors inhibits dopamine release; antagonism increases dopaminergic release.[6] A third D2(Longer) form differs from the canonical sequence where 270V is replaced by VVQ.[7]

Genetics

Allelic variants:

Some researchers have previously associated the polymorphism Taq 1A (rs1800497) to the DRD2 gene. However, the polymorphism resides in exon 8 of the ANKK1 gene.[11] DRD2 TaqIA polymorphism has been reported to be associated with an increased risk for developing motor fluctuations but not hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.[12][13]

Ligands

Most of the older antipsychotic drugs such as chlorpromazine and haloperidol are antagonists for the dopamine D2 receptor, but are, in general, very unselective, at best selective only for the "D2-like family" receptors and so binding to D2, D3 and D4, and often also to many other receptors such as those for serotonin and histamine, resulting in a range of side-effects and making them poor agents for scientific research. In similar manner, older dopamine agonists used for Parkinson's disease such as bromocriptine and cabergoline are poorly selective for one dopamine receptor over another, and, although most of these agents do act as D2 agonists, they affect other subtypes as well. Several selective D2 ligands are, however, now available, and this number is likely to increase as further research progresses.

Agonists

Partial agonists

Antagonists

D2Sh selective (presynaptic autoreceptors)

Allosteric modulators

Functionally selective ligands

Protein-protein interactions

The dopamine receptor D2 has been shown to interact with EPB41L1,[25] PPP1R9B[26] and NCS-1.[27]

Receptor oligomers

The D2 receptor forms receptor heterodimers in vivo (in living animals) with other G protein-coupled receptors; these include:[28]

The D2 receptor has been shown to form hetorodimers in vitro (and possibly in vivo) with DRD3,[31] DRD5,[32] and 5-HT2A.[33]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ D2sh–TAAR1 is a presynaptic heterodimer which involves the relocation of TAAR1 from the intracellular space to D2sh at the plasma membrane, increased D2sh agonist binding affinity, and signal transduction through the calcium–PKC–NFAT pathway and G-protein independent PKB–GSK3 pathway.[29][30]

References

  1. ↑ Madras BK (2013). "History of the discovery of the antipsychotic dopamine D2 receptor: a basis for the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 22 (1): 62–78. doi:10.1080/0964704X.2012.678199. PMID 23323533.
  2. ↑ Usiello A, Baik JH, Rougé-Pont F, Picetti R, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Piazza PV, Borrelli E (Nov 2000). "Distinct functions of the two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors". Nature 408 (6809): 199–203. doi:10.1038/35041572. PMID 11089973.
  3. ↑ Saab BJ, Georgiou J, Nath A, Lee FJ, Wang M, Michalon A, Liu F, Mansuy IM, Roder JC (Sep 2009). "NCS-1 in the dentate gyrus promotes exploration, synaptic plasticity, and rapid acquisition of spatial memory". Neuron 63 (5): 643–56. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.014. PMID 19755107.
  4. ↑ Wiemerslage L, Schultz BJ, Ganguly A, Lee D (Aug 2013). "Selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by MPP(+) and its rescue by D2 autoreceptors in Drosophila primary culture". Journal of Neurochemistry 126 (4): 529–40. doi:10.1111/jnc.12228. PMID 23452092.
  5. ↑ "Entrez Gene: DRD2 dopamine receptor D2".
  6. 1 2 3 Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR (Mar 2011). "The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors". Pharmacological Reviews 63 (1): 182–217. doi:10.1124/pr.110.002642. PMID 21303898.
  7. ↑ UniProt P14416
  8. ↑ Duan J, Wainwright MS, Comeron JM, Saitou N, Sanders AR, Gelernter J, Gejman PV (Feb 2003). "Synonymous mutations in the human dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) affect mRNA stability and synthesis of the receptor". Human Molecular Genetics 12 (3): 205–16. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg055. PMID 12554675.
  9. ↑ Arinami T, Gao M, Hamaguchi H, Toru M (Apr 1997). "A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the dopamine D2 receptor gene is associated with schizophrenia". Human Molecular Genetics 6 (4): 577–82. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.4.577. PMID 9097961.
  10. ↑ Glatt SJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT (Jul 2004). "DRD2 -141C insertion/deletion polymorphism is not associated with schizophrenia: results of a meta-analysis". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics 128B (1): 21–3. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30007. PMID 15211624.
  11. ↑ Lucht M, Rosskopf D (Jul 2008). "Comment on "Genetically determined differences in learning from errors"". Science 321 (5886): 200; author reply 200. doi:10.1126/science.1155372. PMID 18621654.
  12. ↑ Wang J, Liu ZL, Chen B (Jun 2001). "Association study of dopamine D2, D3 receptor gene polymorphisms with motor fluctuations in PD". Neurology 56 (12): 1757–9. doi:10.1212/WNL.56.12.1757. PMID 11425949.
  13. ↑ Wang J, Zhao C, Chen B, Liu ZL (Jan 2004). "Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor and transporter genes and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease". Neuroscience Letters 355 (3): 193–6. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2003.11.006. PMID 14732464.
  14. ↑ "Clinical Pharmacology for Abilify". RxList.com. 2010-01-21. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
  15. ↑ Holmes IP, Blunt RJ, Lorthioir OE, Blowers SM, Gribble A, Payne AH, Stansfield IG, Wood M, Woollard PM, Reavill C, Howes CM, Micheli F, Di Fabio R, Donati D, Terreni S, Hamprecht D, Arista L, Worby A, Watson SP (Mar 2010). "The identification of a selective dopamine D2 partial agonist, D3 antagonist displaying high levels of brain exposure". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20 (6): 2013–6. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.01.090. PMID 20153647.
  16. ↑ Giacomelli S, Palmery M, Romanelli L, Cheng CY, Silvestrini B (1998). "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a partial agonist of D2 dopaminergic receptors and it potentiates dopamine-mediated prolactin secretion in lactotrophs in vitro". Life Sciences 63 (3): 215–22. doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(98)00262-8. PMID 9698051.
  17. ↑ Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Thanos PK, Fowler JS (2004). "Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review". Journal of Addictive Diseases 23 (3): 39–53. doi:10.1300/J069v23n03_04. PMID 15256343.
  18. ↑ Huang R, Griffin SA, Taylor M, Vangveravong S, Mach RH, Dillon GH, Luedtke RR (2013). "The effect of SV 293, a D2 dopamine receptor-selective antagonist, on D2 receptor-mediated GIRK channel activation and adenylyl cyclase inhibition". Pharmacology 92 (1-2): 84–9. doi:10.1159/000351971. PMID 23942137.
  19. ↑ Agnati LF, Ferré S, Genedani S, Leo G, Guidolin D, Filaferro M, Carriba P, Casadó V, Lluis C, Franco R, Woods AS, Fuxe K (Nov 2006). "Allosteric modulation of dopamine D2 receptors by homocysteine". Journal of Proteome Research 5 (11): 3077–83. doi:10.1021/pr0601382. PMID 17081059.
  20. ↑ Beyaert MG, Daya RP, Dyck BA, Johnson RL, Mishra RK (Mar 2013). "PAOPA, a potent dopamine D2 receptor allosteric modulator, prevents and reverses behavioral and biochemical abnormalities in an amphetamine-sensitized preclinical animal model of schizophrenia". European Neuropsychopharmacology 23 (3): 253–62. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.04.010. PMID 22658400.
  21. ↑ Lane JR, Donthamsetti P, Shonberg J, Draper-Joyce CJ, Dentry S, Michino M, Shi L, López L, Scammells PJ, Capuano B, Sexton PM, Javitch JA, Christopoulos A (Sep 2014). "A new mechanism of allostery in a G protein-coupled receptor dimer". Nature Chemical Biology 10 (9): 745–52. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1593. PMID 25108820.
  22. ↑ Maggio R, Scarselli M, Capannolo M, Millan MJ (Sep 2015). "Novel dimensions of D3 receptor function: Focus on heterodimerisation, transactivation and allosteric modulation". European Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (9): 1470–9. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.09.016. PMID 25453482.
  23. ↑ Silvano E, Millan MJ, Mannoury la Cour C, Han Y, Duan L, Griffin SA, Luedtke RR, Aloisi G, Rossi M, Zazzeroni F, Javitch JA, Maggio R (Nov 2010). "The tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative SB269,652 is an allosteric antagonist at dopamine D3 and D2 receptors". Molecular Pharmacology 78 (5): 925–34. doi:10.1124/mol.110.065755. PMC 2981362. PMID 20702763.
  24. ↑ Möller D, Kling RC, Skultety M, Leuner K, Hübner H, Gmeiner P (Jun 2014). "Functionally selective dopamine D₂, D₃ receptor partial agonists". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 57 (11): 4861–75. doi:10.1021/jm5004039. PMID 24831693.
  25. ↑ Binda AV, Kabbani N, Lin R, Levenson R (Sep 2002). "D2 and D3 dopamine receptor cell surface localization mediated by interaction with protein 4.1N". Molecular Pharmacology 62 (3): 507–13. doi:10.1124/mol.62.3.507. PMID 12181426.
  26. ↑ Smith FD, Oxford GS, Milgram SL (Jul 1999). "Association of the D2 dopamine receptor third cytoplasmic loop with spinophilin, a protein phosphatase-1-interacting protein". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 274 (28): 19894–900. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.28.19894. PMID 10391935.
  27. ↑ Kabbani N, Negyessy L, Lin R, Goldman-Rakic P, Levenson R (Oct 2002). "Interaction with neuronal calcium sensor NCS-1 mediates desensitization of the D2 dopamine receptor". The Journal of Neuroscience 22 (19): 8476–86. PMID 12351722.
  28. ↑ Beaulieu JM, Espinoza S, Gainetdinov RR (Jan 2015). "Dopamine receptors - IUPHAR Review 13". British Journal of Pharmacology 172 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1111/bph.12906. PMC 4280963. PMID 25671228.
  29. ↑ Grandy DK, Miller GM, Li JX (February 2016). ""TAARgeting Addiction"-The Alamo Bears Witness to Another Revolution: An Overview of the Plenary Symposium of the 2015 Behavior, Biology and Chemistry Conference". Drug Alcohol Depend. 159: 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.014. PMID 26644139. This original observation of TAAR1 and DA D2R interaction has subsequently been confirmed and expanded upon with observations that both receptors can heterodimerize with each other under certain conditions ... Additional DA D2R/TAAR1 interactions with functional consequences are revealed by the results of experiments demonstrating that in addition to the cAMP/PKA pathway (Panas et al., 2012) stimulation of TAAR1-mediated signaling is linked to activation of the Ca++/PKC/NFAT pathway (Panas et al.,2012) and the DA D2R-coupled, G protein-independent AKT/GSK3 signaling pathway (Espinoza et al., 2015; Harmeier et al., 2015), such that concurrent TAAR1 and DA DR2R activation could result in diminished signaling in one pathway (e.g. cAMP/PKA) but retention of signaling through another (e.g., Ca++/PKC/NFA)
  30. ↑ Harmeier A, Obermueller S, Meyer CA, Revel FG, Buchy D, Chaboz S, Dernick G, Wettstein JG, Iglesias A, Rolink A, Bettler B, Hoener MC (2015). "Trace amine-associated receptor 1 activation silences GSK3β signaling of TAAR1 and D2R heteromers". Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 25 (11): 2049–61. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.08.011. PMID 26372541. Interaction of TAAR1 with D2R altered the subcellular localization of TAAR1 and increased D2R agonist binding affinity.
  31. ↑ Maggio R, Millan MJ (Feb 2010). "Dopamine D2-D3 receptor heteromers: pharmacological properties and therapeutic significance". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 10 (1): 100–7. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2009.10.001. PMID 19896900.
  32. ↑ Hasbi A, O'Dowd BF, George SR (Feb 2010). "Heteromerization of dopamine D2 receptors with dopamine D1 or D5 receptors generates intracellular calcium signaling by different mechanisms". Current Opinion in Pharmacology 10 (1): 93–9. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2009.09.011. PMC 2818238. PMID 19897420.
  33. ↑ Albizu L, Holloway T, González-Maeso J, Sealfon SC (Sep 2011). "Functional crosstalk and heteromerization of serotonin 5-HT2A and dopamine D2 receptors". Neuropharmacology 61 (4): 770–7. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.05.023. PMC 3556730. PMID 21645528.

External links

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