Cys-loop receptors

The Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily is composed of nicotinic acetylcholine, GABAA, GABAA-ρ, glycine and 5-HT3 receptors that are composed of five protein subunits that form a pentameric arrangement around a central pore. There are usually 2 alpha subunits and 3 other beta, gamma, or delta subunits (some consist of 5 alpha subunits). Cys-loop receptors possess a characteristic loop formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine (Cys) residues 13 highly conserved amino acids apart near the N-terminal extracellular domain of the alpha subunit.

All subunits consist of a conserved extracellular large N-terminal domain, three highly conserved transmembrane domains, a cytoplasmic loop of variable size and amino acid sequence, and a fourth transmembrane domain with a relatively short and variable extracellular C terminal. All alpha subunits have a characteristic cys-cys pair in the N-terminal extracellular domain, this is shown to be essential for agonist binding. The neurotransmitters bind at the interface between subunits in the extracellular domain.

Each subunit contains 4-membrane-spanning alpha helices (M1, M2, M3, M4). The pore is formed primarily by M2 of the two alpha subunits.[1]

The M3-M4 linker is the intracellular domain that binds the cytoskeleton.

Binding

Much of what we understand about cys-loop receptors comes from inferences made while studying various members of this family. For instance, by studying the structures of acetylcholine binding proteins (AChBP) it has been determined that the binding sites are made up of six loops with the first three forming the principal face and then next three forming the complementary face. The last loop on the principal face wraps over the ligand in the active receptor. This site is also shown repeatedly to be abundant in aromatic residues.[2]

It has been shown in recent literature[2] that the Trp residue on loop B is crucial for both agonist and antagonist binding. The neurotransmitter is taken into the binding site where it interacts (through hydrogen and cation-π bonding) with the amino acid resides in the aromatic box, located on the principal face of the binding site. Another essential interaction is between the agonist and a tyrosine on loop C,[3] which undergoes a conformational change as a result of the interaction and rotates down to cap the molecule in the binding site.

Image of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - the most commonly studied member of the Cys-Loop receptor superfamily

Channel gating

Through research done on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors it has been determined that the channels are activated through allosteric interactions between the binding and gating domains. Once the agonist binds it brings about conformational changes (including moving a beta sheet of the amino-terminal domain, and outward movement from loops 2, F and cys-loop which are tied to the M2-M3 linker and pull the channel open). Electron microscopy (at 9 Å) shows that the opening is caused by rotation at the M2 domain, but other studies on crystal structures of these receptors has shown that the opening could be a result from a M2 tilt which leads to pore dilation and a quaternary turn of the entire pentameric receptor.[4]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sine S; Engel A (2006). "Recent advances in Cys-loop receptor structure and function.". Nature 440 (7083): 448–55. doi:10.1038/nature04708. PMID 16554804.
  2. 1 2 Van Arnam, EB; Dougherty, DA (August 14, 2014). "Functional probes of drug-receptor interactions implicated by structural studies: cys-loop receptors provide a fertile testing ground". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (57): 6289–6300. doi:10.1021/jm500023m. PMC 4136689.
  3. ↑ Bourne, Y; et al. (October 19, 2005). "Structures of Aplysia AChBP complexes with nicotinic agonists and antagonists reveal distinctive binding interfaces and conformations". The EMBO Journal 24 (20): 3635–3646. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600828. PMC 1276711.
  4. ↑ Huang, Y; Zhang, JL; Wu, W; Chang, YC (June 2009). "Allosteric activation mechanism of the cys-loop receptors". Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 30 (6): 663–672. doi:10.1038/aps.2009.51. PMC 4002373. PMID 19444220.

External links


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