Custom-fit

Custom-fit means personalized with regard to shape and size. A customized product would imply the modification of some of its characteristics according to the customers requirements such as with a custom car. However, when fit is added to the term, customization could give the idea of both the geometric characteristics of the body and the individual customer requirements,[1] e.g., the steering wheel of the Formula 1 driver Fernando Alonso.

The custom-fit concept can be understood as the of offering one-of-a-kind products that, due to their intrinsic characteristics and use, can be totally adapted to geometric characteristics in order to meet the user requirements.[2]

With this new concept, industry moves from a resource based manufacturing system to a knowledge based manufacturing system and from mass production to individual production. This encourages the Lean Production trend as established by Toyota, or in other words, an efficiency-based production.

Research

There are some studies referring to the positive impacts this concept would have on society:

The research studies found in February 2008 on the subject are the following:

Technical Tools

Data Capturing

The process starts with the capturing of data directly from the user by CAD techniques with the ultimate aim of manufacturing products using CAM techniques.

Process Design and Validation

  1. Interface Innerspace developed by TNO which integrates the RDT Centers in The Netherlands.
  2. Multi Phase Topology Optimisation, designed by Fraunhofer (comparable to TNO in Germany).
  3. Finite Element Representation Finite element analysis used by Materialise in Belgium.

Although all these developments have been of great interest, the RM-processes have not fallen behind, due to improvement of new Rapid Prototyping Direct digital manufacturing techniques.

Rapid Manufacturing Systems, Tools and Materials

MPP aims to become the equivalent of a high speed 3D-printer that produces three-dimensional objects directly from powder materials. This technique is based on the process principles of xerographic printers, (for example, laser or LED printers) that combine electrostatic printing with photography. The MPP process approach uses the same fundamental principles to build solid objects on a layer-by-layer basis. Layers of powder materials are generated by attracting different metal- and/or ceramic powders to their respective position on a charged pattern on a photoreceptor by means of an electrostatic field. The attracted layer is transferred to a punch and transported to the consolidation unit where each layer of part material is sintered onto the previous by pressure and heat. The procedure is repeated layer-by-layer until the three-dimensional object is fully formed and consolidated.

MPP has the ability to print different powders within the same layer and progressively change from one material to another, i.e., producing a functionally graded material. In addition to this, MPP uses external pressure to speed the densification process (sintering), which allows manufacturing with a wide range of materials and opens the possibility to produce unique material combinations and microstructures.

It has several print heads that produce continuous streams of material droplets at high frequency. The High Viscosity Inkjet Printing machine is also capable of printing multi-materials simultaneously and also enables the mixing and grading of materials in any combination that is desired. This will enable the manufacturing of products with two or more materials that are graded and there will be no distinct boundary between the materials. This will result in products with unique mechanical properties.

Dr. Michiel Willemse who is leading the project says, "The process is unique in its capability to print highly viscous, UV curable, resins. Material formulations with viscosities up to 500 mPa•s (at ambient temperature) have been printed successfully. This offers the opportunity to print products with unequaled mechanical properties when compared to any other printing systems."[8]

Notes

  1. ↑ Tuck et al., 2006
  2. ↑ Anton et al., 2006
  3. ↑ Ong et al., 2008
  4. ↑ Wagner et al., 2007
  5. ↑ Tuck et al., 2007
  6. ↑ Dolinsek, 2007
  7. ↑ http://www.rm-platform.com/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=287
  8. ↑ http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/materials_science/report-100199.html

References

See also

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